■ c?

w m
^f^;- T rad e W i f l ^ ; M 0**-
loons, obfervable inthe Seas between and nea
Ttopfcks^with an attempt to afftgn the Phtftcal caufe
of the faid tfinds, by E. Halley.
il iaosjiJi a?<+ . . . *' > - - '* ’
\ N exact Relation of th f conftant and Periodical
Winds, obfervable mfeveral Tracts of the Ocean, is
apa*t of Natural Hiftory not lefs definable and ufeful,
than it is difficult to obtain, and it’s Phenomena hard to ex?
plicate: I am not Ignorant that feveral Writers have-under-
taken.; this fubjeft, and although ( Lib. Chap.
XXL Geo. Gen ) leems to have , endeavoured after the beft
information from Voitigers, yet cannot his accounts be ad­
mitted :for accurate, by thole that IhaH attentively confider
and compare them togather; and fome of them are moft
evident, miftakesy which, as near as I can, Ilhall attempt
toreftify, haying had the opportunity of converfing with
Navigators/aequainted with all parts of India, and having
lived a comiderable time between the Tropicks, and there
made my own remarks.
The lubftance of what Ihave collected is briefly as foh
lows. . _- .
The Univerfal Ocean may moft properly be divided into
three parts, viz,, i . The Atlaniickand
Indian^ Ocean: J. The Great South Sea or the >
and tho’ thele Seas do all communicate by the South, yet as
to our prefent purpofe of thz Trade Winds, they are luffici-
ently feparated by the interpofition of great tracts of Lend;
the firii lying between Africa and America, the fecond be,,
tween Africa,and the India# Iftaqfls and Hotandia and
the laft, between the Philippine Jfies,, China, Japan m d HoL
landix Nova on the Weft, and the Coaft of America op the
Eafti Now following diis natural diyifioh of the Seas* fo
will we drnde our Hiltory into three parts* in the fame or?
■der.'/-^Kfef. 4h/,x-c ■
U i .
 I. In ihzAtlAtttichmd ALthiopkk Seas/between the
p i c k s ,there is a general EafierlyWin
without any confiderable variation, excepting that it isTub-
je£t to be defleXed therefrom, feme few points of the Com-'
pas towards the North or Southyaccording to the
the place. The Obfemtions which have been made of thefe
deflexions, are the following.
i . That near the coaft of aA
frit*,lfoon as you h
fed the Canary Ijlesyou are fure to meet a frefh Gale of ME.
Wind about the Latitude ofc 8.degrees which feldom
comes to the rdsof the
aftw
E or paffes thfe W .M
This Wind accompanies thofe bound to the Southward, to
the Latitude of io North, and about ioo. Leaguesfrom
the Guinea Coaft, where till the 4 degree of North
fade, they fall into calmes and , of which more
hereafter. •
2: That thofe bound tathzCaribbe Ijles, fin d ,asth ey
approach the American fide, that the aforefaid North^Eaf
Wind, becomes ftill more and more , io as fometimes
to be Eafi, fometimes Eafi by South, butyet moif common­
ly to the Northward of the Eafi a p&int or two, feldohie
more, ’tis likewife obferved,that the ftrength of thefe Winds
does gradually decreafe, as you faile to -
3* T hat the limits of the Tan
tfiis Ocean, are farther extended on the American fide than
the African:for whereas you meet not with this certain
Wwd tdi after you have palled the degrees
on this fide- on the AmericanMtit commonly holds to 30.
31 or 32 degrees of atiuderatd this is verified likew
L
the Southwards of the al^of r near the Cape of
quinom
E
}~jopc the limits of the 1 fitdii IV 1fidsj cite ? or 'l- di‘'jyc?s neuter
the Line, than on the coaft of Brazils.
. 4 "That front the Latitude of 4 degrees < to the afore*,
laid limits on the South fide o{ the Equator, the Winds arte
generally; and perpetually between the South and Ea/l, and
molt commonly between the Soutb-Eaft ■and Eafi, obferving
I f f H I : t m ] •
always tills Rule, that on the African fide they are more
' Southerly, on the Brafilian more Eafterly^ fb as to become al-
| vmoft due the little deflexion they have being ftiil
to the Southwards. In this part of the Ocean it has been my
fortune to pafs a full year,in an employment that obliged me
to regard more than ordinary the Weather,, and I found the
Winds conftantly about the $outh-Eaft} the moft ufual point
S EbE ywhen it was Eafierly it generally Jatew hard, and
was gloomy, dark, and fometimes rainy weather j ifit came
to the Southwards it was generally Serene, and a final! gale
next to a Cal me, but this not very common., But I never
law it to the Weftwards of the South* or Northwards of the
Eaft.
