Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems

journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
internet-of-things-and-cyber-physical-systems

Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare: Features, capabilities,

and applications
Abid Haleem a, Mohd Javaid a, *, Ravi Pratap Singh b, Rajiv Suman c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
b
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
c
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Fourth Industrial Revolution may help many sectors and industries, whereas healthcare will be significantly
Industry 4.0 impacted. Medical advances will be swifter, better and more effective, quickly providing medications to patients.
Medical 4.0 It will act as a leveller for healthcare services by making them available to everybody. Medical 4.0 is the fourth
Healthcare
medical revolution, employing emerging technologies to create significant advancements in healthcare. New
Technologies
Treatment
medical 4.0 technology has advanced significantly, ranging from mobile computing to cloud computing, over the
previous decade and is now ready to be employed as commercially accessible, networked systems. Expanding and
with higher life expectancies, there is an enormous need for improved healthcare for older populations. This paper
explores Medical 4.0 and its demand in the healthcare sector and discusses various progressive steps for Medical
4.0 implementation. Smart and Advanced Features of Medical 4.0 Practices are discussed diagrammatically.
Medical 4.0 envisions a strongly interconnected health system. A hospital bed can be connected to the network
and use patient data via the Internet of Things (IoT). Finally, this paper explores & provides the significant ap-
plications of Medical 4.0 for healthcare services. In addition to being creative, Medical 4.0 decreases the
healthcare burden in affluent nations and offers good services to less developed countries, providing compre-
hensive and high-quality treatment. Medical 4.0 is characterised by technical discoveries and developments in the
medical profession to encourage patient-centred therapy and drugs. This digital transformation, where patients'
data will be electronically collected and utilised by technology to better understand and diagnose them, replaces
the doctor-centric treatment techniques with a patient-centric paradigm.

1. Introduction consumer requests through mass customisation, eventually aiming for

We are moving towards the fourth industrial revolution, which en-
hances the treatments and services with advanced technologies in
healthcare. Medical 4.0 technologies can deliver real-time information to
their employees, allowing them to make data-driven decisions. As a
result, they are always linked with and updated to the patients. People
who are empowered have all the tools and information to execute their
best work. Although automation will continue to rise, humans will
continue to play at its centre stage. IT solutions give additional assistance
to consumers by providing personalised information or recommenda-
tions. Informed data, characterised by increased automation and smart
equipment and smart factories, aids in producing goods more effectively
and productively across the value chain [1–3].
Medical equipment manufacturers' flexibility is improved to match
efficiency with, in many circumstances, a lot size of one. A smart factory
may achieve information transparency and better judgments by gath-
ering more data from the manufacturing floor and linking it with other
company operating data [4,5]. Decision making is better since everyone
has the necessary knowledge to make decisions based on facts. There is
an added desire to innovate in manufacturing because the information is
easily shared in healthcare. Overall, people's performance will improve
since they can access all information without hunting for it. Despite this,
most health sciences firms are still not realising the full potential of In-
dustry 4.0 and are failing to satisfy the outlined criteria. The
manufacturing will go to the next level of efficacy, productivity, and
safety using Industry 4.0 [6,7].
With a rise in the number of digital touchpoints with which a patient
interacts, the possibility of forecasting whether sickness may become a

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ahaleem@jmi.ac.in (A. Haleem), mjavaid@jmi.ac.in (M. Javaid), singhrp@nitj.ac.in (R. Pratap Singh), dr.r.suman@gbpuat-tech.ac.in (R. Suman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2022.04.001
Received 14 February 2022; Received in revised form 5 April 2022; Accepted 11 April 2022
Available online 14 April 2022
2667-3452/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Haleem et al.
severe problem for a patient in the future grows. The massive volume of
data gathered by the medical gadgets helps profile patients and better
understand their anatomy. The push to preserve electronic health in-
formation has made and will continue to simplify predictive health
analysis. Real-time technology can be used to assess the need for medi-
cines, equipment, and other healthcare requirements. Mobile technology
will enable physicians and specialists to communicate remotely, staying
in touch regardless of their location. Various healthcare software solu-
tions are being created to increase patient happiness and expedite
communication between hospitals and patients [8–10].
Digital health innovations are intended to reduce time, improve ac-
curacy and efficiency, and combine technology in novel ways in
healthcare. These breakthroughs can combine medical with Health, IoT,
medicine and augmented reality, blockchain and EMRs. IoT application
cases range from telemedicine technology to increasing communication
between patients and physicians to reducing the risk of infectious disease
exposure and different smart sensor technologies that can gather data at
the user level. Digital health tools promise to increase the capacity to
effectively detect and treat disease and improve individual health care
delivery. Furthermore, technology such as cell phones, social networks,
and internet apps provide new methods for patients to monitor their
health and gain access to information [11–13].
Industry 4.0 enables customers to build Intelligent Products designed
to monitor and maximise performance over time while meeting cus-
tomers' precise and unique configurations to build Intelligent Factories
that leverage data and intelligence to run as autonomously as possible.
Many organisations have to quickly migrate online to maintain mo-
mentum due partly to a lack of preparedness and insight, but many
sectors cannot rely only on remote operations. Because Industry 4.0 is the
age of smart connected machines and robots, we must rethink our
companies, improve our skills, and redirect our investments to prepare
for and move toward new technologies [14,15]. Medical 4.0 aims to
enhance traditional production, industrial platforms, and healthcare
treatment and processes with the latest technology. Researchers discov-
ered that expenditure on items in those categories is expected to grow in
the coming months. Still, investments in products that take longer to
generate income may decline or remain stable. Telemedicine systems
based on advanced developing technologies are available for efficient
infection prevention and management. These technologies detect patient
anomalies during an emergency and promptly contact medical staff
[16–18].
Through the AR headset or mobile application, preventative main-
tenance, asset management, and supply chain data may be incorporated
into a technician's field of vision. Human-machine cooperation provides
continuously connected techniques to boost efficiency and minimise cost.
VR headsets serve as an interface for gaining access to the healthcare
facility anywhere. Collaborating in a shared virtual environment with
distant workers, partners, and customers may enhance communication
and customer service. Manufacturing firms have not always recognised
the significance of cybersecurity or cyber-physical systems. However, the
same connection of factory and field operational equipment allows for
more efficient processes when embarking on a digital transformation to
Industry 4.0, developing a cybersecurity strategy that includes IT and OT
equipment [19–21].
In many businesses today, the actual state of an asset's health is un-
known, and data is collected and managed in multiple silos. As a result,
there is a substantial amount of needless downtime and inefficiency.
Maintenance efforts are frequently out of sync with manufacturing,
resulting in wasted capacity and missed chances for high-priority orders.
It is accomplished by employing intelligent assets to transition from
reactive asset management to proactive data-driven asset performance.
Intellectual assets are dynamically maintained and connected to all
processes [22,23]. Industry 4.0's digital revolution has enabled firms to
develop digital twins, virtual duplicates of operations, manufacturing
lines, facilities, and supply networks. Data from IoT sensors, gadgets,
PLCs, and other internet-connected things is used to construct a digital
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
twin. Digital twins can help manufacturers enhance efficiency, optimise
operations, and create innovative products. Manufacturers might test
modifications to the process and identify methods to decrease downtime
or boost the capacity of the manufacturing process [24,25].
For industrial organisations, embedded sensors and associated ma-
chinery generate actual big data. Manufacturers may use data analytics to
study previous trends, find patterns, and make smarter decisions. To get
deeper insights, smart factories may also integrate data from other sec-
tions of the company and their broader ecosystem of suppliers and dis-
tributors. Manufacturers can make production decisions based on sales
margins and personnel by analysing data from human resources, sales,
and warehousing [26,27]. This paper details the medical 4.0 technolo-
gies and their significant advancement in healthcare.
2. Medical 4.0
Medical 4.0 is to develop a strategy that will allow them to transition
from manufacturers to service providers. This evolution is simplified to
tailor clients' services based on their demands and convenience. Medical
4.0 uses modern technologies to connect patients and healthcare pro-
fessionals to the organisation and treatment technique. These technolo-
gies are evolving into a patient-centred approach in which the data will
be provided to industry participants to develop better technology and
healthcare delivery concepts [28,29]. The Medical 4.0 development will
induce innovations and bring focused healthcare delivery. It aspires to
aggressively concentrate on patient orientation and personal care service
with cutting-edge technology. Global research domains such as the
Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, robots, information security,
etc., will be heavily involved in linking medical delivery with precise
medications and a lifestyle-based approach to patient attendance and
treatment [30,31].
Virtual reality has made a significant contribution to the improve-
ment of healthcare technology throughout the medical 4.0 transition.
The wearable technology headset of VR allows the patient to explore the
uncharted section virtually and vanish from the bland wall of the hospital
throughout the span and utilise the technology to make the patient's
treatment moments more straightforward. Aside from providing patients
with an escape route, VR has also demonstrated proven pain manage-
ment efficacy and showed vital improvement in chronic pain patients.
Furthermore, by focusing on self-care through home remedies and virtual
therapy, patients may quickly acquire a VR headset from commercial
platforms and witness the pain-relief approach in the same way they
would in a hospital setting [32–34].
AI, big data, robotics, and machine learning advancements signifi-
cantly impact digital healthcare. In addition, changes in the digital
healthcare sector continue advances in ingestible sensors, robotic care-
givers, and gadgets and applications that remotely monitor patients.
Furthermore, sophisticated manufacturing and supply chain solutions
will ensure that the correct therapies and interventions are provided at
the precise moment to the patient. Medical 4.0 technologies include
wearables, applications, and mobile technologies that give access to
health care assistance and monitoring, growing in popularity, particu-
larly for managing long-term and chronic illnesses. The wearable device
introduced various heart rate variability, pulse oximeters, electrocardi-
ography, and continuous glucose monitoring. Extensive data analysis can
assist in identifying the sort of patient and developing preventive mea-
sures to keep them from returning. Predictive analytics might help hos-
pitals and clinics forecast admission rates to enhance staff scheduling
[34–36].
