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BOUSSINESQ DISPLACEMENT POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS METHOD FOR FINDING

VERTICAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENT FIELDS DUE TO DISTRIBUTED LOAD
ON ELASTIC HALF SPACE

Article  in  Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering · January 2017

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Hyginus Onah Benjamine Mama

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 Boussinesq Displacement Potential
Functions Method for Finding
Vertical Stresses and Displacement
fields due to Distributed load on
Elastic Half Space

Onah, H.N.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
hyginus.onah@unn.edu.ng

Mama, B.O.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
benjamin.mama@unn.edu.ng

Nwoji, C.U.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
clifford.nwoji@unn.edu.ng

Ike, C.C.*
Department of Civil Engineering, Enugu State University of Science
and Technology, Enugu, Nigiera.
*Corresponding Author
charles.ike@esut.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
In this work, the Boussinesq displacement potential functions were used to determine the vertical
stress distribution and the vertical displacements in a semi-infinite, linear elastic, homogeneous soil
continuum subject to uniformly distributed load of intensity q0 over a given rectangular area. The
vertical displacement was obtained using Love’s expression. Strain displacement relations for small
displacement assumptions, and Hooke’s generalized stress – strain laws for linear elastic, isotropic,
homogeneous bodies were implemented simultaneously to obtain the vertical fields from the
displacement fields. It was found that solutions obtained for vertical stress and vertical displacement
field were exactly the same expressions obtained by Newmark and Steinbrenner.
KEYWORDS: Boussinesq displacement potential functions, elastic half space problem,
vertical stress field, vertical displacement, semi-infinite soil.

- 5687 -
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5688

INTRODUCTION
The problem of determination of vertical stress displacements in an elastic soil due to distributed
loads applied on the boundary occurs frequently in foundation engineering. Such problems are often
encountered in the analysis and design of structural footings or foundation structures [1, 2]. The
formulation and solution of such problems belong to the mathematical theory of elasticity in three
dimensional space coordinates, [3, 4]. The fundamental equations that govern their formulation are
the three differential equations of equilibrium, the six material constitutive laws, the six strain –
displacement relations and the loading and displacement boundary conditions. The general elasticity
problem contains 15 unknown fields, three displacements, six stresses and six strains [5]. The elastic
half space medium can be considered linear elastic or non linear elastic, isotropic transversely
anisotropic or anisotropic, homogeneous or heterogeneous.
In this work, the elastic half space medium is assumed to be linear elastic, homogeneous and
isotropic, yielding simplifications in the analytical formulation of the governing equations. Two basic
commonly encountered methods used in the mathematical formulation of the governing equations of
elasticity problems are the displacement methods, and stress methods. They are called displacement
formulation methods and stress formulation methods. A third method called the mixed formulation
method is not common in the technical literature [6, 7, 8].
In displacement formulation, the governing equations are expressed in terms of the unknown
displacement components, which become the primary unknown variables of the problem. This is
accomplished by the elimination of strains and stresses from the general equations to obtain a reduced
set of equations, involving only displacements as the primary unknown variables. The strains are then
obtained by solving for the unknown displacements and using the strain – displacement relations.
Stresses are obtained from the strains from the stress – strain laws. Displacement formulation of
elasticity problems have been presented by Navier, Lame, as a system of three differential equations
in terms of the three components of the displacement vector.
In stress formulation of elasticity problems, strains and displacement components are eliminated
from the governing equations which are subsequently expressed in terms of the stress components,
which become the unknown primary variables. Stress based methods of formulation of elasticity
problems have been presented by Beltrami – Michell for three dimensional problems as a system of
six partial differential equations written in terms of the six components of stress. The stress
formulated equations are solved to obtain the stress components. Strains are subsequently obtained
from the stresses using the stress – strain laws expressed in terms of stresses. Displacements are
obtained from the strains by integration of the differential equations relating strains to displacements,
considering the boundary conditions.
In a mixed formulation of elasticity problems, the governing equations are expressed in terms of
both some components of the displacements and some components of the stress fields. Thus the
primary unknown variables in a mixed formulation are stress and displacement components.
The simplifications offered by the reformulation of the general three dimensional elasticity
problems using stress and displacement based techniques have resulted to the mathematical derivation
of stress and displacement functions that identically are solutions of the differential equations of the
stress based and the displacement based formulations [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. The development of
stress and displacement functions of the theory of elasticity have further simplified the solution of
elasticity problems to the determination of such functions that apriori satisfy the boundary conditions
of the particular problem of elasticity. Thus, the dimensionality of the general elasticity problem is
reduced.
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5689

Some stress functions include: Airy’s stress functions, Morera stress functions, Maxwell stress
functions and Michell stress functions. Stress functions are developed to automatically satisfy the
equations of equilibrium as well as the strain compatibility equations, and are therefore useful for
solving a variety of elasticity problems.
Some displacement functions in elasticity theory include: Cerruti functions, Boussinesq [16]
functions, Trefftz [17] functions, Love [15] functions, Green and Zerna [18] functions, and
Boussinesq – Papkovich functions. Airy stress function formulation reduces the general problem to a
single differential equation in terms of the Airy’s stress function.

RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this work is to apply the Boussinesq displacement potential functions to solve for
vertical stresses and vertical displacements in a soil mass considered linear elastic, homogeneous,
isotropic and semi-infinite in extent, (also called the elastic half space problem) which is under the
action of uniformly distributed load of known intensity applied over a given rectangular area of length
L, and width B.
The objectives include:
(i) to find the rectangular Cartesian components of the displacement field from the Boussinesq
displacement potential functions using relations obtained by Love.
(ii) to simultaneously implement the strain displacement relations, and the generalised Hooke’s
stress-strain equations for linear elastic, isotropic, homogeneous bodies to obtain the
Cartesian components of the stress field in terms of the Boussinesq displacement potential
functions.
(iii) to determine the vertical stress at an arbitrary point within the soil mass considered as an
elastic half space by substituting the Boussinesq displacement functions in the vertical stress
expression.
(iv) to determine the vertical stress at a corner of the rectangular foundation by using the
Boussinesq displacement potential functions.
(v) to determine the vertical displacement at any point in the elastic half space.
(vi) to determine the vertical displacement at the corner of the foundation.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The fundamental equations of the theory of linear elasticity involving a semi-infinite, linear
elastic, isotropic, homogeneous soil mass are the differential equations of equilibrium, the generalised
Hooke’s stress strain laws for isotropic, homogeneous, linear elastic materials, the strain
compatibility, the strain displacement relations for small displacement elasticity, the boundary
conditions on tractions and displacements and the compatibility relations [19].
The differential equations of equilibrium when body forces are neglected and for static case,
are:
∂σ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx
+ + =
0 (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5690