5. That the feafon of the Year has fbme fmall effed on
theleTW* inds, for that when*the the Sun is confidera-
W
ble to the Northwards of the Equator, the
elpecially in the ftraight of this Ocean ( if I may fb call, i t )
between Brafile and the Coaft of , do vary a point
or two to ths Southwards, and the North-Eaft become more
Eafterly; and on the contrary when the Sun is towards the
Trofick of vfy the South-Eafterly Wind become
f ly, and the North-eafterly Winds on this fide the Line vere
more to the Northwards, ;
| 6. That as there is no general Rule that admits not of
fome exception, fb there is in this Ocean a trad of Sea
! wherein the Southerly and S; Weft Winds are perpetu
>all along the Coaft of .Guinea, for above 500. Leagues to­
gether, from S terraLeona to the lfle of St. Thomas \ for the
• South-Eafi Trade- Wind having paired the i i / ^ and approa­
ching the Coaft of uineaw
Gitbin^^80 or 10 inclines
^towards the fhore, and becomes S. S. E, and by degrees, as
ly o u come nearer^ it vears ab ui to South, S. S and
; in with tlie land SoutlAVift-, and fbmetimes^ *
Weft; which variation is better expreffed it! the Mapp
; hereto annexed, tliah it can well be in. Words. Thefe are the
UWind% which aie-obferved oil this coaft when it blows
U2 f true
\
true, but there, arefequent C a k t^ Violent fuddaipi Oufts-
called Tmado ^from all, points qFthecompas,aad fometirne
unwholfome foggy EafterlyWinds called
Natives, which to often infeftthe Navigation pfthejeparts.
7. and
10 degrees of Latitude, and between the Meridians of
Virde, and of the Eafiermofi IJlmds that bear that name,there
is a tra£t of Sea wherein it wereimproper to fay there is any
Trade Wind, or yet a Variable; for it feeingcondemned to
perpetual Calms^attended with terriUe. Thunder and Light­
ning, and Rains fo ,frequent, that gyv; Navigators from
thence call this part of the .Sea the Rams : the' little Winds
that are, be only ibrae fuddain uncertain Gufts, of very lit­
tle continuance and lefs -extent) fo that; fentetitnes. each r
hour you lhall have a different Gale, ,which dies away into
a Calmebefore another .fucceed; and ih a, fleet ofShippsin
fight of pne'another, each JlHll W .e the W ind froni a;leve-
p l point of the CQmpafs; with- tjjefe weak. Brizes SM p^are
obliged:to make the beft. of:;t;heir way to the Sotakmrd-
through the aforefeid fix degrees, wherein Itis reprtedfem e
have been detained whole montltsforwantof Wind.
From the three Iaft obfervahles is . fhewn the reajpnof
two notable occurrents in the and Navi­
gations. The one is, why not withflanding the, narroweft
part of the Sea between Qmnea and be about
5^ ° ®ver, yet Shipps bound to thel
times, efpecially in the months of $ $ and Mgufi, find a
great difficulty to pafs it. Tills, happens beeaufe, of ;the
S outh-wftWinisy .at that time of the year commonly e x te n d
ing fome degrees beyond the. ordinary M it o^igreejportb
and withall theycom e,|b.much Southerfyfi&tQ bejfiime-
Sometimes a point or, two to .the W t£ i:xb$rp*
remains then only to plie to Wind-ward, land iLon the
one fldeihey d^id away W . S. W . they gain the Wind ftill
TOfe #nd.wqre but there is danger of not weather- ^
: Uf^QFWi^:OtIxervta<|k tlmy gQiawnyiE.S.g,, they fell
hup the neighborhood qf the (Coaft of Guinea, jfrom which
there is no departing without running I f$ far as th e .