Medical 4.0 technologies have been driving a transformation in
health care, from mobile medical applications and software that assist
clinical decisions doctors using artificial intelligence. Furthermore, hos-
pitals may utilise sensors to manage supply inventories, optimising their
use and expenditure on gases, chemicals, and disposable goods such as
masks and gloves. Patients can entrust sensitive personal information to
healthcare professionals. Aside from safeguarding personal information,
A. Haleem et al.
IoT devices must be dependable in connectivity, performance, and real-
time data transmission [37,38]. Technologies associated with the EHR
assist physicians in making better and faster patient diagnoses and
integrating other physician networks to process referrals and transmit
prescriptions to pharmacies. Patient engagement technology has the
potential to cut avoidable healthcare expenses significantly. This infor-
mation enables people to create a stronger relationship with their health
and assess the cost of pharmaceutical items or healthcare services that
they may require. This digital transformation can be helpful for new
pharmaceutical firms since the pharma sector has the chance to contact
and engage with potential patients online as they are investigating the
benefits of various goods [39,40].
3. Need for Medical 4.0 for healthcare
Doctors ' procedures for treating chronic patients need further
simplification with the most recent research and advancements in
biology and technology. Medical 4.0 technologies help to provide indi-
vidualised therapy, address symptoms rapidly and monitor patients'
health minute by minute in real-time. This technological revolution is
centred on tracking technology breakthroughs that may offer consistent
patient data, which is critical for successful therapy. It emphasises the
need for data-recording and data-display devices such as sensors, moni-
tors, and other tools [41,42]. Medical 4.0 is emerging as a new trend in
the healthcare field, where the Healthcare sector can benefit from cloud
computing that employs artificial intelligence. Cloud computing has
several advantages that help enhance personalised purchasing experi-
ences. It can recognise trends in customers' browsing and purchase
habits. Individual clients might be provided with very accurate offerings
via Artificial Intelligence. Automation of client interactions is accom-
plished through the use of artificial intelligence. Chatbots powered by
artificial intelligence may simultaneously communicate with many cli-
ents, responding and initiating dialogue [43,44].
Artificial intelligence may also be employed to provide real-time
assistance. Data mining is an essential application of Artificial Intelli-
gence that can swiftly identify valuable and relevant insights while
analysing extensive data. This technology is critical in operational
automation and other corporate automation technologies. Data from
several sectors of the healthcare system will converge and can be lever-
aged to develop cross-sector innovations [45,46]. Because of data,
medical research will likewise grow tremendously. Thus, the capacity to
gather and analyse massive amounts of data implies that medical
research will progress considerably quicker than in the past. Patients will
better understand their unique condition since they will communicate
with their doctor, delivering tailored information due to real-time
monitoring. Medical 4.0 technologies monitor patients and administer
individualised care. Biometric devices may be created to scan patients
between appointments to detect and treat diseases as early as possible. As
technology progresses, more people will have access to high-quality
healthcare at a lesser cost. It will generally result in a healthier popula-
tion, implying expenses will inevitably fall lower [47–49].
4. Research objectives
Medical 4.0 is based on a network of sensors, monitors, and related
healthcare devices that continually communicate. IoT commonly estab-
lishes a network of interconnected devices; medical processes can change
uniquely. Wearable technologies are critical for capturing and sending
patient data, but their usefulness does not stop there. They can also help
safeguard worker safety. VR has been found to offer excellent pain-relief
capabilities for select patients, such as burn sufferers, beyond mere
escapism. This might be an excellent method to enhance patient out-
comes when managing chronic pain. VR headsets are now small enough
to be taken home by patients, providing them with a new pain-relief
approach once they leave the hospital. Medical 4.0 technologies in hos-
pitals may swiftly improve what and how patients consume and how they
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
eat it. Hospitals may deploy IoT devices to automate greenhouse opera-
tions [50–52]. The primary research objectives of this paper are as under:
RO1: With the advent of Industry 4.0, to study Medical 4.0 and its
need in healthcare;
RO2: To discuss the progressive steps for effective implementation of
Medical 4.0;
RO3: To identify the advanced and Smart features of Medical 4.0
practices;
RO4: To identify significant applications of technologies of Medical
4.0 for developing improved healthcare systems.
5. Review methodology
This literature review-based study is about the advanced digital
technologies used for developing Medical 4.0 and identifying its exten-
sive capabilities in the healthcare sector. Scopus, Google Scholar, Science
Direct, Research Gate and other databases were used to find related pa-
pers on “Medical 4.0 technologies (All technologies)" and “Healthcare.” A
large no of articles on this areas are identified. Finally, the most relevant
papers are chosen and critically discussed, with significant applications
in the healthcare field. This paper is appropriate for attaining the overall
aims of the study and generalising and providing suggestions based on
the findings. Based on a literature review, this study attempts to under-
stand Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare better.
6. Progressive steps for Medical 4.0 implementation
Fig. 1 explores the basic progressive steps for Medical 4.0 imple-
mentation in Healthcare Structure. Firstly, the process starts with the
patient data collection and records of past medical details of the patients.
This recorded patient data is further processed with smart systems, i.e.,
artificial intelligence, machine learning techniques, the internet of
things, cloud computing, etc. This execution process ends with the
compilation of analysed data and the preparation of improved patient
records. This ultimately makes the end customer or patient happier with
utmost satisfaction [53,54].
Technologies of Medical 4.0 are to improve operating performance,
including health and safety performance. Thus increased usage of Med-
ical 4.0 technologies and AI-based technologies in industrial processes
are inextricably intertwined. The data flows that characterise these
technologies' operations lay the groundwork for using AI to support and
even directly manage the execution of industrial processes.
There are various industrial applications of ML. Many automated
process control systems used in the process industries increasingly
employ deep learning algorithms as part of their operation. Furthermore,
enterprise asset management systems rely on ML approaches to deter-
mine when equipment should be repaired and examined to maximise
uptime and minimise downtime [55,56].
Manufacturers may readily make small quantities of unique things for
specific clients by employing advanced simulation software tools, new
materials, and technologies such as 3D printing. Industrial operations
rely on a transparent and efficient supply chain, which must be connected
with production activities as part of a strong Industry 4.0 strategy. This
changes the way manufacturers get raw materials and deliver final goods.
The emphasis on digitisation is complemented by a trend toward Industry
4.0, innovative production, and improved performance. These smart
factories are made feasible by combining digital and physical systems,
the IoT, and IIoT Systems [57–59].
Connecting medical areas to technology equipment enable healthcare
providers to introduce a more precise therapy method. Pulsometers and
wearable gadgets play an essential role in facilitating patient self-care.
IoT devices capture data and transmit it for examination and effective
medicine, providing healthcare practitioners with a more accurate
reflection of various healthcare applications and diagnoses. AI is trans-
forming the healthcare domain by allowing clinicians to stay focused on
the most critical patient care and requirements rather than being
A. Haleem et al.
Fig. 1. Working steps for implementing medical 4.0.
distracted by different priorities of the same patients [60,61].
AI-powered chatbots assist patients to comprehend a series of predefined
questions and their responding data for a more effective treatment plan.
Patients may filter diagnose-based queries and choose the best alterna-
tives based on their feelings without prejudice or judgement. This
strategy demonstrates a respectful and effective communication tool for
providing excellent diagnoses to patients by addressing their immediate
requirements [62,63].
Every patient who stays in the hospital for more than a day is familiar
with this routine: eating at a specific time. However, people eat at
different times, and it might be inconvenient not to be able to have
frequent meals at the times that work best for them. Advances in
healthcare strive to incorporate medical technologies to cater to and
understand the patient's dietary preferences and when and how they feel
comfortable being fed. Most healthcare providers have begun growing to
produce to give fresh meals and have eliminated as many items as
feasible. The hospitals can use IoT to automate production operations
and reduce the overall cost of hiring a gardener team. IoT devices in
healthcare, such as wearable fitness bands, pulsometers, digital ther-
mometers, and other related health equipment, elevate individuals' self-
care efforts. These gadgets enable users to measure their health vitals,
record them, and communicate them with a doctor if an instant diagnosis
is required [64,65].
All data acquired by the healthcare sector is studied further by
healthcare, who subsequently design customer-centric technology
models that can simplify the healthcare model being followed. The data
obtained is entirely dependent on the adaption and execution of appro-
priate technology to satisfy the medical demands of patients. When
applied to patients, the majority of the healthcare models used for data
evaluation and coming up with an innovative solution by healthcare deal
with the observation of sluggish testing and display outcomes in long-
term usage behaviour. Delayed comment for data collection is impos-
sible to overcome when patients require emergency medical interven-
tion. Focusing on patient safety to determine the likelihood of an
outcome may be a time-consuming technique that results in a unique
collection of observations for each patient [66,67].
A networked factory may combine sensor and IoT data from pro-
duction equipment and quality control inputs with the correct technol-
ogies to allow more integrated and smarter operations. Analysing both
real-time and historical data can assist in identifying trends, patterns,
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
triggers, or abnormalities, allowing technicians to take proactive action
at any point of the manufacturing process. Remote corporate executives
may also use it to make data-driven strategic choices. Sensors on a pro-
duction line may detect damaged parts, and that data can be sent to the
cloud for AI verification. In conjunction with real-time data and analytics
information, augmented reality can give a new interface for plant engi-
neers to accomplish operations in a more coordinated and informed
manner, whether on-site or in remote locations. Smart factories emerge,
as equipment that will use data to build effectively, transfer, report, and
learn at incredible speeds—the interconnection of cyber-physical sys-
tems, humans, and smart factories via the IoT. As a result, industrial
partners can effectively, and error-free communicate information
[68–70].
7. Smart and Advanced Features of Medical 4.0 practices
Fig. 2 exemplifies the different smart and digital technologies-based
features of medical 4.0 culture for its proper realisation for supporting
the healthcare units. This methodology particularly begins with the cloud
and prominent data-based engineering aspects that ultimately lead the
patients' services with classical and rejuvenating features of medical 4.0.