∂τ xy ∂σ yy ∂τ zy
+ + =
0 (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ zz
+ + =
0 (3)
∂x ∂y ∂z

τ xy =τ yx (4)

τ yz =τzy (5)

τ xz =τzx (6)

where σxx, σyy, σzz are the normal stresses; τxy, τyz and τzx are the shear stresses.
The generalized Hooke’s stress – strain laws are expressed in terms of Lamé’s constants by:
σ xx = λεv + 2Gε xx (7)

σ yy = λεv + 2Gε yy (8)

σ zz = λεv + 2Gε zz (9)

τ xy = Gγ xy (10)

τ yz = Gγ yz (11)

τ zx = Gγ zx (12)

µE
where λ= (13)
(1 + µ )(1 − 2µ )

E
G= (14)
2(1 + µ )

εv = ε xx + ε yy + ε zz (15)

where εxx, εyy, εzz are the normal strains, γxy, γyz and γzx are the shear strains, εv is the volumetric strain,
λ is the Lamé’s constant, µ is the Poisson’s ratio, E is the Young’s modulus of elasticity, G is the
shear modulus.
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5691

The strain – displacement (kinematic) relations based on small displacement assumptions are
given by:
∂ux ∂u
ε xx= = (16)
∂x ∂x

∂uy ∂v
ε yy= = (17)
∂y ∂y

∂uz ∂w
ε zz= = (18)
∂z ∂z

∂ux ∂uy ∂u ∂v
γ xy = + = + (19)
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

∂uy ∂uz ∂v ∂w
γ yz = + = + (20)
∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y

∂uz ∂ux ∂w ∂u
γ xz = + = + (21)
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z

where ux, uy and uz (u, v and w) are the x, y, and z Cartesian components of the elastic

displacement field.

METHODOLOGY
We use pz(x1, y1) to denote the distribution of load in the z direction acting on a soil mass that is
infinite in extent in the x and y coordinate directions; as shown in Figure 1. The soil mass is thus
idealised as an elastic half space occupying the three dimensional region −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞,
−∞ ≤ y ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ z ≤ ∞; where z = 0 plane is the boundary plane surface on which the distributed
load acts. x1 and y1 are dummy variables introduced to avoid confusion with the x and y coordinate
variables.
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5692

Figure 1: Distributed load pz(x1, y1) applied on the surface z = 0 of an elastic half space

The distributed load pz(x1, y1) is applied on a given area denoted by A of the boundary surface (z
= 0) of the elastic half space. Considering any arbitrary point Ba ( x, y, z) within the elastic half
space; and an arbitrary point A( x1 , y1 , z = 0) on the loaded region of the surface, the Boussinesq
potential functions FB1, FB2 and FB3 that satisfy the Laplace equations in three dimensional (3D)
Cartesian coordinate space are given by:

=FB1
∫∫ p( x , y )( zln( z + R) − R)dx dy
A
1 1 1 1 (22)

∂FB1 ∂
FB2=
∂z
=
∂z ∫∫ p( x , y )( zln( z + R) − R)dx dy
A
1 1 1 1 (23)

=FB2
∫∫ p( x , y ) ln( z + R)dx dy
A
1 1 1 1 (24)

∂FB2 ∂
FB3=
∂z
=
∂z ∫∫ p( x , y )( zln( z + R) − R)dx dy
A
1 1 1 1 (25)

1 ∂2 FB1
=FB3
∫∫
=
A
p( x1, y1 ) dx1dy1
R ∂z2
(26)

where R2 = ( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + (0 − z)2 = ( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 (27)

The Boussinesq potential functions satisfy the Laplace equations, thus

 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5693

∇2 FB1 =
0 (28)

∇2 FB2 =
0 (29)

∇2 FB3 =
0 (30)

2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
where ∇= + + (31)
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2

∇2 is the Laplacian operator.

Love [15] showed that the x, y and z Cartesian components of the elastic displacement field are
derivable from the Boussinesq potential functions, rendering the Boussinesq functions displacement
potential functions, thus:

ux = {
1 −∂FB2
4 πG ∂x
∂F ∂
+ 2µ B2 − z FB3
∂x ∂x
} (32)

1 −∂ ∂ ∂ 
uy =  FB2 + 2µ FB2 − z FB3  (33)
4 πG  ∂y ∂y ∂y 

uz =
1
{
∂
4 πG ∂z
∂
FB2 + (1 − 2µ ) FB3 − z FB3
∂z } (34)

where ux, uy and uz are the x, y and z Cartesian components of the elastic displacement field, G is the
shear modulus of the elastic half space material.
Rearranging,
−1  ∂F ∂F 
=ux  (1 − 2µ ) B2 + z B3  (35)
4 πG  ∂x ∂x 

−1  ∂F ∂F
=uy  (1 − 2µ ) B2 + z B3  (36)
4 πG  ∂y ∂y 

1  ∂FB3 
=uz  2(1 − µ ) FB3 − z  (37)
4 πG  ∂z 
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5694

Stress Field Components

The rectangular Cartesian components of the stress fields obtained by simultaneous application of
the stress-strain laws for linear elastic, isotropic and homogeneous material and the strain-
displacement relations for small displacement assumptions are expressed in terms of the Boussinesq
potential functions as follows:

1  ∂FB3 ∂2 FB3 ∂2 FB2 

σ=  2µ −z − (1 − 2µ )  (38)
∂x2 ∂x2 
xx
2π  ∂z

1  ∂FB3 ∂2 FB3 ∂2 FB2 

σ=  2µ − z − (1 − 2µ )  (39)
∂y2 ∂y2 
yy
2π  ∂z

1  ∂FB3 ∂2 FB3 
=
σ zz  − z  (40)
2π  ∂z ∂z2 

−1  ∂2 FB2 ∂ 2 FB3 
=
τ xy  (1 − 2µ ) + z  (41)
2π  ∂x∂y ∂x∂y 

1 ∂2 FB3
τ yz =− z (42)
2π ∂y∂z

1 ∂2 FB3
τ zx =− z (43)
2π ∂x∂z

RESULTS
Vertical stress and vertical displacement analysis are the most significant objects of stress
analysis in foundation engineering. This paper thus focuses on the vertical stress and vertical
displacement in the elastic half space.
A uniformly distributed load of intensity q0 is considered to act on a foundation area of length
L, and width B. Thus p( x1 , y1 ) = q0 and the area A is defined by 0 ≤ x1 ≤ L, 0 ≤ y1 ≤ B where
the origin of the half space problem is assumed to be placed at one of the corners of the rectangular
area, A as shown in Figure 2.
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5695

Figure 2: Uniformly loaded rectangular area on an elastic semi-infinite soil (elastic half
space)

Then, for an arbitrary point Ba ( x, y, z) in the semi-infinite soil, the vertical stress field is:

1 
σ zz = 
2π  ∫∫
A
q0 ( )
∂ 1
∂z R
dx1dy1 − z
∫∫
A
q0 2( )
∂2 1
∂z R

dx1dy1 

(44)

1  
L B L B
∂ ∂2
∫∫ ∫∫
dx1dy1 dx1dy1
σ zz =  q0 − z q0 
2π  ∂z (( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )1/ 2 ∂z2 (( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )1/ 2 
0 0 0 0

…(45)

q 
L B L B
− zdx1dy1  3z2 
σ zz =0 
2π 
0
∫∫ 0
2 2 2 3/ 2
(( x1 − x) + ( y1 − y) + z )
− z 
0 0
∫∫ 2 2 2 5/ 2 
(( x1 − x) + ( y1 − y) + z ) 

1 
− 2 2 2 3 / 2  dx1 dy1 (46)
(( x1 − x) + ( y1 − y) + z ) 

q 
L B L B
− zdx1dy1 3z3dx1dy1
σ zz =0 
2π 
0
∫∫ 0
(( x1 − x) + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )3/ 2
2
−
∫∫ (( x − x)
0 0 1
2
+ ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )5/ 2


L B

∫∫
zdx1dy1
+  (47)
0 0
(( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )3/ 2 
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5696

L B
−q 3z3dx1dy1
σ zz = 0
2π ∫∫
0 0
(( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )5/ 2
(48)

L B
−3qz3
∫∫
dx1dy1
σ zz ( x, y, z) = (49)
2π
0 0
(( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )5/ 2

For arbitrary points Ba ( x, y, z) under the corner point of the rectangular foundation, x = 0, y

= 0 and we obtain a simpler result for σzz as:

L B
−q0 3z3dx1dy1
σ zz ( x, y, z) =
2π ∫∫
( x12 + y12 + z2 )5/ 2
0 0
(50)

Evaluation of the integral yields

q 2  LBz( L2 + B2 + 2 z2 ) LB 
s zz =0  + sin−1  (51)
4 π  ( L2 + z2 )( B2 + z2 ) ( L2 + B2 + z2 ) ( L2 + z2 ) ( B2 + z2 ) 

where the sin−1 function is in radian measure.

σ zz =q0 I c ( L, B, z) (52)

1  m1n1 1 + m12 + 2n2 m1 

I c=  ⋅ 2 2 2
+ sin−1  (53)
2π  (1 + m2 + n2 ) (1 + n1 )( m1 + n1 ) 2
+ 2
+ 2
1 1 ( m1 n1 ) (1 n1 
) 

L
where m1 = (54)
B

z 2z
=
n1 = (55)
B/2 B

or,

q0  2mn ( m2 + n2 + 1)( m2 + n2 + 2)  2 2
−1 2mn ( m + n + 1)

s z (0, 0, z)  2 + sin    (56)
4 π  ( m + n2 + 1 + m2 n2 )( m2 + n2 + 1)  m2 + n2 + 1 + m2 n2  
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5697

B L L B
where =
m = ,n =
or m = , n (57)
z z z z

σ z (0, 0, z) =
q0 I ( m, n) (58)

1  2mn( m2 + n2 + 1)1/ 2  m2 + n2 + 2   2 2
−1 2mn ( m + n + 1)

where I ( m, n)  2   + sin    (59)
4 π  m + n2 + 1 + m2 n2  m2 + n2 + 1   m2 + n2 + 1 + m2 n2 

Alternatively,

q0  2mn ( m2 + n2 + 1)  m2 + n2 + 2   2 2
−1 2mn ( m + n + 1)

σ zz (0, 0, z)  2   + tan    (60)
4 π  m + n2 + 1 + m2 n2  m2 + n2 + 1   m2 + n2 + 1 − m2 n2 

σ z (0, 0, z) =
q0 I ( m, n)

When m2 + n2 + 1 ≤ m2 n2 , the argument of tan−1 becomes negative. In that case,

1  2mn ( m2 + n2 + 1) m2 + n2 + 2 −1
 2mn ( m2 + n2 + 1 
=I ( m, n)  ⋅ + tan  π − 2   (61)
4 π  m2 + n2 + 1 + m2 n2 m2 + n2 + 1  m + n2 + 1 − m2 n2 

We note that

I ( m, n) = I ( n, m) (62)

I(m, n) is a symmetrical function of the non-dimensional ratios m, n, Ic(L, B, z), I(m, n) are called
the dimensionless vertical stress influence coefficients.

