JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

Fig (1): Structure of Electrical Power System

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 1

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Fig (2): Single line diagram of electrical power system

Generation, Transmission and Distribution systems are the main components of an electric
power system.
Fig (2) shows the single line diagram of electrical power system.
Electric power is generated in the range of 11 kV to 132 kV, which is increased by stepped
up transformers to the main transmission voltage.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 2

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Generating stations and distribution systems are connected through transmission lines.
The transmission system may be divided into primary and secondary (sub-transmission)
transmission system.
Normally, transmission lines imply the bulk transfer of power by high-voltage links between
main load centres.
Transmission level voltages are in the range of 66 kV to 400 kV (or higher).
Large amounts of power are transmitted from the generating stations to the load centres at
220 kV or higher.
On the other hand, distribution system is mainly responsible for the transfer of this power to
the consumers by means of lower voltage networks.
At sub-stations, the connections between various components are made, for example, lines
and transformers and switching of these components is carried out.
Distribution system can be divided into primary and secondary distribution system. Most of
the distribution networks operate radially for less short circuit current and better protective
coordination.
Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Sl.No. Conventional Energy Sources Non-Conventional Energy Sources

1 Conventional sources of energy are Non-conventional sources of energy

the natural energy resources which
are present in a limited quantity and
are being used for a long time.
2 These sources are exhaustible in nature.
3 Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, etc are
some examples of Conventional Energy
Sources.
4 These sources pollute the environment.
5 They are used extensively, at a higher
rate than the non-conventional sources.
6 Heavy expenditure is involved in using
and maintaining these sources of
energy.
are the energy sources which are
continuously replenished by natural
processes.
These sources are inexhaustible in
nature.
Solar Energy, wind Energy, Tidal
Energy, etc are some examples of Non-
Conventional Energy Sources.
These sources do not pollute the
environment.
They are not used extensively, at a
higher rate than the conventional
sources due to intermittent condition.
Using these sources is less expensive.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 3

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Renewable Energy Sources and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Sl.No. Renewable Energy Sources Non-Renewable Energy Sources

1 Renewable Energy Sources are Non-Renewable Energy Sources are

sources which can be used again and
again throughout its life.
2 Renewable Energy Sources are
inexhaustible.
3 These sources do not pollute the
environment.
4 Solar Energy, wind Energy, Tidal
Energy, etc are some examples of
Renewable Energy Sources.
5 Renewable Energy Sources are not
affected by the human activities.
6 These are Non-Conventional Energy
Sources.
sources which cannot be used again
and again as it is limited which can
be depleted one day.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources are
exhaustible.
These sources pollute the environment.
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, etc are
some examples of Non-Renewable
Energy Sources.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources are
affected by the human activities.
These are Conventional Energy
Sources.

Electrical Grid or Power Grid

Electrical grid or power grid is defined as the network which interconnects the generation,
transmission and distribution unit. It supplies the electrical power from generating unit to the
distribution unit.
(or)
An electrical grid or power grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from
producers to consumers.
Types of Electrical Grid or Power Grid

The power station of the grid is located near the fuel source which reduces the transportation
cost of the system. But it is located far away from the populated areas.

The power which is generated at high voltage is stepped down by the help of step-down
transformer in the substation and then supply to the consumers. The electrical grid is mainly
classified into two types. They are

1. Regional Grid – The Regional grid is formed by interconnecting the different

transmission system of a particular area through the transmission line.
2. National Grid – It is formed by interconnecting the different regional grid.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 4

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Need for Interconnection of Grids

1. The interconnection of the grid provides the best use of power resource and ensures
great security to supply.
2. It makes the system economical and reliable.
3. The generating stations are interconnected for reducing the reserve generation capacity
in each area.
4. If there is a sudden increase in load or loss of generation in a zone, then it borrows from
the adjacent interconnected area.
5. But for the interconnections of the network certain amount of generating capacity
known as the spinning reserve is required.
6. The spinning reserve consists generator running at normal speed and ready to supply
power instantaneously.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 5

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Conditions for Grid Connection

1. The phase sequence (or phase rotation) of the three phases of the generator must be
the same as the phase sequence of the three phases of the grid.
2. The magnitude of the sinusoidal voltage produced by the generator must be equal to
the magnitude of the sinusoidal voltage of the grid.
3. The frequency of the sinusoidal voltage produced by the generator must be equal to
the frequency of the grid.
4. Phase angle between the voltage produced by the generator and the voltage produced
by the grid must be zero.
Distributed Generation (DG)
Distributed generation (DG) defined as a small source of electric power, which is not a
part of a large central power source, and it is placed close to the consumers or the load side of
the distribution systems.