The elements of the smart artificial intelligence-based analysis and fun-
damentals further support the medical 4.0 culture with all the possible
care providing units to the end patients. The internet of things based
features also support the medical 4.0 technologies for offering impactful
and priority-based outputs to the healthcare units and the patients as well
[71,72].
Technology can also assist patients by offering interactive room ser-
vice and meals. Wearables and other IoMT devices help doctors to access
extensive patient information remotely. As a result, healthcare in-
stitutions may no longer require physical locations for everyday opera-
tions such as check-ups. As a result, the sector might reconsider what it
means to construct and run a hospital. Wearables have impacted the
present healthcare scene by allowing people to measure their fitness,
such as the number of calories expended. The development of wearables
and sensors has heralded a new age of telemedicine. Nurses and experts
may provide treatment to patients who cannot travel to a hospital. A
patient may not need to return to the hospital for a post-surgery check-up
with the correct wearable equipment. Telemedicine also gives practi-
tioners more time to treat patients with severe diseases, reducing long
A. Haleem et al.
Fig. 2. Advanced and productive features of medical 4.0.
commutes. Another area of possibility for the healthcare business is ro-
botic process automation. When most people think of robots nowadays,
they think of chatbots to manage customer inquiries and appointments.
However, in the future, we may be able to care for patients utilising far
more advanced robotic technology [73,74].
5G is one of the significant technologies being investigated by some of
today's most prominent healthcare firms. While there are several pros-
pects in the market for telemedicine and mixed realities, these alterna-
tives are limited owing to inadequate mobile connectivity. 5G can also
enable healthcare firms to swiftly access vast databases, allowing them to
react to requests for assistance more quickly. Better mobile connectivity
will also open up prospects for new fourth-industrial-revolution compo-
nents. 5G can let IoT devices connect and communicate faster. The
technological revolution provides a one-of-a-kind environment where all
industries may develop and evolve. It heralds the dawn of a new era in
healthcare, promising a better experience for both doctors and patients in
the years ahead. Healthcare technologies, ranging from mobile
computing to cloud computing, have advanced significantly over the
previous decade and are now ready for deployment as commercially
accessible. It is the key to gaining access to real-time outcomes and data,
pushing healthcare to new heights of success [75,76].
A digital twin is a virtual replica that mimics the behaviour of an
actual object or process throughout its existence. This technology allows
remote monitoring and operating equipment and systems by providing a
near real-time bridge between the physical and digital worlds. Finally, it
can also simulate different models to evaluate and forecast assets and
processes and associated changes under situations. Companies that use
digital twins for significant benefits include enhanced operations, prod-
uct and service innovation, and faster time-to-market. Quality control
staff may set up a smartphone connected to the cloud with minimum
expense to monitor production operations from nearly anywhere. Man-
ufacturers can spot mistakes quickly by using machine learning algo-
rithms rather than later when repair work is more expensive. In
conjunction with aerial drone technology, workplace AI-based technol-
ogies help structural inspection of healthcare assets and auto-detection of
unsafe working practices and forthcoming accidents. Wearable technol-
ogy predicts future ill-health endpoints in patients, and expert systems
technology allows the impart of best practices. It is utilised to create
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
machine enslaved people to help us speed up our job by producing more
accurate results with less human effort [1,77].
Patients will become increasingly involved in their healthcare as
connection improves and access to information becomes simple. As pa-
tients learn more about their circumstances, they will want to decide how
they will be treated. The collecting and analysis of data will result in
tremendous advancement. Medical 4.0 entails several technologies and is
employed in several scenarios. The growth of medical 4.0 will alter how
healthcare and solutions inside those organisations collaborate; doctors
will make better and wiser decisions. Real-time data generated from
factory floor sensors, devices, and machines may be ingested and used
instantly by other manufacturing assets. It can be shared through en-
terprise software such as other business management software. Smart
factories can generate cost-effective, customised items per clients' de-
mands [10,13].
Medical 4.0 can improve health care by offering more accurate and
individualised care. This customisation of medicine will hasten the
development of more effective and near-real-time therapies. This is
possible by combining medical devices with cyber-physical systems,
software building blocks, Big Data tools, IoT, and 5G, among other as-
pects. The advantages are vast, and the deployment of these technologies
will allow for significant advancements in the therapies and make them
available to more persons at an affordable price [17,20].
8. Applications of Medical 4.0 technologies for the healthcare
sector
The usage of Medical 4.0 technologies in healthcare enables several
novel ways to monitor the user's health and well-being by allowing more
access to individuals' data. Although digitisation has been beneficial to
our lives, it is difficult for parents to keep their children from digital
entertainment media. One of the primary advantages of telehealth over
in-person options is that it limits contact between patients, healthcare
personnel, and other patients while still offering a significant patient
experience. Blockchain is a movement that can significantly enhance the
healthcare business. Interoperability is one of the most critical advan-
tages of blockchain in healthcare technology. There is better integrity in
the usage of healthcare information when using public-private tech-
niques. Wearable gadgets provide healthcare staff with real-time patient
data while still at home. Communication between healthcare practi-
tioners and patients has become much easier because of advances in
medical technologies [78,79].
Healthcare personnel can communicate by e-mail, cellphones, text
messaging, and other means. Medical practitioners may also create
webinars and films and engage with other experts using online platforms
and social media. Teleconferencing has made it possible to converse
beyond geographic boundaries. All patient histories, test results, di-
agnoses, and pertinent information may be recorded centrally in an on-
line place using electronic medical records. The data enables more
targeted and precise care and the opportunity to identify individual
health patterns. Medical billing systems make hospitals, clinics, and
medical offices far more efficient. These medical specialists can give
individualised treatment regimens to avoid hospitalisation and unnec-
essary visits. The medical technologies allow access to a significant
quantity of data, improve communication, and provide essential infor-
mation for the study. Patients may easily use their mobile phones to post
questions from anywhere, at any time, and doctors can respond to them
with ease. It promotes confidence, builds trust, and guarantees that pa-
tients receive immediate guidance throughout any disease [80,81]. The
significant applications of Medical 4.0 are as under:
8.1. Telemedicine
Telemedicine, often known as telehealth or e-medicine, is the remote
delivery of healthcare services such as tests and consultations. Tele-
medicine enables healthcare practitioners to examine, diagnose, and
A. Haleem et al.
treat patients without seeing them. Patients can communicate with
doctors from the comfort of their own homes by utilising personal
technology or by visiting a dedicated telehealth kiosk. It enables doctors
and patients to communicate in real-time [82–86]. This technology al-
lows patients to capture data on their temperature, blood sugar levels,
blood pressure, and other vital indicators. Telemedicine is a relatively
new concept in which telecommunication technology provides clinical
services such as medical diagnosis, intervention, or therapy [87–89].
Telehealth is a broader phrase that includes non-clinical services such
as remote patient monitoring and personal medical training. Telehealth
services have grown in popularity in recent years, as Covid-19 has made
individuals worldwide more worried about their general health [90–95].
People have been self-isolating considerably more and generally
attempting to decrease the danger of infection, so going to the doctor has
become difficult. Telemedicine applications have become critical for
millions of individuals worldwide regarding health promotion and illness
prevention. This technology can deliver healthcare services to patients
who cannot go to a medical centre. To aid in diagnosis and treatment,
healthcare professionals include telehealth applications in their in-
teractions with patients [96–99].
8.2. Sensors and wearable technology
The applications of these technologies are to improve healthcare,
relieve the load on the medical staff, and allow patients to be treated at
home or away from hospitals. These are used to monitor various areas of
health, from weight and sleep patterns to exercise and food, allowing the
user to make better health decisions based on facts rather than merely
counting calories and steps. Some patient advocacy groups are even
utilising it to help folks struggling with weight and health concerns who
live far away or outside the medical facility. Wireless sensors from Sensor
Metrix are used in hospital refrigerators, freezers, and labs to keep blood
samples, pharmaceuticals, and other items at the right temperature
[100–102]. They save money and time by combining wearable monitors
with other data sensor sources, allowing older patients and others with
long-term health concerns to effectively track their progress and diffi-
culties. This sensor can discover abnormalities associated with irritable
bowel syndrome and colon cancer instead of more intrusive operations.
Wireless medical devices have been around for a while, but they were
mainly used to assist physicians with evaluations and monitor crucial
patient data. Facilities and organisations are increasingly being linked,
enabling better access and administration. This cross-device connection
enables faster data processing and exchange with providers [103–105].
Smart monitoring can aid in detecting early symptoms of illness,
resulting in better treatment approaches and prevention. The gadget also
reports on diseases such as diabetes and prostate cancer and relays this
information to doctors and nurses, assisting in managing the conditions.
This service provides location-as-a-service tracking of patients and
medical equipment. The solution is intended to increase staff and patient
satisfaction while streamlining asset management and patient flow.
Whether for clinical efficiency, home track, or health monitoring, these
gadgets all contribute to an environment where health issues may be
monitored and managed more efficiently. The majority of patient con-
tacts with the health care system nowadays include medical technology
and gadgets. The healthcare industry is gradually recognising the revo-
lutionary nature of IoT technology. Innovation in linked medical devices
is driven by advancements in computer and processing power, wireless
technologies, and downsizing [106–109].
The safety and quality of such medical items are inextricably linked to
each user's health. Vaccine safety should be continually maintained
throughout the process of ‘research, development, manufacturing,
transportation, and usage’. It plays a significant role in tracking the
temperature and humidity of vaccinations and sending alarms when they
exceed the acceptable level. Like other vaccinations, the effective pres-
ence of a COVID-19 vaccine must be created at shallow temperatures. A
data recorder equipped with sensors can identify cold chain breakdowns
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after the vaccine has left the factory and before it reaches the user,
alerting the user before irreparable harm occurs. Patients have varying
demands and necessitate different types of care. This also applies to pa-
tient monitoring. Regular blood pressure checks may be required for
cardiac patients. Thus, a remote stethoscope can be utilised to check the
heart rate. Regular check-ins with numerous doctors and precise plan-
ning are needed to manage a rare condition. Remote Patient Monitoring
can help them stay ahead of treatment alternatives and save patients'
lives [110–112].