Vertical Displacements
From Equation (34) we obtain:

1  
L B L B
∂
∫∫ ∫∫
dx1dy1 q0 dx1dy1
=uz 2(1 − µ ) q0 −z 
2 2 2 1/ 2
4 πG  (( x − x) + ( y − y) + z ) ∂z (( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )1/ 2 
 0 0 1 1 0 0 
…(63)

−1  
L B L B
− zq0 dx1 dy1
∫∫ (( x − x) ∫∫
q0 dx1dy1
=uz 2(1 − µ ) −z  (64)
2
4 πG 
 0 0 1 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )1/ 2 0 0
(( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )3/ 2 
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5698

−1  
L B L B

∫∫ ∫∫
dx1 dy1 dx1 dy1
uz = 2(1 − µ )q0 + z2q0 
4 πG  2 2 2 1/ 2
(( x1 − x) + ( y1 − y) + z ) (( x1 − x)2 + ( y1 − y)2 + z2 )3/ 2 
 0 0 0 0
…(65)

The vertical displacement at a corner point is given by:

−1  
L B L B
dx1 dy
∫∫ ( x ∫∫
dx1 dy1 2
uz = 2(1 − µ )q0 + z q0  (66)
4 πG  2
+ y12 + z2 )1/ 2 ( x12 + y12 + z2 )3/ 2 
 0 0 1 0 0

The vertical displacement at the surface z = 0 is given by:

L B
−1
∫∫ ( x
dx1 dy1
uz ( z= 0=
) 2(1 − µ )q0 2
(67)
4 πG
0 0 1 + y12 + z2 )1/ 2

L B
−(1 − µ )
∫∫ ( x
dx1 dy1
w(=
z 0=
) q0 2
(68)
πG
0 0 1 + y12 + z2 )1/ 2

L B
−2(1 − µ2 )
∫∫
dx1 dy1
uz (=
z 0=
) q0 (69)
πE
0 0
( x12 + y12 + z2 )1/ 2

2q0 (1 − µ2 )
uz ( x, y,=
z 0=
) BF0 (70)
E

−q0 (1 − µ2 )  1 − 2µ 
=
uz ( x, y, z) B  F1 − F2  (71)
2E  1−µ 

where

1 (1 + m2 + n22 ) + m1 (1 + m12 + n22 ) + 1 

=F1  ln + m1 ln  (72)
π  (1 + m12 + n22 ) − m1 (1 + m12 + n22 ) − 1 

n2 m
F2 = tan−1 (73)
π n (1 + m12 + n22 )
2
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5699

L z
m1 = , n2 = (74)
B B

1 − 2µ
F=
0 F1 − F2 when z = 0 i.e. n2 = 0 (75)
1−µ

1 (1 + m12 ) + m1 (1 + m12 ) + 1 
=
F0 F=
1(z 0=
, nz =
0)  ln + m1 ln  (76)
π  (1 + m12 ) − m1 (1 + m12 ) − 1 

DISCUSSION
The Boussinesq displacement potential functions have been successfully used in this study to
determine the vertical stress fields and vertical displacements in a linear elastic, isotropic,
homogeneous soil mass of semi-infinite extent due to distributed loads applied on a rectangular area
on the boundary surface which is the xy coordinate plane (z = 0). The rectangular Cartesian
components of the displacement field in terms of the potential functions were obtained using Love’s
expressions as Equation (35 – 37). Strain displacement (kinematic) relations for small displacement
assumptions and the generalised Hooke’s stress – strain laws for linear elastic, isotropic,
homogeneous materials were simultaneously used to find the stresses in terms of the Boussinesq
displacement potential functions as Equation (38 – 43). For the particular problems of uniformly
distributed load of intensity q0 applied over a rectangular area L × B on the elastic half space, the
vertical stress at any arbitrary point in the elastic half space was found as Equation (49). For arbitrary
points at depth z under a corner of the rectangular foundation, the vertical stress was found as
Equation (50), or Equation (51) or Equation (60) or (61). Vertical displacements were obtained at a
corner point as Equation (66), and at the surface as Equation (69) or (70). The vertical stress influence
coefficients as presented in Appendices 1(a) and 1(b) were tabulated for given values of the
dimensionless parameters m and n and presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the appendices 1(a),
1(b), 2(a) and 2(b). Table of values for F1 and F2 defined in Equations (72) and (73) in terms of
dimensionless ratios m1 and n2 are given in Table 7 in Appendix 3.
It is observed that the expressions obtained for the vertical stresses and vertical displacements
were exactly the same expressions obtained by other researchers and presented in textbooks on soil
mechanics and foundation engineering.

CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be made from this study:
(i) The Boussinesq displacement potential functions have been successfully implemented in
deriving the vertical stress variations and Cartesian components of the displacement field in a
soil mass that is considered linear elastic, homogeneous, isotropic, and of semi-infinite extent
( −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞; −∞ ≤ y ≤ ∞; 0 ≤ z ≤ ∞) and under uniformly distributed load applied
over a rectangular area on the surface (z = 0).
(ii) The Boussinesq displacement potential functions simplify the boundary value problem of
three dimensional elasticity involving the elastic homogeneous half space to finding
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5700

displacement harmonic functions of the space coordinates that satisfy the boundary
conditions.

REFERENCES
[1] Nwoji C.U., Onah H.N., Mama B.O. and Ike C.C. Solution of the Boussinesq problem of half
space using Green and Zerna displacement potential function method. The Electronic Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering (EJGE) 2017 Volume 22, Bundle 11 (22.11) pp 4305 – 4314.
Available at ejge.com.
[2] Ike C.C. First Principles Derivation of a stress function for axially symmetric elasticity
problems, and application to Boussinesq problem. Nigerian Journal of Technology
(NIJOTECH) Vol 36 No 3, July 2017 pp 767 – 772.
[3] Ike C.C., Onah H.N. and Nwoji C.U. Bessel functions for axisymmetric elasticity problems
of the elastic half space soil, a potential function method. Nigerian Journal of Technology
(NIJOTECH) Vol 36, No 3 July 2017, pp 773 – 781.
[4] Ike C.C., Mama B.O., Onah H.N. and Nwoji C.U. Trefftz Harmonic function method for
solving Boussinesq problem. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (EJGE) 2017
(22.12) pp 4589 – 4601, Available at ejge.com.
[5] Barber J.R. Elasticity 3rd Revised Edition. Springer Science and Business Media Dordrecht
The Netherlands, 2010.
[6] Kachanov M.L, Shafiro B. and Tsukrov I. Handbook of Elasticity Solutions. Springer Science
and Business Media Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht The Netherlands, 2003.
[7] Sadd M.H. Elasticity Theory, Application and Numerics Third Edition University of Rhode
Island Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2014 https://personelegr.uri.edu/
teggart/courses/ce571/chapter 7. pptx.
[8] Sitharam T.G. and Govinda Reju L. Applied Elasticity for Engineers Module: Elastic
Solutions and Applications in Geomechanics, 2017. 14.139.172.204/nptel/1/CSE/web
/105108070/module 8/lecture 17.pdf.
[9] Palaniappan D. A general solution of equations of equilibrium in linear elasticity. Applied
Mathematical Modelling, 35, (2011) pp. 5494 – 5499 Elsevier.
[10] Hazel A. MATH 350211 Elasticity. www.maths.manchester.aculc/_ahazel/MATHS.Nov
30, 2015.
[11] Westergaard H.M. Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity. Wiley New York, 1952.
[12] Sokolnikoff I.S. Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Second Edition, Data McGraw Hill.
Publishing Company Ltd. Bombay New Delhi, 1956.
[13] Timoshenko S.P. and Goodier J.N. Theory of Elasticity. Third Edition, McGraw Hill New
York, 1970.
[14] Abeyartne R. Continuum Mechanics. Volume II of Lecture Notes on the mechanics of elastic
solids Cambridge. http//web.mit.edu/abeyartne/lecture-notes html. 11, May, 2012.
[15] Love, A.E.H. Mathematical Theory of Elasticity 4th Edition, Dover Publications Inc. New
York 1944.
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5701