|fc>of;S v:jr bma$9 which . p f # 4he
$m»jr Shipps, and whic!\iHa^Jee0i, very;ftrAng>whtout th&
confid^&tiQU of the fixth remark, which sfhews the reafon Qf
|t J?or;being in with the C p # , the Wind blows, generally at
‘S.W.and W .S.W, with,which Winds they cannot go to the
Northward for jthe L a n d e d on fthiother tack tliey can lie
no n ep ir -the i Wind rjthari S/S. E.. or South; with itjiefe
courier they rpnoff tl^fttope,?bui;jn: fo doing they alwaies,
find the Winds move and morecontrary ;fo that,when near th^
:^ore they could lie 8 ^ , a t a greater diftance they can make
their way no better than S. E. aiifl afoerwards jE, S. Eyj with
"which .collides they fetch commonly •
fmidCape«L<?/^where ifiadmgithe Winds to.thei
jof tlie South, theyd^ep them favourable by running away to
the WefipaKdm ..the
■$*■■EAPIrMds:M(t perpetual.' * V^i bind *(u : ; ^ f
I For the fake of
^ h Siffiejl-fodtan Trade, even thofe bound count
fat their beftcourfe^to get as foon as they cany *to the South-
^ wards, that fo they may be certain of a fair and frefh gale-to
jrunn-before it to jthe cowards a*■nd for the fame reafbn
fthofe homewards, bound from America, endeavour to gain
Jthe Latitude of 30 degree(syZ
Sbon aspoffible, where they
I firft find the: Windst begin to be Variable ; though the moft
inordinary Winds inthzMonthem part of t h O c e a n
I come from between the South znA W eft*h hi h ^ ^ f
|i As to thpfe tutious ftormes ^called -Hurricanes$ which are
la s it were peculiar to the Caribke Jftes; and which fo dread-
pully afflift them in the month of Auguft, or not much be-
f dbre or after, they do not fo properly belong to this place,
; both by reafon .of their final! continuance andf extent, *as
^dikewife becaufe they are not Anniverfary, fbme ■years ha-
ving more than one, and dbiiiedmcs f c feveral y ears toge^-
tfier there being none at all*. But their Violence is fo unconcei­
vable, and their other abl furprifmg
henom
P
merit well to be confidered apart.
W hati^herelai^ is to be linderftood of the Sea WindA
at feme diftance from the Land; for upon and near the
lhores,the Land and Sea Brizes are almoft every where fenfi-
Sle; a nd the great Variety which happens in their Periods] J
Force and Direction* 'from the fituafion of the Mountains^
Vallies and Woods, and from the various texture of the *
Soil; more or leS capable of retaining and reflecting HeatJ
and of exhaling orcondenfing Vapours is fudh, that it were]
an endle f$ task, to endeavour to,account for them.
II. In the Ocean, the/Winds are partly General,]
as in the JEthiofuk Ocean, partly Periodical, that is
*Year they blow one Way, and the other half near upon the j
oppofite points; and thefepoims andtimes of jfoifting are!
different in difl^ent parts of this Ocean the limits of eachi
traftofSea, fubje&^o thefam are cer- j
tainly very hard to determine, but 'th e diligence I have ]
uftd: m M righMy: infomied, and the care P have waken|
therein, has in,a great meafure formounted that difficultyJ
and l am perfwaded that the foUowfog particulars may be 1
relied upon. . ^ ij $
?-1• j h a t between the Latitudes of ten Degrees and thirty ]
©egress 1 $ /^ ? between Madaga
the General Trade Wind about the S. E. by E. is found to j
blow all the Year Jong, to all intents and purpofes after the
fame manner as in the fame Latitudes.i in the I
Ocean, as it is deforibedjn the,4/^. Efwarliaforegoing.i!!:;jj
to within
two Degrees M during the Months of Ju»e.A
juljx Augufi, &C. tp br, at which ti
ovem
N
the Soph Latitudes of p,and ip Deg
rMttff$idn<)£ the hJotth end of Madagascar9^and
*and SouthLatitude.,befog near- Snmtu. m ± java, t\iQl
contrary Vfmds^om the,N . W . or ^between I
 il I
V ^ C W 1 " •
im A .W e ^ p t in and blow for half the Year, viz. from
^he teginnMg of :®w0 er till arid this Monfoon
is obferyed as far usil^^Iolucca Hies, of which more anon*
. j. T hat to the Northward of j Degrees South ,
over the whole Arabian or- IndeSa and^ulpl* of (Ben*
| odl9 from Sumatra toheCoaft of here is ano­
ther Monfoon, blowing from to April uponthe
!North, EaflPoints; but in the other half Year, from April
it© October,upon the oppofite Points ofS. W . and W.S.W.’