Continuous glucose monitoring is a cutting-edge method for diabetes
patients to monitor real-time glucose levels. These technologies monitor
the patient's blood glucose level and are also linked to an insulin pump
with an automatic suspension of insulin infusion. This system design may
be developed to collect and store glucose data in a hospital information
system. It allows clinicians to get real-time data from their patients. Pa-
tients can now ingest gadgets with pill-shaped sensors. Once the sensors
have been digested, they provide data to a patient's mobile app, which
will assist them in adhering to the proper doses for their meds. Most
drugs are not taken as directed owing to forgetfulness or another human
mistake. This ingestible sensor ensures that patients take the correct
meds at the right time and in the proper amounts. Some ingestible sen-
sors are also being used to help doctors detect patients with conditions
such as irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer more precisely
[113–115].
8.3. Artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence has played a significant role in containing
COVID-19. Initially, AI has been employed to automate the most
mundane and repetitive processes and reduce paperwork. With the dig-
italisation of health data and information requirements by insurance
companies, hospitals, and patients, its role has become prominent. From
hospital care to clinical research, medication development, to insurance,
AI applications are reshaping the health sector's operations to save costs
while improving patient outcomes. AI has shown to benefit the health-
care business, whether it is used to find linkages between genetic codes,
surgical robots or increasing hospital efficiency [116–120].
Artificial intelligence can analyse the enormous amounts of data,
which may be used to create knowledge databases and ease evaluation
and advice for each patient, improving clinical decision support. Doctors
may use this technology to help them spot danger indicators in un-
structured notes. AI aids in automating primary care, freeing clinicians'
time to focus more on critical situations. AI-powered medical chatbots
service can provide patients with instant answers to many of their health-
related queries and guide patients with any potential problems, saving on
unnecessary trips to the doctor and healthcare centre. AI can also
improve surgery speed and help doctors perform delicate incisions
[121–124].
AI computers can use data from previous procedures to build new
surgical approaches. The accuracy of this equipment decreases the risk of
tremors or other unwanted or inadvertent movements during surgery. AI
technologies enable virtual nursing assistants to undertake various ac-
tivities, from talking with patients to guiding them to the most appro-
priate and effective care unit. These virtual nurses are available 24 *7,
answer questions, assess patients, and give immediate remedies [125,
126]. AI can assist doctors in detecting, predicting, and diagnosing ill-
nesses more precisely and quickly. Similarly, AI algorithms are accurate
and precise in speciality-level diagnosis and cost-effective in identifying
diabetic retinopathy. The most significant advantage of AI and healthcare
technology is that they offer correct findings more quickly. The human
touch will always be required to verify that therapy is appropriate and
emotionally impacts [127,128].
Healthcare facilities that effectively analyse data obtain conclusions
that save patients' lives. AI in healthcare firms creates Machine Learning
algorithms, Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based solutions, and
Deep Learning skills to evaluate enormous volumes of data. Firms can
A. Haleem et al.
provide better treatment by identifying health trends by analysing a
patient's medical history and test results. A medical diagnosis is another
prospective function for AI in healthcare. In healthcare, machine learning
and artificial intelligence analyse massive amounts of information to
deliver an accurate medical diagnosis before treating it too late. It en-
ables doctors to begin therapy before anything severe occurs. Artificial
intelligence technologies that help in cancer detection prove life-saving
for people worldwide. They are increasingly being used to combat
illness and save more lives [129,130].
Medical practitioners and researchers frequently perform tests and
investigations to discover medications to help patients heal more quickly
and effectively. It entails determining the ideal compounds for a drug's
composition and impact. Researchers in healthcare can use Machine
Learning and Artificial Intelligence to create various designs and assess
the practicality without endangering the lives of human volunteers [131,
132]. AI software can gather health data and update it in real-time by
wearing smart gadgets and wearables, allowing clinicians to access it and
make informed judgments. Artificial intelligence systems may examine a
patient's prior medical history, integrate it with medical imaging and
scans, and produce an accurate health condition. It can give information
about any disease that the patient may get in the future [133,134].
Healthcare practitioners may now use virtual assistants to aid them
during surgery and nursing with advances in artificial intelligence. AI
technologies can enhance surgical operations by analysing pre-operation
data and recommending the best course of action. This is most likely one
of the most recent AI applications in the healthcare business. While
humans dominate hospitals, AI apps rapidly take over duties and improve
care delivery. AI can be a breakthrough technology that provides sub-
stantial advantages to individuals. Some companies are active partici-
pants in numerous committees and organisations formed to assist build
standards and regulatory frameworks. In addition, when creating and
deploying AI-powered products, several corporations work closely with
local authorities [135,136].
8.4. Data science
Data science is also altering the delivery of healthcare. Traditionally,
medicine and its dosage were exclusively at the doctors' discretion. He
used to recommend appropriate therapies and drugs depending on a
patient's symptoms and knowledge base, and there can be judgmental
mistakes. However, with improvements in Data Science, precise diag-
nostic & medical measures are now possible. Now it is being explored in
various areas of healthcare, like medical imaging, drug development,
drug delivery, testing, genomics, predictive diagnosis, new drug devel-
opment etc [137]. Today Medical imaging is the most upcoming area of
its use. Imaging procedures such as X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, Scanning
and CT scans view the human body's inner/outer workings. Deep
learning methods in data science are being developed to detect such
minor defects in scanned photos. Now it is possible to look for defects
through scanned images through image segmentation [138–140].
Data Science and Machine Learning algorithms help improve the
success rate of forecasts; thus, few pharmaceutical corporations are using
patient information such as mutation profiles and patient metadata to get
insights into upcoming diseases. This data is of great help in developing
models and determining statistical correlations. Companies can now
think of building medications that target the primary mutations in the
genomic sequences. There are various open datasets of body parts im-
aging for data science analysts that they can use to acquire practical
expertise. Drug discovery is a highly technical field and time-consuming.
It requires significant financial investment, and where pharma majors
depend very much on data sciences to address issues and provide better
treatments [141,142].
Data science algorithms can mimic how medications would work in
the body, thereby eliminating the need for lengthy experimentations.
With advances in data science, it is feasible to produce new improve-
ments in this sector by combining genetics and drug-protein binding
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databases. Predictive analytics is significant in the healthcare industry
and is one of the discussed subjects in health analytics. A predictive
model analysis the previous data to learn from it, then discover trends
and makes accurate predictions. This predictive analytics can be helpful
to improve patient care, chronic illness management, the efficiency of
supply chains and pharmaceutical logistics. IoT relies heavily on data
science. These IoT gadgets, which are present as wearable devices,
measure the users' health indicators, and then Data science is used to
examine the collected data [143–145]. Data Science is critical in moni-
toring patients' health and informing essential measures to be made to
avoid potential illnesses from occurring.
Data science plays a significant role in optimising economic spending
on healthcare. Thus, doctors can monitor a patient's circadian cycle,
blood pressure, and calorie intake by using analytical instruments. They
can monitor a patient's health using home gadgets and wearable moni-
toring sensors. There are numerous systems for chronically sick patients
that can follow their movements, check their physical parameters, and
analyse the patterns in the data. It uses real-time analytics to forecast
whether the patient will have a problem depending on current health.
Furthermore, it assists clinicians in making decisions to help patients in
distress [146,147]. Thus, to anticipate the development of various dis-
eases, the influence of specific biological parameters such as genome
structure or clinical variability is considered. Prediction of illness
development or prevention to decrease risk and adverse effects are
common causes [148,149].
Data Science contributes to the advancement of healthcare facilities
and processes through increased productivity in diagnosis and treatment
and improved workflow in healthcare systems. The most prominent
imaging approaches concentrate on creating, dissecting, and removing
denoising, which allows for in-depth anatomical examination and illness
identification. Malignancies, arterial stenosis, and delineation are the
most promising applications [150,151].
The apps created with virtual help are a superb illustration of data
science. Data Scientists have created complete systems that provide pa-
tients with a tailored experience. Data Science-based medical apps help
patients diagnose diseases by evaluating symptoms. The patient only has
to enter symptoms, and the programme will anticipate the patient's
diagnosis and condition. It can recommend precautions, medicine, and
therapy based on the patient's situation [152–154]. As a result, data
science has significantly impacted healthcare and the medical business.
Analytical approaches in data science learn from previous data and
produce accurate forecasts of outcomes.
8.5. Internet of things
Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare offers interoperability,
machine-to-machine connection, information sharing, and data migra-
tion, which contribute to the effectiveness of healthcare service delivery.
IoT devices can gather, report, and analyse real-time data, eliminating
the need to retain raw data. Medical IoT devices collect vital indicators of
any ailment and transmit that data to clinicians for real-time surveillance,
while mobile applications and smart sensors notify individuals about key
portions [155–158]. Healthcare services are more expensive than ever
before, the world population is ageing, and the number of chronic dis-
eases is increasing with the help of this technology. There are unrivalled
benefits to using this technology-based healthcare strategy, which might
boost the quality and efficiency of treatments and, as a result, the health
of senior people. Remote health monitoring via linked devices can save
lives in the case of a medical emergency such as heart failure, diabetes,
asthma attacks, etc.. [159–161].
With real-time health monitoring in place via an innovative medical
device connected to a smartphone app, medical devices may gather
medical and other needed health data and utilise the smartphone's data
connection to communicate collected information to a physician or a
cloud platform. With the support of a healthcare mobility solution and
other innovative IoT technologies and next-generation healthcare
A. Haleem et al.
facilities, IoT may automate patient care workflow [162–165]. It also
assists healthcare practitioners in making informed judgments and
providing timely treatment. As a result, IoT offers real-time alerting,
tracking, and monitoring, allowing for hands-on treatments, improved
accuracy, timely intervention by doctors, and improved overall patient
care delivery results. Healthcare IoT applications can also be utilised for
research. IoT allows us to collect massive amounts of data on a patient's
sickness that would have taken years to obtain manually [166–169].