[16] Boussinesq J. Application des potentials al’etude de l’equilibre et des mouvements des
solides elastiques Paris, Ganther-Villars 1885.
[17] Trefftz Mathematische Elastizitate theorie in Handbuch der physic Ed VI Berlin Springer
1928.
[18] Green A.E. and Zerna W. Theoretical Elasticity. Oxford University Press London, 1954.
[19] Nwoji C.U.; Onah H.N.; Mama B.O.; Ike C.C. Solution of elastic half space problem using
Boussinesq displacement potential functions. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences (AJAS) Vol
5 No. 5 October, 2017 pp 1100 – 1106.

© 2017 ejge
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5702

APPENDIX 1(A)
Table 1: Vertical stress non-dimensional (dimensionless) influence coefficients Iz(m, n) for
uniformly distributed load on linear elastic soil of semi-infinite extent (m = L/z, n =
B/z; or m = B/z, n = L/z)
m
n 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.1 0.0047 0.0092 0.0132 0.0168 0.0198 0.0222 0.0242 0.0258

0.2 0.0092 0.0179 0.0259 0.0328 0.0387 0.0435 0.0474 0.0504
0.3 0.0132 0.0259 0.0374 0.0474 0.0559 0.0629 0.0686 0.0731
0.4 0.0168 0.0328 0.0474 0.0602 0.0711 0.0801 0.0873 0.0931
0.5 0.0198 0.0387 0.0559 0.0711 0.0840 0.0947 0.1034 0.1104
0.6 0.0222 0.0435 0.0629 0.0801 0.0947 0.1069 0.1168 0.1247
0.7 0.0242 0.0474 0.0686 0.0873 0.1034 0.1169 0.1277 0.1365
0.8 0.0258 0.0504 0.0731 0.0931 0.1104 0.1247 0.1365 0.1461
0.9 0.0270 0.0528 0.0766 0.0977 0.1158 0.1311 0.1436 0.1537
1.0 0.0279 0.0547 0.0794 0.1013 0.1202 0.1361 0.1491 0.1598

Table 2: Vertical stress non dimensional (dimensionless) influence coefficients Iz(m, n) for
uniformly distributed load on linear elastic soil of semi-infinite extent (m = L/z, n =
B/z; or m = B/z, n = L/z)
m
n 0.9 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5

0.1 0.0270 0.0279 0.0293 0.0301 0.0306 0.0309 0.0311 0.0314

0.2 0.0528 0.0547 0.0573 0.0589 0.0599 0.0606 0.0610 0.0616
0.3 0.0766 0.0794 0.0832 0.0856 0.0871 0.0880 0.0887 0.0895
0.4 0.0977 0.1013 0.1063 0.1094 0.1114 0.1126 0.1134 0.1145
0.5 0.1158 0.1202 0.1263 0.1300 0.1324 0.1340 0.1350 0.1363
0.6 0.1311 0.1361 0.1431 0.1475 0.1503 0.1521 0.1533 0.1548
0.7 0.1436 0.1491 0.1570 0.1620 0.1652 0.1672 0.1686 0.1704
0.8 0.1537 0.1598 0.1684 0.1739 0.1774 0.1797 0.1812 0.1832
0.9 0.1619 0.1684 0.1777 0.1836 0.1875 0.1899 0.1915 0.1938
1.0 0.1684 0.1752 0.1851 0.1914 0.1955 0.1981 0.1999 0.2024
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5703

Table 3: Vertical stress non dimensional (dimensionless) influence coefficients Iz(m, n) for
uniformly distributed load on linear elastic soil of semi-infinite extent (m = L/z, n =
B/z; or m = B/z, n = L/z)
m
n 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

1.2 0.0293 0.0573 0.0832 0.1063 0.1263 0.1431 0.1570 0.1684

1.4 0.0301 0.0589 0.0856 0.1094 0.1300 0.1475 0.1620 0.1739
1.6 0.0306 0.0599 0.0871 0.1114 0.1324 0.1503 0.1652 0.1774
1.8 0.0309 0.0606 0.0880 0.1126 0.1340 0.1521 0.1672 0.1797
2.0 0.0311 0.0610 0.0887 0.1134 0.1350 0.1533 0.1686 0.1812
2.5 0.0314 0.0616 0.0895 0.1145 0.1363 0.1548 0.1704 0.1832
3.0 0.0315 0.0618 0.0898 0.1150 0.1368 0.1555 0.1711 0.1841
4.0 0.0316 0.0619 0.0901 0.1153 0.1372 0.1560 0.1717 0.1847
5.0 0.0316 0.0620 0.0901 0.1154 0.1374 0.1561 0.1719 0.1849
6.0 0.0316 0.0620 0.0902 0.1154 0.1374 0.1562 0.1719 0.1850

Table 4: Vertical stress non dimensional (dimensionless) influence coefficients Iz(m, n) for
uniformly distributed load on linear elastic soil of semi-infinite extent (m = L/z, n =
B/z; or m = B/z, n = L/z)
m
n 0.9 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5

