NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Lagao, General Santos City

POLITICAL SCIENCE 04

Student’s Name: Almar Anthony O. Camcam Date: 11/06/2022

Quarter: Midterm

1. The "early call" declaring a winner before all the polls have closed is a
controversial staple of the media's election night coverage. Convinced that
"projections of the winner in key states may depress voter turnout on the West Coast
if it appears that the election is or will be decided before polls close in the West,"
many reformers advocate measures that would require all polls to close at the same
time.23 These proposed reforms are based on the idea that the media's early
declarations depress turnout in areas where the polls are still open.

A. Think about the relationship between an independent variable, whether or not

people have knowledge of an election's predicted outcome (they either "know"
or they "don't know" the predicted outcome) and a dependent variable (they
either "voted" or they "did not vote"). The reformers' idea links one value of
the independent variable, "know the predicted outcome," with one value of the
dependent variable, "did not vote." For the reformers' idea to qualify as an
acceptable explanation, what else must it describe?

Answer: To establish any possible relationship, a qualitative measurement of

whether there is any dependency between the two variables is needed. The fact that
the sampling was conducted without any biases must be recognized. To determine if
there is indeed a dependency or not, a hypothesis test can be carried out within such
a sample.

B. Suppose you believe that knowledge of an election's predicted outcome is

causally linked to turnout. Why might differences in knowledge of the outcome
cause differences in turnout? Write a paragraph describing the causal
linkages between these two variables. Be sure to describe the tendency of the
relationship.

Answer: Voters might turn up in less numbers if they already know the results. If we
try to observe this, If the outcome has already been decided, the voter will feel that
there is no point in casting a ballot because his/her one vote won't make a
difference. This would be particularly applicable to voters who support the candidate
who is predicted to lose when the early voting results were announced. Knowing the
probable outcome might influence the dependent variable if they will vote or not.
 C. Using proper form, state a testable hypothesis for the relationship between
the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Answer:
Ho= Proportion of voters who selected to cast a ballot despite being aware of the
early voting results.
Ha= Proportion of voters who selected not to cast a ballot despite being aware of the
early voting results.

2. Third-party candidates are something of a puzzle for students of electoral

behavior. In presidential elections, most voters cast their ballots for one of the major-
party candidates, but many voters support candidates of minor parties, such as the
Reform Party (which grew out of Ross Perot's candidacy in 1992), the Green Party
(which nominated Ralph Nader in 2000), the Constitution Party, the Libertarian Party,
or the Natural Law Party, to name a few.24 What causes some people to vote for a
major-party candidate and some voters to vote for a minor party candidate? Voters
can be measured by one of two values on this dependent variable: major-party voter
and minor-party voter.

A. Think up a plausible independent variable that may explain differences

between voters on the dependent variable. Write a paragraph describing an
explanation for why some voters support the major parties' candidates and
some support the minor parties' candidates. Make sure you connect the
causal variable to the dependent variable and be sure to describe the
tendency of the relationship.

The "ideology" of the political parties is the independent variable that explains the
difference in voters' responses to the dependent variables. The ideology of political
parties is created in order to influence public opinion and gain support from people.
Some parties may have the ideology to promote educational fundings, while other
party have the ideology to address problems of the society, and so on. Depending on
their various ideologies, and people will choose the party of their choice. This will
result a vote for the majority party or vote for the minor party based on the ideology it
expresses as its agenda.

B. Using proper form, state a testable hypothesis for the relationship between
the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Null Hypothesis: The selection of party is independent of the ideology expressed by

the party.
Alternative Hypothesis: ideology expressed by the party influences the voting
preference of the public.