IoT is utilised in various devices to improve healthcare services pro-
vided to patients. IoT is upgrading even current equipment by simply
installing smart healthcare device chips. This chip enhances a patient's
need for support and care. One of IoT's most critical difficulties in
healthcare is data security and privacy. IoT security equipment captures
and sends data in real-time [170–174]. Several reasons include linked
devices' capacity to monitor health vitals, route data, offer alarms,
dispense drugs, and automate important tasks. The medical business
implements Internet of Things technology in everything from medical
wearables to patient monitoring and pharmaceutical temperature
monitoring to increase accuracy, promote efficiency, decrease costs,
satisfy regulatory standards, and improve health and safety [175–178].
Today's IoT applications in healthcare address a variety of strong
demands. They monitored and controlled drugs and ensured that patients
took their prescriptions correctly and on time, which are ongoing diffi-
culties at clinics, hospitals, and care facilities. IoT technology in health-
care makes application processors faster and capable of rendering and
delivering medical images at better resolutions [179,180]. In healthcare,
IoT devices can monitor patients and wearable IoT devices. The up-
coming application of IoT devices is remote patient monitoring, as IoT
devices gather primary health data from patients who are not physically
present in a healthcare institution [181–183].
8.6. Robotic process automation (RPA)
RPA in healthcare refers to robotic technology to perform regular jobs
in the business. They are low-cost and straightforward to implement, and
as a result of these traits, they have become a famous invention in recent
years. RPA may automate registration procedures, maintain and manage
medical information, and perform repetitive data entry. RPA aids in
improved claim handling [184–186]. Healthcare organisations have to
process information and then manage external and internal channels
such as clinical applications, laboratory information, insurance portals,
radiology information, pricing, commercial, and scheduling applications.
An intelligent software robot enables healthcare firms to automate the
flow of information between multiple EHRs, finance & accounting sys-
tems, other ecosystems, medical offices, etc. [187–189]. By automating
time-consuming and everyday activities such as data digitisation and
payable accounts, RPA will improve billing performance, reduce
write-offs and save healthcare providers. Healthcare providers will
optimise staff and substantially cut operational expenditures with intel-
ligent scheduling and multi-tenancy. RPA while increasing healthcare
activities' speed, intelligence, performance, and efficiency [190–192].
Healthcare services are increasingly centred on population health, which
strives to enhance the population's overall health. As a result, automation
is one option to handle procedures on such a vast scale and large audi-
ence [193,194].
RPA reduces Doctors' caseload and allows healthcare practitioners to
focus on their patients' work. RPA software can assist healthcare orga-
nisations in extracting data from both digital and traditional clinical re-
cords. They will automate the search for the proper documents in a
database and route them to the relevant individual within the healthcare
organisation's network [195–197]. They can put up self-service kiosks
with screens that allow patients to type in their information. RPA does
away with the necessity for manual input. It improves diagnosis accuracy
by comparing past health data with the most up-to-date information
about a specific patient's condition. The entire procedure is automated,
which reduces the time and effort required to determine appropriate
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therapy. It may use predictive analytics approaches to automatically
assess scenarios and receive a set of solutions, care alerts, and warnings
[198–201].
8.7. Virtual reality
Global Healthcare is moving to Virtual Reality (VR), which is un-
doubtedly a profitable option for the future. It assists in better preparing
our healthcare systems for pandemics and global health crises. While
other businesses are jumping on the VR bandwagon, hospitals, medical
institutions, and healthcare technology firms are doing well. With
movement restricted, we should expect to see increased online consul-
tations worldwide. Technologically advanced nations have managed to
mitigate the pandemic's impact by bringing healthcare corporations and
service providers to the forefront, permitting online diagnostics, talks,
and medications. This worldwide demand for medical needs over the
internet sets an optimistic scenario for Virtual Reality applications
[202–204].
VR technology is being used in various institutions to improve the
patient experience in novel ways. They utilise VR to divert patients who
may endure complex operations and treatments and simplify it for both
patients and doctors. Virtual reality simulation is already transforming
medical education and training. It enables medical students and pro-
fessionals to perform complex operations in risk-free, cost-effective, and
more realistic virtual environments. VR-enabled virtual clinics have
become more popular; treating physical disorders at home using VR
equipment yields promising results and is being expanded to other
physical diseases [205,206]. The audience may take a roller coaster
journey with a VR-enabled immersive 3D experience, making memorable
events. For example, for better three-dimensional visual learning, the
user may now be taken into the human structure. VR in surgery is quickly
becoming the gold standard in the medical field. Many surgeons and
students currently employ virtual reality headsets and haptic gloves to
practise real-life surgical operations. It saves them time and danger
associated with surgical problems, but it has also dramatically increased
efficiency and accuracy in operating rooms [207–209].
VR simulation technologies provide the most incredible learning
programmes for physicians and students; it enables them to perform
complicated operations in a risk-free environment, helping them develop
their abilities and get usability feedback. VR is a robust diagnostic tool
and is done in conjunction with other procedures, such as MRI/CT scans,
thereby removing the need for any invasive approaches and providing
the patient with a pain-free experience. Exposure therapy is now
considered a standard treatment method for several mental illnesses
[210–213]. VR gradually transforms how exposure therapy is delivered
to mentally ill patients by giving a low-cost, flexible, low-risk treatment
option. It also aids in the treatment of anxiety and panic attacks by
providing new techniques to keep the body relaxed and peaceful. VR has
been used for a while in surgery as the operation is carried out using a
robotic device that a human surgeon guides. This approach brings down
the recovery period and lowers the chance of surgical complications.
Thus, VR is important in telesurgery, conducted by a surgeon on a patient
in another place [214–218].
8.8. Edge computing
Edge computing refers to a set of enabling technologies that bring
storage, computation, and networking closer to the source of data pro-
duction and consumption, which is helpful in situations requiring quick
results, such as critical care and life-threatening conditions. Edge
computing can be vital in times like the flu pandemic, where clinicians
can monitor patients' vitals from remote areas and devise an action plan.
Providing adequate healthcare to distant rural regions has always been
difficult [219,220]. Even with advances in telemedicine and more pub-
licly available health data, medical practitioners have struggled to offer
timely, high-quality treatment to those who live far from hospitals and
A. Haleem et al.
have restricted internet connections. The large volume of data created by
IoT edge devices is beneficial, but it also makes it difficult for the
healthcare professionals responsible for managing and securing it. Much
of this data is unstructured and poorly defined. It floods into cloud in-
frastructures frequently unprepared to run the robust analytics algo-
rithms required to arrange it in useable ways [221–223].
By keeping many critical processing jobs on network edge devices,
healthcare IT infrastructures may still benefit from acquiring health-
related data while also receiving quick, real-time analytics to detect
and respond to health problems. IoT medical devices can monitor a
person's present status and provide notifications when abnormalities are
identified, enabling quicker reaction times that might save their lives.
With IoT healthcare gadgets assisting patients and making their experi-
ence more accessible and accommodating, edge computing firms will
become critical in healthcare IT infrastructures [224–227].
Many hospitals have begun to provide patients with streaming
multimedia offerings, ranging from movies and games to interactive
instructional programmes. Edge data centres can assist in decentralising
this material and making it broadly available with low latency. Edge
computing will make it easier to organise and classify data consistently
and efficiently and make it easier for colleagues to share data securely.
This will facilitate technological advancement by allowing researchers to
exploit previously unavailable data. Edge computing is beneficial for
devices whose data must be acted on instantly since it cannot be trans-
ferred to the cloud [228–232].
8.9. Intelligent apps
Smartphone applications enrich human lives by managing personal/
professional relationships/activities practically, engaging, and dynamic.
Intelligent apps are software applications that use various Artificial In-
telligence (AI) components such as Machine Learning, Natural Language
Processing, data analytics, deep learning, robots, general intelligence,
expert systems, etc. These apps provide a new approach to tailored
health, bolstered by advanced AI, human medical expertise, and the
power of mobile technology. It helps identify the best possible reason for
the symptoms [233–235].
This application software (App) trains professionals by exposing them
to activities and educational materials. It understands the original lan-
guage and teaches how to talk like a natural English speaker using speech
recognition technology and a series of exercises and educational mate-
rial. It assists blind people in recognising currencies, handwriting, age,
gender, light, colours, emotion, and even photos in other applications
[236–238]. It is made capable of converting visual inputs into aural
feedback. These intelligent applications are now getting into our lives,
finance, technology, media, lifestyle, and healthcare and help perform
tasks with extreme precision. Thereby health and wellness apps are now
classified as healthcare applications. These applications can address
wellness's emotional, spiritual, physical, social, and environmental as-
pects [239–242].
8.10. Additive manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing (AM) creates complex structures that vary in
complexity, customisation, lightweight, strength, and speed, as additive
manufacturing for medical devices and other essential development.
Dentistry and allied orthodontics such as bridges, crowns, braces, and
dentures are now the significant markets for additive manufacturing in
medicine. AM technology has expanded patient options for prostheses
and orthotics in fit, function, and aesthetics. Historically, prosthetic limb
customising possibilities were limited. They were either restricted in
usefulness or extremely expensive, requiring a great deal of measuring,
test fitting, and hand-craftsmanship that many people do not have access
to [243–245].
Orthotics are also personalised components intended to help the bone
structure by providing extra support and addressing misalignment
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concerns. 3D printed plastic orthotics are sturdy, lightweight, durable,
and malleable for extra comfort. They can also aid in the relief of foot
discomfort caused by illnesses such as diabetes and arthritis. Another
advantage of AM for medical devices is creating intricate micro gadgets
that function within the body to dispense medicine and monitor a pa-
tient's health. The medical business is already a significant user of AM. It
is one of the sectors that can genuinely benefit from additive
manufacturing's dual benefits of complicated part design flexibility and
customisation. The medical field is also where some of the most inno-
vative and ground-breaking additive manufacturing applications are
[246–248].