1.2 0.1777 0.1851 0.1958 0.2028 0.2073 0.2103 0.2124 0.2151

1.4 0.1836 0.1914 0.2028 0.2102 0.2151 0.2184 0.2206 0.2236
1.6 0.1874 0.1955 0.2073 0.2151 0.2203 0.2237 0.2261 0.2294
1.8 0.1899 0.1981 0.2103 0.2183 0.2237 0.2274 0.2299 0.2333
2.0 0.1915 0.1999 0.2124 0.2206 0.2261 0.2299 0.2325 0.2361
2.5 0.1938 0.2024 0.2151 0.2236 0.2294 0.2333 0.2361 0.2401
3.0 0.1947 0.2034 0.2163 0.2250 0.2309 0.2350 0.2378 0.2420
4.0 0.1954 0.2042 0.2172 0.2260 0.2320 0.2362 0.2391 0.2434
5.0 0.1956 0.2044 0.2175 0.2263 0.2324 0.2366 0.2395 0.2439
6.0 0.1957 0.2045 0.2176 0.2264 0.2325 0.2367 0.2397 0.2441
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5704

APPENDIX 1(B)
Vertical stress below a rectangular area under uniformly distributed load q0
B L 3qa ( dx dy) z3
∆σv ∫ ∫
=
=y 0=x 0 2π( x2 + y2 + z2 )3 / 2
q0 I

Here
I = Vertical stress influence factor

1  2mn m2 + n2 + 1 m2 + n2 + 2 2
−1 2mn m + n + 1
2 
=  2 ⋅ + tan 
4 π  m + n2 + m2 n2 + 1 m2 + n2 + 1 m2 + n2 + 1 − m2 n2 
When m2 + n2 + 1 < m2 n2 , the argument of tan−1 becomes negative. In that case
I = Vertical stress influence factor

1  2mn m2 + n2 + 1 m2 + n2 + 2 −1
 2mn m2 + n2 + 1 
=  2 ⋅ + tan  π − 
4 π  m + n2 + m2 n2 + 1 m2 + n2 + 1  m2 + n2 + 1 − m2 n2 
B L
where m = and n = .
z z
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5705

APPENDIX 2(A)

Table 5: Variation of vertical stress coefficients with non-dimensional parameters, m and n

n
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4
m
0.1 0.00 0.009 0.0132 0.0167 0.0197 0.0222 0.0242 0.0257 0.0269 0.0279 0.0292 0.030
0.2 0.00 0.0179 0.0258 0.0328 0.03866 0.04348 0.04735 0.05042 0.05283 0.05471 0.0573 0.058
0.3 0.013 0.0258 0.0373 0.04742 0.05593 0.06294 0.06858 0.07308 0.07661 0.07938 0.0832 0.085
0.4 0.016 0.0328 0.0474 0.06024 0.07111 0.08009 0.08734 0.09314 0.09770 0.10129 0.1063 0.109
0.5 0.019 0.0386 0.0559 0.07111 0.08403 0.09473 0.10340 0.11035 0.11584 0.12018 0.1262 0.130

0.6 0.022 0.0434 0.0629 0.08009 0.09473 0.10688 0.11679 0.12474 0.13105 0.13605 0.1430 0.147
0.7 0.024 0.0473 0.0685 0.08734 0.10340 0.11679 0.12772 0.13653 0.14356 0.14914 0.1570 0.161
0.8 0.025 0.0504 0.0730 0.09314 0.11035 0.12474 0.13653 0.14607 0.15371 0.15978 0.1684 0.173
0.9 0.026 0.0528 0.0766 0.09770 0.11584 0.13105 0.14356 0.15371 0.16185 0.16835 0.1776 0.183
1.0 0.027 0.0547 0.0793 0.10129 0.12018 0.13605 0.14914 0.15978 0.16835 0.17522 0.1850 0.191

1.2 0.029 0.0573 0.0832 0.10631 0.12626 0.14309 0.15703 0.16843 0.17766 0.18508 0.1958 0.202
1.4 0.030 0.0589 0.0856 0.10941 0.13003 0.14749 0.16199 0.17389 0.18357 0.19139 0.2027 0.210
1.6 0.030 0.0599 0.0870 0.11135 0.13241 0.15028 0.16515 0.17739 0.18737 0.19546 0.2073 0.215
1.8 0.030 0.0605 0.0880 0.11260 0.13395 0.15207 0.16720 0.17967 0.18986 0.19814 0.2103 0.218
2.0 0.031 0.0610 0.08867 0.11342 0.13496 0.15326 0.16856 0.18119 0.19152 0.19994 0.2123 0.220

2.5 0.031 0.0615 0.08948 0.11450 0.13628 0.15483 0.17036 0.18321 0.19375 0.20236 0.2151 0.22
3.0 0.031 0.0617 0.08982 0.11495 0.13684 0.15550 0.17113 0.18407 0.19470 0.20341 0.2163 0.224
4.0 0.031 0.0619 0.09007 0.11527 0.13724 0.15598 0.17168 0.18469 0.19540 0.20417 0.2172 0.226
5.0 0.031 0.0619 0.09014 0.11537 0.13737 0.15612 0.17185 0.18488 0.19561 0.20440 0.2174 0.226

6.0 0.031 0.0620 0.09017 0.11541 0.13741 0.15617 0.17191 0.18496 0.19569 0.20449 0.2176 0.226
8.0 0.031 0.0620 0.09018 0.11543 0.13744 0.15621 0.17195 0.18500 0.19574 0.20455 0.2176 0.226
10.0 0.031 0.0620 0.09019 0.11544 0.13745 0.15622 0.17196 0.18502 0.19576 0.20457 0.2176 0.226
∞ 0.031 0.062 0.0901 0.1154 0.1374 0.1562 0.1719 0.1850 0.1957 0.2045 0.2177 0.226
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5706

Appendix 2(b)

Table 6: Variation of vertical stress coefficients with non dimensional parameters, m and n
n
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ∞
m
0.1 0.03058 0.03090 0.03111 0.03138 0.03150 0.03158 0.03160 0.03161 0.03162 0.03162 0.03162
0.2 0.05994 0.06058 0.06100 0.06155 0.06178 0.06194 0.06199 0.06201 0.06202 0.06202 0.06202
0.3 0.08709 0.08804 0.08867 0.08948 0.08982 0.09007 0.09014 0.09017 0.09018 0.09019 0.09019
0.4 0.11135 0.11260 0.11342 0.11450 0.11495 0.11527 0.11537 0.11541 0.11543 0.11544 0.11544
0.5 0.13241 0.13395 0.13496 0.13628 0.13684 0.13724 0.13737 0.13741 0.13744 0.13745 0.13745