jand that with rather more force than the other,JaccOm-i
jpanied with dark, rainy w eather, whereas the N.iE;'
>blows clear ; ’tis ; likewife to be noted, that the Winds
i ate not fo conftant, either in ilrength or point, in the
!Gulph dt Bengdf as; they -are in the .where
| a certain fteadyGale fcarce ever foils. %’Tis alio remark-
\ able, that the S. W . Winds in, thele Seas are generally
\ m o r e Southerly on the African fide, more ’Wefrerlfowtho
Indian, s}?^' i/kiT *kv
1^ 4. That as an Appendix to th e laft deforibed Monfoon,
\ there is a T ra d of Sea to the Southwards of the
fubjed to the fame changes of the Winds, viz. near
the African-CodA, between it and. the Ifland
lor St, Laurence, and from thence Northwards as for as the
Line : wherein from April to Ottober there is found a
cpnftant frefh S. S. W. Wind, which as you go more
5 Northerly, becomes ftill more and more , fo as to
fell in with the W . S. W. Winds, mentioned before, in
; thole Months of/the Year tpbe certain tothe
:Cof the Equator: . What Winds blow in thefe:Seas> ifonthe
'other half Year, from October to April, I have notyet
t e n able to obtain to my full fatisfadion, for that our
:i Navigators al ways return from India without Madagafcary
land lb are little acquainted in this matter ; the Account
!has been given me is only this* that the Winds are much
HEafierly hereabouts, and as often to the of the true
J]Eaft as t9 the Southwards thereof.
5. That
 ;:,.5{r^iiatlatK eJE#^r^'of .SmdtW&iA Maiacfa, to th#
Nmhwrds of iche Lipe^ and along the Goaft of CmhoU
isxAEhina, dx&Motifocitis blow N orthand that i
i^yy the N. E. Winds are much and the S .W |
mufch 6Qiakrfyr This Conftitution reaches tO the Eaj$
wards of the PbiHppmeSimyzti&tefaxNortberly
Tho Northern Monfooti &iting inf in thefe Seas,in 0 ^ $ |
or Navewberyanch the S^tberiih May, blo
SbmtheV M onths: •Here it is to befitted, That the Points i
of the ,Compa£sy .from whence the Wind cotites in the#
Parts o fth e World, are not fo fixt as in thofe lately del
fcribed; fbr the Southerly will frequently pafs a Point or i
two to the Eastwards} or the South) and the Northerly alj
much to t h v Weffawtkof the North, which feems occa||
fioned by the great quantity of Land which is interfperftl
-in thefe Seas. • *4 ’ oi-• -i 'i - ,
m:6;i:Thati in the feme Menddm
of the quator,being that Traft lying between
E
pnd Java to the W-eft> and New GumiatothtEafi^ thei
feme Northerly a n d SoMerly areob
with Hiis difference, that the inclination of the
toward^the N .W . and of the Southerly -towards tiflf
S.E; but d te /^ g i^ ^ ia r e '. not more conftant hetethal
inlthe fiBionass^1 5 or 6 Points j IM destti
times oftheChange of thefe Winds, are ri6t the fe m e i
in the (Jhrnfe Seas, but about a Month or fix
later,
7 ^ T fe th e fe contrary Winds do hot fhiftall at^n el
but in feme places the titaeof fhe change is; ^tfeehdU
with Cairns, in others with variable W inds; and itf
partknlrlarly remarkable, that the End of the
Monfodrt on the Goaft di Qorofnandel, and the two m
Months of itlt z SoutherlyMwfdtinm the Seas of Ehitia
very fubje&tobe tempeftuoiis: ’ The vifeehce^f th 4
^ftormsiisfubh^ -that thty leem to be of the nature df 'tH
Weft-Mja Hurricanes, and lender the Navigation of tli4
part;
I V : S r C ..« > -P
parts ^very ‘ about that time of the .Xea^. .Theft