3D printing is well adopted by dentistry. Dentists and their labora-
tories can design & develop precise and personalised requirements
through 3D scans and then 3 D printing. There are 3D printed aligners
that gradually shift the teeth into the appropriate position and 3D printed
crowns and bridges for better comfort. Additive manufacturing plays a
significant role in dentistry with its technological platforms [249,250].
3D printed surgical cutting and drill guides are increasingly used in the
medical field. Like drill jigs, surgical jigs are used in manufacturing to
guarantee holes are drilled in the correct area. Surgeons frequently use
them to ensure their procedures are performed precisely. It is now
feasible to construct bespoke guides to the patient's specific anatomy.
That means proper processes and better postoperative outcomes
[251–253].
Worldwide, healthcare professionals, hospitals, and research organi-
sations employ 3D printed anatomical models as reference aids for pre-
operative planning, intraoperative visualisation, and pre-fitting medical
equipment for regular and complicated procedures. Physicians can now
acquire patient-specific surgical models ahead of the surgery. New
biocompatible medical 3D printing materials have also enabled the
development of new surgical equipment and methods. These include
sterilisable fixation trays, contouring templates, and implant sizing
models. These have applications to size implants in the operating room,
helping surgeons to improve accuracy during complicated surgeries
[254–257].
8.11. 3D scanning
3D scanning provides doctors with a precise image of their patients
and thoroughly researches potential treatments without physically
testing them on the patient. They can see the patient's body with this
technology. 3D scanners can also be portable and highly rapid, some-
times meaning the difference between life and death for the injured. One
extremely essential aspect of 3D scanning is that it is entirely safe. X-rays
and MRIs employ radiation to create body images, which is always
dangerous. There is no such risk when using a 3D scanner to record an
object's location and register the data in virtual reality using photo-
graphs, light, or a laser beam. 3D scanners, particularly those used in
medical applications, can be portable. This is particularly effective in
orthopaedics. However, it also implies that physicians worldwide will
contact more individuals and necessary medical care [258,259].
A 3D scanner equipment can collect a single scan in seconds. The
scanning technology can instantly obtain 3D data for fast patient analysis.
People frequently struggle to maintain their stillness. As a result, a quick
scanning method may aid in the avoidance of patient mobility during 3D
scanning operations. Furthermore, white light scanners utilised in the
medical field are frequently safe solutions for the face scanning process.
Diagnosis is critical in the treatment of patients in the medical industry.
3D scanners play an essential role in offering an efficient means for
swiftly acquiring face and body 3D measurements without any physical
contact. Patients may be appropriately diagnosed with this information,
ensuring they receive the appropriate treatment [260–262].
3D scanners make it very simple to obtain the contour of the limb,
from which a 3D model is created and then printed. This is also hastening
the entire process. This feature of 3D scanning enables a considerably
better fit and is essential for prosthetic design. Prosthetic legs or arms
A. Haleem et al.
make it more straightforward for people to do daily duties. 3D scanning
in conjunction with 3D printing is critical in the surgical and dentistry
disciplines. These medical apps may be used as early as elementary
school, where future physicians can practice and learn about various
medical issues. 3D scanning is also essential before procedures since it
allows doctors to see into the patient and analyse tumours or other
changes in the body before they begin [263,264].
Medical schools, institutes, and hospitals are already using 3D scan-
ning. Portable 3D scanners will almost certainly become standard
ambulance equipment shortly, and paramedics will be able to diagnose
patients considerably more accurately even before they get to the hos-
pital. 3D scanning is safe for the patient, rapid, and contributes to the
comfort of tailored devices to save and improve their quality of life. 3D
scanners are a popular tool for medical teaching. This allows for the
development of hands-on, practical solutions or investigations. It enables
education verticals to analyse and quantify human structures in a non-
contact manner without jeopardising the models' authenticity. 3D scan-
ners are in demand because they can quickly & effortlessly capture 3D
measurements of the human face and body parts [265–267].
8.12. Tissue engineering
The demand for efficient regeneration therapies is increasing due to
the large ageing population, environmental concerns, rising lifestyle
problems such as stress, obesity, and diabetes, as well as an increase in
trauma cases. The biomedical and biotechnology domains are critical to
developing successful regeneration therapeutics [268,269]. Tissue engi-
neering is an interdisciplinary area on developing functional 3D tissues
by mixing scaffolds, cells, and bioactive chemicals. It is a subset of
biomedical engineering where cell biology, material science, chemistry,
molecular biology, and medicine. It applies to repairing, restoring, and
preserving damaged tissues or a whole organ. It helps functionalising
tissues by mixing scaffolds, cells, and physiologically active chemicals
[270,271].
Tissue engineering aims to develop functional constructions that heal,
preserve, or enhance damaged tissues or whole organs. Tissue engi-
neering is a discipline that originated in the area of biomaterials devel-
opment and referred to the process of integrating scaffolds, cells, and
biologically active chemicals to create functional tissues. Tissue engi-
neering aims to build practical constructions that replace, preserve, or
enhance damaged tissues or whole organs [272–277].
Regenerative medicine is a broad subject involving tissue engineering
and self-healing research. Here the body employs its mechanisms,
sometimes with the assistance of external biological material, to repro-
duce cells and reconstruct tissues and organs. As the profession focuses
on cures rather than treatments for complicated, often chronic illnesses,
the phrases “tissue engineering” and “regenerative medicine” have
become virtually equivalent. Non-therapeutic uses include using tissues
as biosensors to detect biological or chemical danger agents and tissue
chips that may assess experimental medicine's toxicity [278–280].
8.13. Big data
Almost every industry utilises Big Data, with healthcare being the
most beneficial. The big data revolution has changed the way we live.
The previous several years have witnessed a significant creation of data
that has touched our daily lives, but the area of healthcare has lagged. Big
Data strives to collect data from the pre-treatment and pre-diagnosis
stages to the finish. When the data is combined with clinical and diag-
nostic information, it will be possible to anticipate cancer care
[281–283]. Big Data aids in the prediction of disease spread. Population
movements may be predicted using the GPS tracker, and the transmission
of the infection can be limited. This provides information on the most
impacted areas, which leads to better treatment centre layout and the
enforcement of mobility restrictions in such areas. It has optimised
growth by ten using trends and predictive analysis technologies. With the
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advancement of technology, new and improved therapies and diagnostics
that save more lives by treating more diseases are becoming a reality
[284–287].
Big Data assists in determining the efficacy of medical treatments. It
recommends an appropriate action plan by analysing and contrasting
causes, symptoms, and treatment methods. Big Data also aids in the
identification of successful and standardised therapies for specific ail-
ments. Other uses connected to delivering successful therapy include
correlating diverse medication side effects, grouping common symptoms
to aid in the diagnosis, and finding effective therapeutic compounds and
combinations to suit different populations [288–290]. Big data governs
the whole healthcare system and helps cut costs. It contributes to better
results and lowers costs through improved disease management strate-
gies. It also aids healthcare management in developing improved diag-
nosis and treatment processes. At a higher level, Big Data allows for
comparisons of practice patterns, resource use, and hospital expenses
across different healthcare groups, among other things. A massive vol-
ume of data may be stored methodically with big data. Doctors and other
healthcare providers can now make educated judgments because they
have access to a wealth of data [291–293].
With the use of big data, healthcare management becomes consid-
erably more efficient. It aids in reducing care measurement costs,
providing the best clinical assistance and the direction of the population
of at-risk patients. It assists medical specialists in analysing data from
various sources. It helps healthcare practitioners determine patient ab-
errations and the effects of therapy on their health. This will help
healthcare organisations enhance their competitive advantages by
developing innovative business solutions [294–297]. Big data assists in
preventing a wide variety of errors on the part of health administrators,
such as incorrect doses, incorrect medications, and other human errors. It
will also be highly beneficial to insurance firms. They can prevent a broad
spectrum of insurance fraud claims. Clinical data refers to Big Data
created by hospitals, such as data collected by medical imaging and
clinics. It includes Big Data in medicine, created from primary clinical
operations and substantially impacts the medical business [298–301].
8.14. 5G
The transition to 5G is ideal for healthcare businesses as they inte-
grate telemedicine and remote care into data-driven business plans. This
enables them to better use resources, save money, and enhance quality
and customer service. With the arrival of 5G, healthcare businesses will
have access to a more excellent range of apps, data, and infrastructure,
allowing them to gain a competitive edge [302]. However, the pace,
complexity, and volume of data flow and business operations will be
boosted in this new era [303–305]. As healthcare businesses embrace 5G
data-sharing, they will seek a combination of cloud and on-premises
solutions to manage volume and satisfy capacity surges. The cloud's
fast, frictionless scalability allows it to accommodate the massive vol-
umes of data involved in contemporary healthcare while utilising
computing and storage resources as a service, enabling healthcare com-
panies to react swiftly and cost-effectively to changing demands
[306–308].
These are just a few of the workloads that 5G will enable to be pro-
vided from the cloud, lowering healthcare costs while increasing treat-
ment quality and patient outcomes. As 5G becomes more widely
available and new sorts of economical, scalable, cloud-based computing
workloads become viable, many new healthcare use cases will arise [309,
310]. 5G can trigger a digital revolution, influence work's future, and
boost productivity. By integrating IoT, AI, and robots to improve patient
care, 5G has established a linked healthcare environment. Experts think
combining disruptive technologies with 5G will result in more accurate
diagnosis and change remote patient management [311–314].
Remote robotic surgery may be accomplished by exploiting the
interconnectivity of 5G and IoT. AR-powered medical devices and real-
time data readings can remotely coach surgeons during surgery. 5G
A. Haleem et al.
revolution is about more than just providing more bandwidth and better
latency. Its broader mission is to catalyse enterprise digital trans-
formation. To generate exceptional customer experiences, forward-
thinking organisations must reconsider their operational efficiency and
go-to-market strategy by implementing 5G technology [315–317].
