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Alauddin Husain Shah

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Alauddin Husain Shah

Sultan of Bengal

Shah of Bengalis

The right hand and defender of the caliphate

Amir al-Mu'minin (the Commander of the Faithful)

Silver coin (Tanka) of Alauddin Husain Shah

Reign 1494–1519

Predecessor Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah

Successor Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah

Born Sayyid Husain

Died 1519

Spouses Daughter of the Qazi of Chandpur

Issue Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah

Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah

 Shahzada Danyal

Several others

Father Sayyid Ashraf Al-Husaini

Religion Islam

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Ala-ud-din Husain Shah (Bengali: আলাউদ্দিন হোসেন শাহ (1494–1519)[1] was an

independent late medieval Sultan of Bengal, who founded the Hussain Shahi dynasty.
[2]
 He became the ruler of Bengal after assassinating the Sultan, Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar
Shah, whom he had served under as wazir. After his death in 1519, his son Nusrat
Shah succeeded him. The reigns of Husain Shah and Nusrat Shah are generally
regarded as the "golden age" of the Bengal sultanate. [3]

Contents

 1Origin and early life

 2Accession
 3Reign
o 3.1Initial administrative actions
o 3.2Engagement with the Delhi Sultanate
o 3.3Kamata-Kamrup expedition
o 3.4Odisha campaigns
o 3.5Capture of Pratapgarh
o 3.6Expeditions to Tripura and Arakan
 4Cultural contribution
 5Religious tolerance
 6Issue
 7See also
 8Notes

Origin and early life[edit]

There are several opinions regarding the origin of Alauddin Husain Shah. According to a
1788 chronicle, Riyaz-us-Salatin, Sayyid Husain Sharif Makki was the son of Sayyid
Ashraf al-Husaini, a Sharif of Mecca, with al-Husaini suggesting descent from Husayn
ibn Ali. An earlier work by Firishta also mentions Husain as a Sayyid and former
inhabitant of Mecca.[4] His father's name is backed up by numismatics as many of
Husain's coins mention him as a son of Sayyid Ashraf al-Husayni. The coins of Husain's
son Nasrat and grandson Firuz end with al-Husaini attached to Husain's name. In
contrast, Husain's other son, Mahmud, ends his coin with his grandfather's name
(Sayyid Ashraf al-Husaini).[5]
One of the first mosques built by Husain Shah, the Kherur Mosque, is located in Chandpara, where he
reportedly spent much of his childhood.

The Riyaz-us-Salatin mentions Husain's father Sayyid Ashraf Al-Husaini later

inhabiting Termez (in Turkestan) for a long period before settling in the
Chandpur mouza of Rarh (western Bengal). Husain and his elder brother, Yusuf, spent
their childhood studying under the local Qadi, who later married his daughter to Husain
due to his noble background.[6] Chandpur is often equated to the village
of Chandpara in Murshidabad district, where a number of inscriptions can be founded
during the early part of Husain's reign. Husain had also constructed the Kherur
Mosque in Chandpara in the first year of his reign in 1494. [7][8] A lake in this village,
called Shaikher Dighi, is also associated with Husain.[9] Krishnadasa Kaviraja, a
Vaishnavist author born during Husain's reign, claims that Husain worked for Subuddhi
Rai, a revenue officer in the erstwhile Bengali capital Gaur, and was severely whipped
during the excavation of a lake. Local traditions in Murshidabad also claim that Husain
was the rakhal (cow-keeper) for a Brahmin in Chandpara.[10]

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On the other hand, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton's writings make mention of a manuscript

found in the former Bengali capital Pandua which labels Husain as a native of a village
named Devnagar in Rangpur who seized an opportunity to redeem the throne of Bengal
that his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, had held seventy years prior. There are local
traditions in Rangpur which claim that he was indeed a native of that area. [11] It is said
that it was Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah who had ousted his grandfather Sultan Ibrahim,
and as a result, Husain's father and family migrated to Kamata.[12] Buchanan-Hamilton's
manuscript is unnamed,[12] and Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar considers the manuscript to
have confused Husain Shah of Bengal with Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur, whose
grandfather was Shamsuddin Ibrahim Shah Sharqi, a contemporary of Jalaluddin
Muhammad Shah. Tarafdar, whose work is written in 1965, makes note that there was
no Sultan of Bengal in that period by the name of Ibrahim. [10] However, in the 1990s,
coins of a Sultan of Bengal by the name of Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah (r. 1415/16 -
1416/17) were discovered in Beanibazar, Sylhet which has opened discussion
regarding this manuscript once again. [13][14]
16th-century Portuguese explorer João de Barros mentions the story of a noble Arab
merchant from Aden arriving in Chittagong with an army to aid the Sultan of Bengal in
conquering Orissa. This merchant later killed the Sultan, thus becoming ruler of Bengal,
and according to Heinrich Blochmann, Barros' narrative is in reference to Husain Shah.
[10]
 Taking all of the theories into account, Nitish Sengupta asserts that Husain's mother
was a Bengali.[15]

Accession[edit]
Most sources are in agreement that Husain was appointed the Wazir (prime minister) of
Sultan Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah (r. 1490-1494). Initially, Husain secretly sympathized
with the rebels but ultimately he put himself openly as their head and besieged the
citadel, where Muzaffar Shah shut himself with a few thousand soldiers. According to
the 16th-century historian Nizamuddin, the Sultan was secretly assassinated by Husain
with the help of the paiks (palace-guards), which ended the Abyssinian rule in Bengal.[1]

Reign[edit]
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Husain Shah's long reign of more than a quarter of a century was a period of peace and
prosperity, which was strikingly contrast to the period that preceded it. The liberal
attitude of Husain Shah towards his Hindu subjects is also an important feature of his
reign.[1]
Initial administrative actions[edit]
Immediately after accession to the throne, Husain Shah ordered his soldiers to refrain
from plundering Gaur, his capital city. But being annoyed with their continuous
plundering, he executed twelve thousand soldiers and recovered the looted articles,
which included 13,000 gold plates. Subsequently, he disbanded the paiks (the palace
guards) who were the most significant agitators inside the palace. He removed
all Habshis from administrative posts and replaced them with Turks,
Arabs, Afghans and Bengalis.[1]