^Tettodffs1arfe -oy oh^Seamfen- ufualty(^ ri^ a ^ 21ri' tircdking
-UPof the :Mb»jo6hs.' "l- : •. ' b • ' w *L"1;. '* v ***$
V’f By rtafoubfthe fluffing of thefe :W M s^all .thole ihati
fail (n theft §ea$, arepbliged to obferve the-ftafoiis proper
for their Voiages, and ft doing they fail not of a fair wind
and fpeedy paffirge; but it ft be theychance to out-ftay their
time, till the contrary Monfoon let in, as it frequently hap­
pens, they are fbreecf to give 'over the. hopes of accorri-
plifhing their intended Voiages, and either te tu ra to; the
*port from whence lltey came, dr^tee^pUf ill tto dbrrib1otter
Harbour, there to fpehdthe tiMe^titRte'
favourable. : " ‘f ' :T;-‘ 03 '
, p The third O c e a n ^
I s ^ u a l to that of the other two, ( i t being frqm the W eft
Coaft o f W # f k dels« m
' degrees of Eoki^itude ) is ciiati#iifth' %
own o f the t i k i |h 5 ^ i f N a ^ s f f h ^ !Niv^ati<m that^tterb
is on it, is by the Spar/ydrds wno gdyearly from thfet£<yft of
new Spain to t h e ^ / J / ^ t 1$ te to ta c k -

'W$i&mg I f l w
~fcheih Cofirffcl,;^ 8d # h a t B^oWt rf t e a Jb f . sife-ifld *ia& e^ih ^
-of Who-filled the
%bble bm dtif<^h$s c$&'!ih ^atlieffi bf i^/or
. . Sr I ." - {V IfS iO i5 fKft

^ 'A e -S ’^W nfr'lK ^r*^ ^1 6 Wfc-

t o with fo a f e p i s i i ^ w P * ^ r<%»
•atSfcifil i h e ' ^ % ll m
this liich- is aboi|t
I? miles per diept y belides 5tis laid tita;t ’te^r|tes ^fid!r^th-
fpells are never kao wh iu -1!fcfc*O^rtsiF'Sb tliiat here^s the ve-
I n■bd z !ivo»bua v .Tk'.w &bV/oibd l
'S r 'v ^ V V - 'C f iil
fy beft of Sailing; no want of a freCh fair WInd, and yet no
danger of hayingtoo m uch: Wherefore fome have thought;
it might be asfhdrt a Voiage to go by
the Streights of Magellan^is by- the Cape of Go
f Thelim its p fth e fe General Winds areaUo much the
feme as in the AtlantickSea'
.Latitude on both fides; for thoSpanyards homewards bound
from the Mamlhasyalwaies take the advantage of th
therly Mw
jootiyb lo^m§ there in the Summet mqnths, and
run up to th o Northwards of that Latitude ,
Japan, before they meet-with variable Winds, to fhape
their courfe to the Eaftmrds.And Schoote
have gon about by th e M ^ f e S tr e ig h ts , have found the,
liputs ofpfS. E, Winds, much about the feme Latitude to
the Southwards ; befidesa farther nalogybe j^een the
A
pf this;Qcean,iand the Ethiopick, appea^ in that, upon the
Coaft of Peru, they are alwais much \like ast they
are found pear the Shores of Angola.
T h ^i& r m ^ tt^ o f i ||! 3:, wherein if the information !
have received he not in all parts Accurate, it has not J>egi
ifpr \yantpf inquiry from chofe I conceived beft able j o in-
ftruftm e; and I mall take it for a very greatkindnefe if a-
(;ny Mafter of a Ship, or other perlon, well informed of the
•Nature of the Winds, in any of the aforementioned parts
S)f the World, fhall pleafeto communicatejtheir Qbfervati-
on$th ere u p o n th a t fo w hat^have herecolle^d m aybe
Neither confirmed or amended, or by the addition of jpme
materiaLCircumftances enlargedL It is not the work of one,,
nor offew ,but ofa multitude of Oblervers, to bring toga-
thertheeacperiencer^pifitetocom pofeaperfedand corn-
pleat Hiitory of thefe Winds ; however I am not much
fri^d' ip, pr omitted any ofthe princi­
pal Obfervables, whatever f e f c partfei^r^ may ffeyp efe
caped my knowledg.