The following devices/technologies of Distributed Generation are:

1. Photovoltaic systems
2. Small wind power systems
3. Microturbines
4. Fuel cells
5. Combined heat power (CHP), also known as cogeneration
6. Micro combined heat and power (Micro-CHP)
7. Reciprocating engines
8. Stirling engines
9. Hybrid Power systems (Eg : solar and wind hybrid systems)

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 6

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Integration of renewable energy sources /Distributed Generators to utility grid

Integration of renewable energy sources/ distributed generators to utility grid depends

on the scale of power generation. Large scale power generations are connected to transmission
systems whereas small-scale distributed power generation is connected to distribution systems.

Benefits of Integration of Distributed Generators with the grid

1. Integration of Distributed Generators with the grid reduces the power generation from
fossil fuel plants (Eg: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, etc)
2. It will help to save our natural resource by reducing extraction of fuels.
3. Improves the reliability of power grid failure since it uses storage system.
4. People can sale extra energy to the utility, and they have their own electricity.
5. Environment will become cleaner and health due to the low emission of greenhouse
gases.
6. It makes the system economical and reliable.

Regulatory Bodies in Electrical power sector and their roles

The Electricity Act 2003 (the Electricity Act) is the parent legislation governing the
electricity sector in India (other than nuclear energy, which is governed by the Atomic Energy
Act 1962). The Electricity Act consolidated various laws governing the electricity sector in
India and introduced key reforms such as:

• Restructuring of state electricity boards into separate entities governing generation,

transmission and distribution activities.

• Delicensing most generation activities, recognising power trading as a distinct activity

and promoting captive generation.

• Introducing the requirement for providing non-discriminatory open access.

• Constituting electricity regulatory commissions at state and central levels (i.e, state
electricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) and the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC) respectively), and an appellate tribunal (i.e, the Appellate
Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL), among other things) to hear appeals against decisions
of the SERCs and CERC.

• Recognising the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) as the technical advisory body to
the government of India and the electricity regulatory commissions.

• Promoting renewable energy projects.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 7

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Power Sector Scenario in India

India is the world's third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity.
The national electric grid in India has an installed capacity of 375.32 GW as of 31 December
2020.
Installed capacity by source in India as on 31 January 2021

Installed capacity by source

Coal Lignite Large Hydro Small Hydro Solar Power

Wind Power Gas Biomass Nuclear Diesel

• Coal: 200,284.5 MW (53.1%)

• Lignite: 6,120 MW (1.6%)
• Large Hydro: 46,059.22 MW (12.2%)
• Small Hydro: 4,758.46 MW (1.3%)
• Solar Power: 38,794.07 MW (10.3%)
• Wind Power: 38,683.65 MW (10.3%)
• Gas: 24,956.51 MW (6.6%)
• Biomass: 10,314.56 MW (2.7%)
• Nuclear: 6,780 MW (1.8%)
• Diesel: 509.71 MW (0.1%)

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 8

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE ENGINEERING
▪ Constituent College of JSS Science and Technology University
▪ Approved by A.I.C.T.E
▪ Governed by the Grant-in-Aid Rules of Government of Karnataka
▪ Identified as lead institution for World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Scheme

Electricity generation (utility sector) by source in India

• India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from
179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.
• The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and non-
conventional renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas,
oil, and hydro plants decreasing in 2012-2017.
• The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,384
billion kWh in 2019-20, representing 1.0 % annual growth compared to 2018-2019.
• The contribution from renewable energy sources was nearly 20% of the total.
• In the year 2019-20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by
renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased.

Electricity generation (utility sector) by source in India in FY 2019-

2020

Coal Large Hydro Small Hydro

Wind Power Solar Power Biomass & other Renewable Energy
Nuclear Gas Diesel

• Coal: 994,197 GWh (71.8%)

• Large Hydro: 155,769 GWh (11.3%)
• Small Hydro: 9,366 GWh (0.7%)
• Wind Power: 64,639 GWh (4.7%)
• Solar Power: 50,103 GWh (3.6%)
• Biomass & other Renewable Energy: 14,209 GWh (1.0%)
• Nuclear: 46,472 GWh (3.4%)
• Gas: 48,443 GWh (3.5%)
• Diesel: 199 GWh (0.0001%)

Note: FY-Fiscal Year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government
accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes.

Dept. of E&EE, JSSS&TU (Formerly SJCE), Mysuru 9