8.15. Drones
The age of drones is coming, and self-driving and self-flying are
becoming more of a reality. The potential application of drones in
healthcare is also intriguing. Rapid delivery of vaccinations, treatments,
and supplies to the point of infection might end outbreaks of potentially
fatal infectious illnesses. Communication equipment, mobile technology,
and portable shelter are just a few examples provided quickly to regions
where vital infrastructure damage would impede land or traditional air
delivery [318–320]. Small indoor drones might bring medicine from a
pharmacy to a patient's bedside in the future, eliminating some human
processes. This would result in faster and less error-prone pharmaceutical
administration. Nurses and pharmacists can operate more effectively
since supplies can be called to the patient's bedside rather than the
time-consuming job of gathering required goods. Drones might carry
drugs and supplies to patients receiving care at home rather than in a
hospital environment [321–324].
Outpatient care and possibly home-based care will replace hospital-
based treatment in the future. Drone technology may make it easier
and safer to deliver this home-based care for many illnesses. When a
clinician visits a home patient, blood may be collected and promptly
transmitted to the lab by drone for testing. Drones may transport medi-
cations, medicines, and therapies requested by the clinician to the pa-
tient's house [325–328]. This technology may enable more individuals in
nursing homes to get care at home for a more extended period, increasing
the freedom of the ageing baby boomer generation. Drones provide for
the delivery of blood, vaccinations, birth control, snakebite serum, and
other medical supplies to remote regions and the capacity to reach vic-
tims in need of rapid medical treatment within minutes. They can
transfer medicine within hospital boundaries, transmit blood between
hospital buildings, and provide elderly patients with gadgets to help
them age in situ [329–331].
8.16. Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in the medical
field. Nanoparticles can be used in various medical applications,
including novel diagnostic tools, imaging agents and procedures, tar-
geted medication delivery, medicines, bio-implants, and tissue engi-
neering [332–335]. With nanotechnology, medications with high
hazardous potential, such as cancer chemotherapeutic treatments, can be
administered with a higher level of safety. Nanotechnology is beneficial
for healthcare applications in developing countries [336–339].
Nanostructure scaffolds are used for tissue replacement, and nano-
structures that allow transport across biological barriers are novel
nanotechnology applications. Because of the startling behaviour,
remarkable performance, and innovative qualities matter adopts as it
falls into the nano size. Thus, nanotechnology has found virtually wide
applications in almost all science, technology, and industry sectors. The
EMR capabilities we begin to develop today will eventually serve as the
foundation for a nanotechnology-driven healthcare revolution that em-
phasises preventative population health management and, in some cases,
detects and flags pathogens and physical risks long before patients or
doctors can go through traditional examinations [340–343].
8.17. Internet of behaviours (IoB)
The Internet of Behavior (IoB) concept has evolved from the Internet
of Things, which connects devices resulting in a new data source. How-
ever, firms increasingly obtain non-customer information by “sharing”
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
this information among linked devices. The IoB impacts not only
customer choices but also changes the value chain. The implications for
security and privacy and data security are essential to challenge. Some
experts believe that it is harmful due to its structure and legality. The IoB
strategy, which connects data to decision-making, necessitates a shift in
cultural and legal standards formed before the Internet and Big Data eras.
From a human psychology standpoint, the IoB idea correctly addresses
analysing data and utilising that understanding to design and sell new
goods. The IoB can become a potent marketing and sales tool for busi-
nesses and organisations [344,345].
The IoB attempts to grasp behavioural psychology data obtained from
users' online actions. It seeks to understand data and develop and pro-
mote new products, all from human psychology. As a result, while
completing IoB is technically simple, it is psychologically challenging and
vital to conduct statistical studies that collect everyday routines and
behaviours. Companies that have gotten to know us through IoT data
may now influence our behaviour with IoB data. Consider utilising a
smartphone health app to monitor diet, sleep patterns, heart rate, and
blood sugar levels. The app can alert potentially unsafe situations and
suggest behavioural changes that might result in a more positive and
desirable outcome [344,346].
8.18. Cyber security
Cybercriminals use malware and ransomware to take down individ-
ual devices, servers, or whole networks. Cyber fraudsters have built
websites with addresses that seem identical to legitimate domains.
Because data breaches in health care have a significant financial impact,
health informatics and other experts play a vital role in ensuring that
medical organisations stay safe. Continuous cybersecurity training and
education stress that every company employee is accountable for
securing patient data, fostering a security culture. In addition to these
suggestions, health data experts are constantly inventing new techniques
and best practices to maintain the security of sensitive health data,
safeguarding both the patient and the business from financial loss and
other types of harm [347–350].
To enhance healthcare cybersecurity, firms must recruit informatics
specialists who can gather, handle, and exploit data and safeguard it.
Cyber attackers understand the need of protecting electronic, protected
health information. Because protected health information is among in-
dividuals' most sensitive private data, healthcare practitioners must
follow strict requirements. As regulatory standards for healthcare data
protection become stringent, healthcare companies that adopt a proac-
tive approach to establishing best practices for healthcare security to
maintain compliance and restrict data breaches. Healthcare organisa-
tions and business associates must appropriately employ comprehensive
security measures to safeguard patient data from various security threats
[351–354].
8.19. Blockchain
Blockchain technology is a game-changer to revolutionise one or two
sectors and the whole corporate environment. Regulators, industry
groupings, and market makers will be essential in blockchain adoption.
By allowing them to trace data provenance and any modifications made,
blockchain technology can enable multiple players in the healthcare
value chain to share access to their networks without jeopardising data
security and integrity [355–357]. One of blockchain technology's most
broadly applicable characteristics is monitoring transactions more
securely and transparently. Transactions may be maintained in a per-
manent decentralised record by using blockchain. It will minimise de-
lays, additional expenses, and human mistakes. Blockchain technology
can accelerate innovation in preventative care and community-based
healthcare solutions. This technology can secure data integrity and
enable collaboration among increasing healthcare trends [358,359].
The healthcare industry's digital infrastructure is about to be
A. Haleem et al.
disrupted. The existing system does not entirely support the essentially
necessary security or interoperability. Data portability and record inter-
operability between systems are required to utilise acquired medical data
fully. With the introduction of wearables and a plethora of new IoT de-
vices networked and have their data flows harnessed, improved security
is required and readily available to healthcare providers. Blockchain can
connect complicated team-based healthcare, finance, and payment sys-
tem with the care given. Blockchain technology also makes it simple to
trace a medicine from the maker to the patient. It increases a drug's
traceability as it passes through the supply chain and aids in the pre-
vention of drug counterfeiting. Blockchain enables seamless connectiv-
ity, further enhanced by smart contracts and authorisation to access all
electronic health data. It can provide fast access to standardised, anon-
ymous, and non-patient identifying data [360,361].
Blockchain applications do not require a centrally managed system,
and here data is stored inside blocks of a distributed ledger and is pro-
tected by cryptography. Blockchain applications in healthcare are help-
ing to preserve and defend data integrity. They also assist pharmaceutical
businesses in managing medication supply chains, clinical trials, facili-
tating interoperability with IoT devices, and much more. Blockchain
technology solutions can help the whole sector in resolving some logis-
tical issues. Because Blockchain transactions are irreversible, they can
assist producers in tracking materials and ensuring compliance levels.
Blockchain ledgers can assist regulatory enforcement organisations in
distinguishing between authentic and counterfeit medications. The
immutability of blockchain can aid in the quality control and compliance
of healthcare supply chains and logistics [362–364].
Blockchain technology shortens and lowers the cost of data trans-
lation and reconciliation. The decentralised network provides authorised
parties with access to the patient data they require. Blockchain tech-
nology offers a rapid and efficient answer to validating medical qualifi-
cations. Blockchain networks provide patients with the privacy and
security they need. They also promise academics and pharmaceutical
corporations ubiquitous access to the data they want. This partnership
will yield crucial new medical insights and research that can change how
the world approaches healthcare. The most important way that block-
chain may aid medicine is to overcome the most significant dangers for
the healthcare business, such as security and transparency, while saving a
considerable amount of money [365–367].
9. The significant contributions of the study
Medical 4.0 technologies can bring obstacles, particularly in suc-
cessfully utilising the rich insights gathered to enhance healthcare out-
comes. Allowing patients to participate in their treatment will offer
clinicians a wealth of information. Today's healthcare personnel are
equipped with modern technologies, gadgets, and data to serve their
patients better. This, combined with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,
has resulted in a change away from the old paradigm and toward a more
dynamic one in which healthcare staff may treat patients remotely.
Hospitals can utilise apps independently that enable them to perform
various functions. Doing all operations and making sense of all the data to
guarantee that everything runs well is challenging.
To compete in this new digital world, pharmaceutical and healthcare
firms offer more tailored patient care that engages patients through data
visualisation and real-time treatment. To survive and grow in a digital-
ised healthcare sector, pharmaceutical and healthcare firms immediately
begin producing ideas and executing digital strategies to establish a
business model that allows them to adapt their skills and strengths. The
health IT sector provides quick speed that it is nearly difficult for any
single person to keep up with all of the current advancements. This refers
to using technology to enhance one's health and well-being. The IT and
different communication tools with health and society improve health-
care delivery efficiency by offering more precise and individualised
services.
Patient-centred AI improves results, costs, and experiences. Patient
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
self-service to chatbots that stresses choice and convenience will allow
them to schedule appointments, bill payments, and update forms quickly
and simply. Technology and a thorough understanding of applying new
tools may offer many sectors a new structure and provide trans-
formational experiences for customers or users. Digital health is a vast
and expanding industry that encompasses diverse stakeholders such as
physicians, patients, researchers, and scientists from various disciplines
such as healthcare, public health, data management, information tech-
nology, engineering, etc. Smartphones, mobile applications, internet
apps, e-mail, text messaging, web-based analyses, wearable devices,
monitoring sensors, and social networks are modern technologies used in
the healthcare industry.