T o hplp the concqpti<m o f the reader in a matter of lb
much difficulty, I believed it i^ceffery to adjoyn a SchPm#,
•ihew^
 I . t > 3: l
/hewing at one view all the various Tra&s and Courles of
thefe Winds / whereby ’tis poflible riie thing may be bet-
ter understood, than by any verbal defcription whatfoever.
The limits of thefe feveral Trails, are 'defigned every
where by prickt lines, as well in the Atlrnttck and
where they are the boundaries of the Trade and Variable
Winds, as in the hdirn Ocean, where,they alfo (hew tile ex­
tent of the feveral Monfons. I could think of no better way
to defign the courfe of the Winds on the Mapp, than by
-drawing rows of ftroaks in the fame line that a Ship would
•move going alwaies before i t ; the (harp end of each little
ftfoak pointing out that part of the Horizon, from whence
the Wind continually comes; and where there are Honfoons
thhrows of the ftroaks run alternately backwards and for­
wards, by which means they are thicker there than elfe-
wher^ As to the great South Sea, confidering its vaft ex-
■tent, and the little Variety there is in its Winds, and the
? great Ando y between them, and thofe of the At Untick ana
jEtbiopick Oceans, befides that the greateft part thereof is
wholly unknown to u s; I thought it unneceftary to lengthen
the Mapp therewith. ' .• ; ■
In the foregoing Hiftory are contained feveral Problems,
that .Merit well the confideration ot our acutell Natiiralifts,
both by reafon of the conftancy of the eflfed, and of the im-
• menfe extent there f ; near half the furfaGe of tiie Globe 1^ -
in >concerned. The chief of tbefe Problems are. i. Why
thefe Winds are perpetually from the Eaft in the AtUntick
d Mthiopick,as likewife in the Ocean, between
the Latitudes of 30 North and h’outh. 2. Why the the laid
; Winds extend no farrher with Conftancy than to the Lati-
|: tUcies oi l dg. 3. Why there Ihould be it conftant South­
s' wefterly Wind upon and.near the Coaft ot GWw4.4.Whym
the North part ohhe Indian Ocean the.Winds,wfoch for pne
half year do agree with.tKofe of the other twoOcpahs,fli(mld
change in the other half Year, and blow from the oppoljte
Points; whilft the Southern part of that Ocean follower the
If' *?* '. ’ 2 • s Ce-
General Rtfftand his,perpetual Winds about $.*©? 5<fW h ^
in 'theft General Trade-Winds itfhould be alwaies tru e f
that to ,the Northward of the 'Equator' it is endiaed to ’the
Northwards of the Haft * and in South Latitudes, to . the |

Be ft grekt an Inclination from the Eaft to the Nortftf|

more tmhftlceftheref^with many more,; which itw ould
•I^ M c h e ^ Anfwerr. ,a ; ^ t* ■%
Biit leaft I fhould feem to propofe to others, difficulties )
which I have not thought worth my own time and Paines,5\
take here the refidt of an earneft endeavour after the true rea-
wherein if I am not able to
account far afl particulars,yet ’tis hoped the thoughts I have
fpent thereon, will not bejudged wholly loft, by the curious
Ih^NaturMInquiries. 0 :i i,:; , y th? f* / 5 - - '
Wind is moft properly defined to be the Stream or Cur­
rent of the, Air; andw here-feh Curi^nt ^ and
fixt in ifs courfe^ 7tis neceffary that if proeeed from a penna-
fteni Mn&rttiitting' 'Caufef Wherefore fbme have been
enclined to propofe the diurnal Rotation of the Earth upon
its Axis,by which, as the Globe turns Eaft wards, the loofe
md fluid particles of the Air, being f6 exceeding-light as they
be, aredeft behind, fo that in refped of thoEmlis^furface
they move L eftw ard s, and become a Conftant Eafterly
Wind. . This opinion feems confirmed, for that thefe Winds
are found only near the Equino&ial, in thoft Parallels of La­
titude where the diurnal Motion is fwiftefr; and I fliould
readily aflent to it, if the coriftant Calms in the jtlm thk
Sea, near the Equator; the Wefterly Winds near the Coaft
of Gumy; and the Periodical Wefterly Monfoons under the
Equator in the Indian Seas, did not declare the infuffipiency
of that Hj/fothefis. Befides the Air being kept to the Earth
by the principle of Gravity%would acquire the fame degree
of Velocity th at theEkrth sjurfacemoves withes w
peQ: of the dimml Rotation, as of the* Annual about the
Sun, which is about thirty times fwifter.