0.6 0.15028 0.15207 0.15326 0.15483 0.15550 0.15598 0.15612 0.15617 0.15621 0.15622 0.15623
0.7 0.16515 0.16720 0.16856 0.17036 0.17113 0.17168 0.17185 0.17191 0.17195 0.17196 0.17197
0.8 0.17739 0.17967 0.18119 0.18321 0.18407 0.18469 0.18488 0.18496 0.18500 0.18502 0.18502
0.9 0.18737 0.18986 0.19152 0.19375 0.19470 0.19540 0.19561 0.19569 0.19574 0.19576 0.19577
1.0 0.19546 0.19814 0.19994 0.20236 0.20341 0.20417 0.20440 0.20449 0.20455 0.20457 0.20458

1.2 0.20731 0.21032 0.21235 0.21512 0.21633 0.21722 0.21749 0.21760 0.21767 0.21769 0.21770
1.4 0.21510 0.21836 0.22058 0.22364 0.22499 0.22600 0.22632 0.22644 0.22652 0.22654 0.22656
1.6 0.22025 0.22372 0.22610 0.22940 0.23088 0.23200 0.23236 0.23249 0.23258 0.23261 0.23263
1.8 0.22372 0.22736 0.22986 0.23334 0.23495 0.23617 0.23656 0.23671 0.23681 0.23684 0.23686
2.0 0.22610 0.22986 0.23247 0.23614 0.23782 0.23912 0.23954 0.23970 0.23981 0.23985 0.23987

2.5 0.22940 0.23334 0.23614 0.24010 0.24196 0.24344 0.24392 0.24412 0.24425 0.24429 0.24432
3.0 0.23088 0.23495 0.23782 0.24196 0.24394 0.24554 0.24608 0.24630 0.24646 0.24650 0.24654
4.0 0.23200 0.23617 0.23912 0.24344 0.24554 0.24729 0.24791 0.24817 0.24836 0.24842 0.24846
5.0 0.23236 0.23656 0.23954 0.24392 0.24608 0.24791 0.24857 0.24885 0.24907 0.24914 0.24919

6.0 0.23249 0.23671 0.23970 0.24412 0.24630 0.24817 0.24885 0.24916 0.24939 0.24946 0.24952
8.0 0.23258 0.23681 0.23981 0.24425 0.24646 0.24836 0.24907 0.24939 0.24964 0.24973 0.24980
10.0 0.23261 0.23684 0.23985 0.24429 0.24650 0.24842 0.24914 0.24946 0.24973 0.24981 0.24989
∞ 0.23263 0.23686 0.23987 0.24432 0.24654 0.24846 0.24919 0.24952 0.24980 0.24989 0.25000
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5707

Appendix 3

=
Table 7: Values of F1 and F2 for Equation (71), m1 L=
/B; n2 z/B
n2 m1 = 1 m1 = m1 = 2 m1 = 3 m1 = 5 m1 = 7 m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 =
1.5 10 15 20 30 50 100
0.0 F1 1.122 1.358 1.532 1.783 2.105 2.318 2.544 2.802 2.985 3.243 3.568 4.010
F2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.2 F1 1.105 1.343 1.518 1.770 2.092 2.305 2.532 2.790 2.973 3.231 3.556 3.997
F2 0.082 0.085 0.086 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087

0.4 F1 1.057 1.301 1.479 1.733 2.056 2.270 2.497 2.755 2.038 3.196 3.521 3.962
F2 0.132 0.142 0.146 0.149 0.151 0.151 0.151 0.151 0.151 0.152 0.152 0.152

0.6 F1 0.989 1.240 1.422 1.679 2.004 2.219 2.446 2.704 2.887 3.145 3.470 3.912
F2 0.158 0.176 0.184 0.191 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.197 0.197 0.197 0.197 0.197

0.8 F1 0.914 1.100 1.384 1.618 1.913 2.168 2.386 2.644 2.837 3.080 3.411 3.882
F2 0.167 0.194 0.207 0.218 0.224 0.226 0.227 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228

1.0 F1 0.838 1.094 1.282 1.547 1.878 2.094 2.322 2.581 2.764 3.022 3.348 3.780
F2 0.167 0.200 0.218 0.234 0.244 0.247 0.248 0.249 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250

1.2 F1 0.768 1.020 1.209 1.478 1.812 2.029 2.258 2.517 2.701 2.959 3.284 3.726
F2 0.161 0.200 0.222 0.243 0.257 0.261 0.263 0.264 0.265 0.265 0.265 0.265

1.4 F1 0.704 0.950 1.139 1.411 1.748 1.966 2.196 2.455 2.639 2.897 3.223 3.664
F2 0.154 0.196 0.221 0.247 0.265 0.270 0.273 0.275 0.276 0.276 0.276 0.276

1.6 F1 0.647 0.886 1.073 1.346 1.686 1.906 2.136 2.396 2.580 2.839 3.164 3.605
F2 0.145 0.189 0.217 0.248 0.269 0.277 0.281 0.283 0.283 0.284 0.284 0.284

1.8 F1 0.596 0.826 1.011 1.284 1.627 1.848 2.080 2.340 2.524 2.783 3.108 3.550
F2 0.136 0.181 0.212 0.246 0.272 0.281 0.286 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.290 0.290

2.0 F1 0.552 0.773 0.954 1.226 1.571 1.794 2.026 2.287 2.471 2.730 3.056 3.497
F2 0.128 0.173 0.205 0.243 0.273 0.283 0.289 0.292 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295

2.5 F1 0.463 0.660 0.829 1.095 1.444 1.670 1.904 2.167 2.352 2.612 2.937 3.379
F2 0.110 0.153 0.186 0.230 0.269 0.284 0.293 0.298 0.300 0.302 0.302 0.303

3.0 F1 0.396 0.572 0.728 0.984 1.332 1.561 1.798 2.063 2.249 2.509 2.835 3.277
F2 0.096 0.136 0.168 0.215 0.262 0.282 0.294 0.301 0.304 0.306 0.307 0.307