Artificial intelligence can assist in identifying viral fragments with the
qualities required to achieve various objectives. Machine learning allows
breakthroughs that humans would not otherwise be able to attain. For
many patients and physicians, multiple gadgets and smartphone appli-
cations have come to play an essential role in tracking and avoiding
chronic diseases. VR can considerably aid healthcare practitioners in
their delivery of care. Because information may be shown in 3D space in a
surgeon's or doctor's eye, they can have real-time access to information to
help their procedures. Students may learn more about methods through
overlays, and doctors can readily compare data to assist them in estab-
lishing the diagnosis. Advances in robotic surgery are another area of VR
technology that is beneficial to the healthcare business. The adoption of
VR in healthcare settings will significantly impact its future. Medical 4.0
technologies will aid in the faster introduction of novel drugs to the
market. These technologies are considerably altering our interactions
with medical devices. Doctors have recognised the consistency and effi-
ciency of incorporating technology into medical devices.
Another significant advantage of medical 4.0 is the availability of
online education, particularly for healthcare-related degrees. Students
interested in a healthcare career may now complete their healthcare
degrees entirely online. Online education for healthcare professionals has
decreased the need to travel large distances and spend time away from
their jobs. The healthcare industry must use ICT more effectively to bring
about more changes and raise healthcare to a much higher level, which is
critical for the country's growth. There are also several applications for
home health care services that may assist patients in providing rapid and
practical answers. This healthcare revolution has improved the whole
experience for both patients and medical staff, from greater operational
efficiency to patient care standards. Data accessibility, as well as the
ability to store and analyse information, is a defining feature of the
technology era. The internet, data capturing technologies, search op-
tions, and the capacity for healthcare practitioners to communicate in-
formation quickly have all improved data synthesis and analysis.
Healthcare on the internet IT solutions allow new developments. It
indicates that various technology tools and solutions are being used to
improve the patient experience and service delivery, develop new busi-
ness models and improve communication efficiency. Blockchain is a
distributed, decentralised, maximally secure, and immutable digital
registry without going too technical. Blockchain applications in health-
care can store and exchange patient data and clinical databases very
functional, transparent, and risk-free. Many new technological trends
have emerged in the healthcare business, and we are convinced that
many more will occur shortly. It grew more patient and made collabo-
ration between diverse organisations run more smoothly. The continuous
improvements appear to respond to actual market demands for digital-
isation and paperless operations. Medical 4.0 technologies have a game-
changing influence on medical care and healthcare. For several years, the
impact of mobility, connected gadgets, wearable healthcare devices, and
a slew of other technologies have become so significant and impactful.
Advances in digital technology in healthcare enable us to live safer,
healthier, and more productive lives.
Medical 4.0 technologies help to speed up the procedure and greatly
assist health practitioners. It assists people in making informed judg-
ments, particularly in crucial, time-sensitive circumstances. Many sectors
A. Haleem et al.
have embraced technology to help them develop faster. While healthcare
has seen significant technological improvement, it has never fully
embraced it in other industries. Digitalisation has aided in better patient
data management by eliminating gaps in data control and the loss of vital
records, decreasing inefficiencies in handling personal patient informa-
tion. Because digitalisation has made document sorting, scanning, and
indexing easier, both practitioners and patients can have improved access
to their data. Digitalisation can lower the entire cost of an individual's
healthcare during their lifetime by enhancing their lifestyle and main-
taining excellent health. Medical 4.0 technologies detect new illnesses
and changes in existing ones. As a result, professionals can begin therapy
earlier in the disease, shortening it and enhancing the quality of care and
life. Patients can benefit from digital health by better tracking and
managing health and wellness-related behaviours.
COVID-19 emphasised healthcare sector concerns relating to the
present healthcare system's quality, access, and efficiency, emphasising a
low degree of digital maturity and preparation. Healthcare trans-
formation influences how doctors diagnose, monitor, and manage their
patients' health. It attempts to deliver the agility necessary to enhance
operations, compliance, and patient experience while lowering costs. The
healthcare business is now confronted with the digital issue and
attempting to restructure its systems to reduce costs, boost access, and
improve care quality. Hospitals implement modern technologies and
process enhancements that prioritise quality, efficiency, and convenience
to transition to the digital era. Healthcare providers have begun to use
technology to transition their operations from analogue to digital pro-
cesses. EHRs are routinely used to track patient health, screen for
potentially hazardous medication interactions, and give medical decision
support. Mobile health technology allows clinicians and patients to re-
cord and communicate about their health on the move using mobile
devices. Telemedicine breaks through geographical boundaries by uti-
lising a network and information technology to deliver remote healthcare
and enhance access to medical services in rural places.
Medical 4.0 technologies enable medical practitioners to keep current
with healthcare trends. Comparing patient data with data from hundreds
of other patients may automatically detect risk factors and propose the
best preventative therapy while lowering expenses and increasing the
overall quality of life. Healthcare practitioners acquire, preserve, and
evaluate all accessible data to deliver exceptional patient care. These
technologies may be accomplished by utilising data analytics and tech-
nological architecture that combines data collected from different inputs.
Technological advancements in healthcare have resulted in far more
efficient communication among healthcare organisations. Medical prac-
titioners now interact and distribute information using video, online
discussion forums, and real-time meeting capabilities. All essential de-
partments and care providers have access to electronic medical records
in-house. It further leads to better case management, therapies, and pa-
tient recovery.
10. Limitations
Smart technologies have limitations, as do the humans who power
them. Thus, to achieve maximum productivity and safety gains, it is
critical to capitalise on the synergetic outputs of the two entities'
respective capabilities. While smart equipment can be homogenised,
human skill and learning curves differ. However, a more crucial topic is
that their innate strengths in traditionally performing work may not
translate proportionally to when they are needed to include innovative
technology into the process. As Industry 4.0 affects mission-critical ap-
plications incorporate methods, the digital transformation will be wide-
spread, although slower than the Internet's digital disruption. Companies
are frequently conservative when selecting fundamental change due to
their extensive investment cycles. Manufacturing firms that take the risk
and are early adopters of new technologies, on the other hand, will be
rewarded for their progressive decision-making. Digitisation contributes
to product quality and safety and speedier service delivery, which
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 2 (2022) 12–30
benefits customers. Indeed, Medical 4.0 is still in its early stages, and we
may not have a comprehensive picture.
11. Future scope
In future, Medical 4.0 will aim to imitate human intellect and skills
using machines, software, and computer platforms. It will take advantage
of advanced digital technologies that make systems more productive and
revolutionised. AI advances will give rise to computing systems that can
see, hear, learn, and reason, opening new avenues for improving edu-
cation and healthcare, addressing poverty, and achieving a more sus-
tainable future. The Smart Factory idea seamlessly integrates different
manufacturing operations, from planning stages to field actuators. Ma-
chines and equipment will optimise processes through self-optimisation
shortly for healthcare. Independent Mobile Robots will become an
essential component of smart healthcare because their autonomous in-
telligence will connect the smart healthcare and enables smooth opera-
tions. Medical 4.0 transforms how businesses make, enhance, and
distribute medical products. Manufacturers incorporate new technolo-
gies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing and analytics, and AI
and machine learning into their manufacturing facilities and processes.
Competent healthcare is outfitted with modern sensors, embedded soft-
ware, and robots to gather and analyse data and make smarter decisions.
Medical 4.0 technologies lead to improved automation, predictive
maintenance, and self-optimisation of process improvements. Robots can
perceive things and accomplish results that humans find difficult to
attain. Although people and robots must continue to collaborate to pro-
vide the finest health care right now, there will be much potential for the
future. Combining robotics with machine and computer vision is one area
of robotics with tremendous potential in healthcare. Robots and com-
puters may be taught to view the environment and grasp visual, textual,
and other data input. Digital twin technology will provide unparalleled
insight into assets and healthcare, allowing for the identification of
bottlenecks, the streamlining of processes, and the development of
innovative medical products. Virtual models of in-use goods give detailed
insights on usage patterns, degradation points, workload capacity, flaws,
etc. Designers and developers can appropriately evaluate product us-
ability and enhance future component design by better understanding a
product's features and failure mechanisms.
12. Conclusion
Medical 4.0 encompasses numerous technologies and is successfully
utilised for healthcare. Its element is identical; when combined, they
generate capabilities that were never previously attainable. The growth
of Medical 4.0 technologies enhances healthcare to make better and
wiser decisions. Sensors monitored physiological data provide crucial
information to patients and clinicians. These technologies help improve
the efficiency of the remote health monitoring systems. The use of high-
tech IoT devices in smart healthcare improves the quality of the treat-
ment process. Various businesses ranging from healthcare to consumer
products are going to adopt Medical 4.0 technologies first envisioned at
the Smart Factory. Using medical 4.0, hospitals, clinics, and other
healthcare institutions have significantly improved medical services and
goods delivered to their patients. Digital healthcare software solutions
have enabled various benefits, such as assisting medical personnel in
recognising major diseases early, eliminating medical mistakes, and
collaborating on a medical case. This healthcare revolution makes the
entire workflow quicker, smoother, and more efficient. Data adminis-
tration is a demanding endeavour for most hospitals, and digitalisation
allows management and staff to accelerate operations to provide better
patient care. The applications of medical 4.0 are to simplify operations,
improve the patient experience, and make on-demand medical care more
accessible and affordable. Online appointments, electronic medical re-
cords, and unified platforms for data interchange can be easily managed
and help to enhance patient experience and increase interoperability.
A. Haleem et al.
Telemedicine, AI-enabled medical devices, and blockchain technologies
collect information from many sources, including social media, eCom-
merce, online transactions, and financial activities, and then analyse
patterns and trends. Healthcare practitioners use real-time data insights
to remotely monitor patients' illnesses, lowering the frequency of in-
person consultations. Patients now understand their ailments and
health demands to the emergence of 5G and smart technologies in
healthcare. These technologies assist people in keeping track of their
health demands while causing minimum interruption to their lifestyles.
Conflicts of interest
None.
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