Integration of Renewable Energy Resources in the

Distribution Network of Industrial Enterprises

Ershat R. Shafkhatov1, Elena N. Zamyatina2, Bulat I. Garipov3
Chair of Electric Power and Electromechanics
Saint-Petersburg Mining University
St. Petersburg, Russia
1
s185036@stud.spmi.ru, 2s195033@stud.spmi.ru,
3
s185037@stud.spmi.ru

Abstract— Distributed generation is understood to mean the
totality of sources of electrical energy closest to consumers.
Traditionally, the flow of electric energy is unidirectional and
comes from high voltage networks to lower voltage networks and
subsequently to the consumer. Integrating ever increasing
renewable energy resources (RES) into the distribution system
(DS) puts several demands on both the DS and the RES. Mains
interference by the integration requires special protective devices
and as the penetration becomes high, so also the demands on the
grid become high. Therefore, interfacing techniques becomes
very important. This article discusses the integration of
renewable energy with management, protection and stability in
mind for efficient power quality and system reliability.
Keywords—renewable energy resources; MPPT; solar panels;
distributed generation; simulink model; power grid; solar
photovoltaic system
I. BACKGROUND
Currently, there is a trend around the world to reduce the
number of power plants using energy from burning fuel. There
are several reasons. The first reason is global climate
protection. The closure of coal power plants is, as it usual, part
of government measures package aimed at protecting the
environment. Already more than 30 countries have joined the
Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA) [1] advocating for the
rejection of the use of coal for power generation. The second
reason is the prevention of large-scale technological disasters.
After the accident at the Japanese Fukushima-1 nuclear power
plant, most of Europe’s nuclear reactors have already been shut
down. Remaining nuclear power plants plan to shut down in
the near future.
At the same time, the governments of these countries are
betting on the so-called "green energy". This class of power
plants includes hydroelectric power plants, solar, wind and
geothermal power plants, biomass power plants. The use of
hydroelectric power plants is not always possible: it requires
the presence of large rivers in the region and, most importantly,
large financial resources for the construction of dams and
reservoirs. The construction of geothermal power plants is
most rational in volcanic regions, and power plants that use
biomass in their work have rather low efficiency, since they
require the cost of transporting fuel and still emit a certain
amount of combustion products into the atmosphere.
Thus, the most widespread in the world are wind and solar
power plants [2], as well as stations that incorporate both types
of sources. Systems for converting solar and wind energy into
electrical energy are already widely implemented in the energy
systems of Europe, China, Japan and the USA. Such systems
are not widespread in Russia, but the authors believe that the
use of wind and solar energy is rational.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Despite the apparent simplicity of using alternative
electrical energy sources, there are several reasons why
complete rejection of traditional sources is impossible. The
main reason is the inability to accumulate mechanical or solar
energy, while coal, nuclear fuel and gas can be stored in large
volumes. It is problematic to accumulate in such quantities
electric energy: it requires large-sized electric energy storage
devices [3]. The problem of energy storage is important, since
wind and solar energy heavily depend on weather. Peaks of
electricity generation by wind or sun may not coincide with
peaks of consumption. Thus, the urgent task is the use of
electric energy obtained from wind or solar energy in the most
efficient way. This means that when working together, for
example, a solar panel (PV source) and a traditional source, it
is first necessary to exhaust the power of the PV. If its power is
not enough, then switch to power from utilities. This will
reduce the influence on environment (since it will be possible
to reduce power level of plants), as well as reduce consumers’
bill for electricity (they will be limited only by the start-up
costs of system introducing).
III. OBJECTIVES
As mentioned earlier, there are some problems with
renewable energy sources. The objective of this study is to find
solutions to some of these problems. This work suggests a
system that allows getting the most power from a renewable
source (solar panel).
The PV output power typically has some distortion caused
by weather. For this reason, it is not possible to obtain a
constant output power. Thus, it is necessary to use the value of
the generated power, determined in current weather conditions.

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 IV. METHODOLOGY
To determine the maximum power point (MPP) there are As know from the power-voltage curve of the solar panel,
proposed methods such as the perturbation method, the method there is an optimum operating point such that the PV delivers
of increasing conductivity, the method of fixed voltage in the maximum possible power to the load. The optimum
scientific literature. MPP tracking devices operate these operating point changes with the solar irradiation and cell
methods, which principle is to continuously measure the output temperature.
characteristics of the source and change the current transmitted
to the load to obtain maximum power when changing the load V. FLOWCHART OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
characteristics of energy source. This article provides the So the maximum power point (Fig. 1) given by:
perturbation method for MPP tracking as the simplest in
implementation [4]. The device operating according to this = 0, (4)
principle changes the current taken from the source, and its
voltage changes. At the same time, the device determines the that is, at the MPP, the derivative of the function Ppv=f(Upv)
power (P) by current (I) and voltage (V) by: is 0.
= ∙ . (1) Given the (2), we get:
If this current’s change increases power, then the algorithm
=4 +3 +2 + = 0. (5)
continues to change current in the same direction until the
power stops increasing or begins to decrease. As a result, the
Thus, the PV output voltage is used to determine the
algorithm determines the maximum of = ( ) or = ( )
derivative of the power function. If the derivative is 0, then the
function.
voltage value is most optimal, since it provides maximum
Figure 1 shows I-V diagram and a P-V diagram of typical power. If the derivative value is greater than 0, then the process
PV. The graph shows the short circuit current and the open of searching for a suitable voltage value is repeated by
circuit voltage of the photocell. As can be seen from the increasing or decreasing the output PV voltage. Thus, the
diagram, the P = f (U) maxima is the point where the current resulting array of output voltage values can be used as a duty
curve begins to decline. cycle for boost converter.
To approximate the function of the PV P = f (U), we can There is a flowchart of the proposed algorithm in the
use the fourth order polynomial: Figure 2.
= + + + + , (2)
where is the output power, W; is the output voltage, V;
k1, k2, k3, k4, k5 are coefficients that depend on the properties of
the PV. In turn, these coefficients are functions of PV cell
temperature Tcell, which is determined as follows:
= + (3)
Here Tambient is an ambient temperature, С; E is an
irradiation level, W/m2; NOCT - the nominal operation
condition temperature which is the temperature of the cell at
800 W/m2 and 20 C ambient temperature [5]. The nominal
data of the PV (Vpv and NOCT) is given in its data sheet.

Fig. 2. MPPT algorithm

VI. SIMULINK MODEL

There was created a Simulink model based on the
previously obtained algorithm (Figure 3). The measured PV
current and voltage are the model’s inputs. The model
determines the value of , thereby you can track the
maximum power point (at = 0). The received signal can
Fig. 1. I-V diagram and a P-V diagram of typical PV be used as a reference voltage to set the output voltage value of
a stabilized power source [6].

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 Fig. 3. Simulink Model of MPPT algorithm
Fig. 6. Sign of derivative dP/dV
For example, we have applied a continuously increasing
voltage and the corresponding current value (as shown in Fig. 1 VII. CONCLUSION
and Fig. 4) to the model input. Concerning present trends, energy is moving towards
replacing traditional sources of electricity with renewable ones.
Such a transition requires solving serious problems, one of
which is the introduction of so-called smart systems, which
allow using renewable sources as efficiently as possible.
This article provides a solution to one of the many
problems encountered in the implementation of solar energy
systems. It is proposed to use an optimization algorithm of
MPPT to control the parameters of PV. The algorithm allows
you to track the point of maximum power and can be used in
a) the design of smart systems for PV.
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Fig. 5. The calculated PV power

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