It-

V
I ■ ’ i . [ C b ^ j]
: It remains therefore t;o lufiftitute fomc other caufey ca­
pable of producing a like conffant effeft,, not liable to: the
lame Objections, but agreable to the known properties of
the Elements of Air and Water, apd the laws oi the Motion
of fluid-Bodies. Such an one isy I conceive, the Action of the
Sun3 Beanjs upOn, the Air and Water,,as he paffes every day!
ever the Oceans, confidered together with the Nature of the
Soyl, and Scituation of the adjoyning Continents : I fay
therefore, firft that according to the Laws of Staticis, . the
Air which is lels ratified- or expanded by heat, and conle-
quently more ponderous, mull: have a Motion towards thole
parts ponderous, fa
b rin g it to ap jfyuUibmm ; and fecondly, thdtthe pre?,
fence of the Sun continually fluffing to the Westwards, that
r part, towards which the A^ tends, by reafon of the R ath
faftion made by.hfi g r e a te f tM ^ ‘*» Heat, is with him car­
ried Weftward, and confequently fire tendency of the whole
Body of the lower Air is that way.
i Thus a general Eafterly Wind is formed, which being
impreifed upon all the Air of a vaft Ocean, the parts impel
one theotheiv and fo keep moving till the next return of the
Sun,, whereby 1b much of the Motion as was loft, is again
reftored, and thus the Eafterly wind is made perpetual.
From the fame Principle it follows, that this Eafterly
W ind fhould on the North Side of the Equator, be to the
Northwards of the £aft, and in South Latitudes to the
Southwards thereof; for near the Line , the Air is much
more rarified, than at a greater diftance from it; becaule
of the Sun twice in a year Vertical, and at no time diftant
above 23dg. and a half, at which diftance the heat, being as
the Sineof the Angle of Incidence, is but little fhort of that
of the perpendicular Ray. Whereas under the Tropicks,
though the Sun flay long Vertical, yet he is as long47dg.off;
whicn is a kind of Winter, wherein the Air lo cools, as that
the Summer Heat cannot warm it to the lame Degree with
that under the Equator. Wherefore the Air to the North-
R -2 li ' ..... ' - " wards

/•
 / V” , / ', 4 <# «, * ! V*. " V « ■■' ■

■^ards and Southwards, being lefs rarified than that Jin the
middle, it follows, that from both fides it ought to tend to­
wards the Equator : This Motion compounded with the
former Eafterly Wind anfwers all the Phenomena of the ge­
neral Trade Winds, which if the whole fttrface of the Globe
were Sea, would undoubtedly blow all round the World, a t
they are found to do hr the arid -Mthiofitk-
Oceans. * ■> ■
But feeing that do great Continents do interpofe and
break the continuity of the Oceans,regard muft be had to the
Nature of the Soil, and the pofitian o ft he high Mountains,
which I fuppofe the two principal Caufes of the feveral Va­
riations of the Winds, fromthe former general Rule; for if a
Country lying near the Sun , prove to be flat, landy, low
Land, fuch as the Delarts opfybia are ufually reported to be,
the heat decafioned by the reflexion dfthe Suns fleams, and
the retention there of in the Sand,is incredible to thole that
have not ielt it g whereby the Air being exceedingly Tariff­
ed, it is neceffary that this cooler and more denfe Air fliould
tun thitherwards to reftore the This I take to
be the caufe, why near the Coaft of the W ind al­
ways fets in upon the Land , blowing Wefterly inftead of
Eafterly, there being ftifBcient reafon to believe, that the In.
