TELECP12: Corporate Travel Management

Page 1

Pretest
Instruction
Search and upload
1. Convert the Military time to normal time
For a military time that is larger than 12:00, just subtract 12 hours to get the 24
hour(standard time), then add “pm”. For example, if you have 14:30 hours, subtract 12
hours and the result is 2:30 pm. If the military time is less than or equal to 12:00, simply
add
“am”._________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the different of negative and positive GMT?
A positive sign indicates that the offset must be added to the local time to produce the
Greenwich Mean Time. A negative (-) sign indicates that the offset must be subtracted
from the local time to produce the Greenwich Mean
Time._________________________________________________________________
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3. What is the Latitude and Longitudes?
latitude and longitude, coordinate system by means of which the position or location of
any place on Earth’s surface can be determined and described.
Latitude is a measurement on a globe or map of location north or south of the Equator.
Technically, there are different kinds of latitude—geocentric, astronomical, and
geographic (or geodetic)—but there are only minor differences between them. In most
common references, geocentric latitude is implied. Given in degrees, minutes, and
seconds, geocentric latitude is the arc subtended by an angle at Earth’s centre and
measured in a north-south plane poleward from the Equator. Thus, a point at 30°15′20″
N subtends an angle of 30°15′20″at the centre of the globe; similarly, the arc between
the Equator and either geographic pole is 90° (one-fourth the circumference of Earth, or
1/4 × 360°), and thus the greatest possible latitudes are 90° N and 90° S. As aids to
indicate different latitudinal positions on maps or globes, equidistant circles are plotted
and drawn parallel to the Equator and each other; they are known as parallels, or
parallels of latitude.

In contrast, geographic latitude, which is the kind used in mapping, is calculated using a
slightly different process. Because Earth is not a perfect sphere—the planet’s curvature
is flatter at the poles—geographic latitude is the arc subtended by the equatorial plane
and the normal line that can be drawn at a given point on Earth’s surface. (The normal
line is perpendicular to a tangent line touching Earth’s curvature at that point on the
surface.) Different methods are used to determine geographic latitude, as by taking
angle-sights on certain polar stars or by measuring with a sextant the angle of the noon
Sun above the horizon. The length of a degree of arc of latitude is approximately 111
km (69 miles), varying, because of the nonuniformity of Earth’s curvature, from 110.567
km (68.706 miles) at the Equator to 111.699 km (69.41 miles) at the poles. Geographic
latitude is also given in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

Longitude is a measurement of location east or west of the prime meridian at

Greenwich, the specially designated imaginary north-south line that passes through
both geographic poles and Greenwich, London. Measured also in degrees, minutes,
and seconds, longitude is the amount of arc created by drawing first a line from Earth’s
centre to the intersection of the Equator and the prime meridian and then another line
from Earth’s centre to any point elsewhere on the Equator. Longitude is measured 180°
both east and west of the prime meridian. As aids to locate longitudinal positions on a
globe or map, meridians are plotted and drawn from pole to pole where they meet. The
distance per degree of longitude at the Equator is about 111.32 km (69.18 miles) and at
the poles, 0.
The combination of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude establishes a
framework or grid by means of which exact positions can be determined in reference to
the prime meridian and the Equator: a point described as 40° N, 30° W, for example, is
located 40° of arc north of the Equator and 30° of arc west of the Greenwich
meridian.______________________________________________________________
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