3.5 F1 0.346 0.503 0.647 0.890 1.234 1.465 1.705 1.971 2.158 2.419 2.745 3.187
F2 0.084 0.121 0.152 0.200 0.253 0.277 0.292 0.302 0.305 0.308 0.309 0.310

4.0 F1 0.306 0.448 0.580 0.809 1.147 1.379 1.621 1.890 2.077 2.339 2.666 3.108
F2 0.075 0.109 0.138 0.186 0.243 0.270 0.289 0.301 0.306 0.309 0.311 0.312

4.5 F1 0.274 0.404 0.525 0.741 1.070 1.301 1.545 1.816 2.005 2.267 2.594 3.036
F2 0.067 0.098 0.126 0.173 0.222 0.263 0.285 0.300 0.305 0.310 0.312 0.313

5.0 F1 0.248 0.367 0.479 0.682 1.001 1.231 1.477 1.749 1.939 2.202 2.530 2.972
F2 0.061 0.090 0.116 0.161 0.221 0.255 0.281 0.298 0.305 0.310 0.313 0.314

6.0 F1 0.208 0.309 0.406 0.586 0.884 1.109 1.355 1.631 1.823 2.088 2.417 2.860
F2 0.052 0.076 0.099 0.141 0.201 0.239 0.270 0.293 0.302 0.309 0.313 0.315

7.0 F1 0.179 0.267 0.352 0.513 0.788 1.006 1.251 1.529 1.723 1.990 2.320 2.764
F2 0.045 0.066 0.087 0.124 0.183 0.223 0.259 0.286 0.298 0.308 0.313 0.315
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5708

=
Table 7: Values of F1 and F2 for Equation (71), m1 L=
/B; n2 z/B (continued)

n2 m1 = 1 m1 = m1 = 2 m1 = 3 m1 = 5 m1 = 7 m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 = m1 =
1.5 10 15 20 30 50 100
8.0 F1 0.158 0.235 0.310 0.455 0.710 0.918 1.160 1.440 1.635 1.904 2.236 2.680
F2 0.039 0.058 0.077 0.111 0.168 0.208 0.247 0.279 0.294 0.306 0.313 0.316
9.0 F1 0.140 0.209 0.277 0.408 0.644 0.843 1.080 1.360 1.556 1.828 2.161 2.006
F2 0.035 0.052 0.069 0.100 0.154 0.194 0.235 0.272 0.289 0.304 0.312 0.316
10.0 F1 0.126 0.189 0.251 0.370 0.589 0.778 1.009 1.287 1.485 1.759 2.093 2.539
F2 0.032 0.047 0.062 0.091 0.142 0.182 0.224 0.264 0.284 0.301 0.311 0.316
12.0 F1 0.106 0.158 0.210 0.311 0.502 0.672 0.889 1.162 1.361 1.638 1.976 2.423
F2 0.026 0.039 0.052 0.077 0.122 0.160 0.203 0.248 0.272 0.295 0.309 0.315
14.0 F1 0.091 0.136 0.180 0.268 0.436 0.590 0.792 1.057 1.255 1.534 1.875 2.325
F2 0.023 0.034 0.045 0.067 0.107 0.142 0.185 0.232 0.260 0.288 0.306 0.315
16.0 F1 0.079 0.119 0.158 0.236 0.385 0.525 0.712 0.967 1.163 1.443 1.787 2.239
F2 0.020 0.030 0.039 0.059 0.095 0.127 0.168 0.217 0.248 0.280 0.303 0.314
18.0 F1 0.071 0.106 0.141 0.210 0.345 0.472 0.646 0.890 1.082 1.362 1.709 2.164
F2 0.018 0.026 0.035 0.052 0.085 0.115 0.154 0.204 0.236 0.273 0.299 0.313
20.0 F1 0.064 0.095 0.127 0.189 0.312 0.428 0.591 0.823 1.011 1.200 1.636 2.096
F2 0.010 0.024 0.032 0.047 0.077 0.105 0.142 0.191 0.225 0.265 0.295 0.312
30.0 F1 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.127 0.210 0.292 0.410 0.591 0.751 1.011 1.363 1.831
F2 0.011 0.016 0.021 0.032 0.052 0.072 0.101 0.142 0.176 0.225 0.273 0.305
40.0 F1 0.032 0.048 0.064 0.095 0.158 0.221 0.312 0.457 0.591 0.823 1.164 1.640
F2 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.024 0.039 0.055 0.077 0.112 0.142 0.191 0.249 0.295
50.0 F1 0.025 0.038 0.051 0.076 0.127 0.177 0.251 0.371 0.485 0.690 1.011 1.488
F2 0.006 0.010 0.013 0.019 0.032 0.044 0.062 0.091 0.118 0.164 0.225 0.285
60.0 F1 0.021 0.032 0.042 0.064 0.106 0.148 0.210 0.312 0.410 0.591 0.800 1.363
F2 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.026 0.037 0.052 0.077 0.101 0.142 0.204 0.273
70.0 F1 0.018 0.027 0.036 0.055 0.091 0.127 0.181 0.269 0.354 0.516 0.793 1.256
F2 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.014 0.023 0.032 0.045 0.067 0.087 0.125 0.185 0.261
80.0 F1 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.048 0.079 0.111 0.158 0.236 0.312 0.457 0.713 1.164
F2 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.020 0.028 0.039 0.059 0.077 0.112 0.169 0.249
90.0 F1 0.014 0.021 0.028 0.042 0.071 0.099 0.141 0.210 0.278 0.410 0.647 1.083
F2 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.052 0.069 0.101 0.155 0.237
100.0 F1 0.013 0.019 0.025 0.038 0.064 0.089 0.127 0.190 0.251 0.371 0.591 1.011
F2 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.016 0.022 0.032 0.047 0.062 0.091 0.142 0.225
 Vol. 22 [2017], Bund. 15 5709

Editor’s note.
This paper may be referred to, in other articles, as:
Onah, H.N., Mama, B.O., Nwoji, C.U., Ike, C.C.: “Boussinesq
Displacement Potential Functions Method for Finding Vertical Stresses
and Displacement fields due to Distributed load on Elastic Half Space”
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2017 (22.14), pp 5687-
5709. Available at ejge.com.

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