land Farts of Africa are prodigioufly hot, fince the Northern
borders thereof were fo intemperate, as to give the Ancients
"taufe to conclude, that all beyond xhtTrmck was made in-
habitable by excels of h ea t: From the (auie caufe it hap­
pens, that there are fo conftant Calms in that part of the
Ocean, called the Raines, (deferibed in the Remark on
ths AtlanticlSzz)for this T ra d being placed in the middle,
between the Wefterly Winds blowing on the Coa
and the Eafterly Trade-Winds, blowing to the Weft wards
thereof the tendency of the Air here, is indifferent to either,
and la Hands in JRquiliiiriobetween both; and the weight
of the incumbent Atmolphere being dimiriifhed by the con­
tinual contrary Winds blowing fr hen
^ that

/
 that thb Air here holds not the copious Vapour it receives*
‘■‘but tetS'it fall idTb frequent Rains.. ;J■* ’
But asthecooland dehfe A ir, by reafon of its greater
Gravity, preffeS upon the hot and ratified, ’tis demon*
ftrative* that this latter rhuft afcend in a continued
ftream asfaftasit Rarifies, and that being afcended, it muff:
"di^erfe it felf to preferve til t Equilibriumthat is, by a
contrary Current^ the upper Air muff movefrom thofe partis
where the greateft Heat is ; So by a kind of Circulation,the
North-Eaft Trade Wind below, will be attended with a
South Wefterly above, andthe South Eafterly with a North
W eft W indabove) ; that this is more than a bare con-
jeftiire, the almoft inffantaneous change of the Wind to
the oppofite Point, which is frequently found ill palling the
limits of the Trade Winds, feems to allure u s ; but that
which above all confirms this Hypothecs is the Phxnomencn'
b f the Monfdons bf y this means moft eafily lolved, and with­
out it hardly explicable,
; Suppolmg therefore fudi a Circulation as above, tis to be
confidered (hat to the Northward of th Ocean there
is every where Land within the ulual limit of the Latitude
of jo. vit. Jrdbia. Perfia> India?Ike. which for thelame rea-
lon as the Mediterranean Parts of 5 are fubjeft to uri*
liifferable heats when the Sun is to the North, palling near­
ly Vertical; but yet are temperate enough when the Sun
is removed towards the other becaule of a ridg
ofMountainsat Ibmediftance within the Land, laid to be
frequently ih Winter covered with «Snow, over which the
Air, as it paffes, muff needs be much chilled. Hence it comes
to pals, that the Air coming according to the general Rule,
out of the N. E. in the Indian Seas, is lometimes hotter,
fometimes colder, than that which by this Circulation is
returned out of the S,W. and by conlequence, lometimes.
the under Current or Wind is from the E. fometimes
from the S. IV.
 That, this r has no other caufe, is clear fron^ t|p tim § s
wherein thefe Winds fet in; viz ’w
-
gins to warm thole Countries to. the North, theS. W . Mon*
foon begins, and blows during the: Heats till when
the&m being retired, and all things growing cooler North­
ward, and the Heat encreafmg to the 6buth, the North-Eaft
Winds enter and blow all the winter till a g a i n . i t is
•undoubtedly,from the lame Principle that to the southwards
of the E
quator,i npart of the Indian Oce
Winds fucceed the 6’outh-Eaft, when the Sun draws near the
I thatin this latter
occurs a.difficulty, not well to be accounted lor, which is,
w hy this Change of the MonfoomEhoxxlA be any more in thip
Ocean,thanm the feme Latitudes in the ALtkiopicky where
there is no thing jraore certain than a Wind all the,
.Year. :>d; : in f iiv .iW v c j W
.. likejyife yetj^hard^tp Ic o n o ^ i^ limitsojF
the Trade'Wind^ffiould be fixt, about the thirtietEdegrop
o f Latitude all round the Globe; and, that they fhould foj lef-
t:dome^ tranfgrefs, or fall flaort of thofe.bounds; as alfo that in
th ^ IndianSea, only t{i£ Northern Part ihould be fubjetp tp
.the changeable Monfm*r ,and in the Sontl^erh there; Bcf#
-fi0np^j4,wi i m dl ^VtVficii
TWfearo particulars that merit to be oonfidered more at
Large, and furnifti a fufficient^SubjeQ: for a juft yblume;
which wilLbe a very’commendable Task for fuch, .who ber
;jng
JfOapply, tlieir feripus iJrpugbtV a b o u tit, ‘ r ju) ^

, f “j| l l l P l i l l