KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME
(NTA LEVEL 8)

PROJECT PROPOSAL

PROJECT TITTLE: OPTIMAL DESIGN AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

AT PRISON ISLAND.

STUDENT NAME: FATMA M. ISSA

REGISTRATION NUMBER: KIST/BEE/20/0001

SUPERVISOR: Mrs. NYAUSI

ACADAMIC YEAR: 2023/2024

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, most of the energy produced from convectional energy sources such as fossil fuel,
coal, oil and natural gas has major draw backs associated with fossil fuel sourcing including
their fluctuated prices, environmental pollution and finite resources. Hence renewable energy
sources are becoming more attractive technology such as photovoltaic system is alternative
for generating power.
PV power generation is method of an arrangement the components which convert light
energy coming from the sun to the electrical energy. Solar has good potential and the direct
conversion technology-based on the solar photovoltaic has positive attributes including high
reliability, environmental friendly, sustainable energy, simple and free of cost. (ONGEZA)
Solar cell or photovoltaic cell is made up by semiconductor material like silicon (Si) or
other semiconductor materials like GaAs. When sunlight falls on these semiconductors
material electricity is generated. The amount of this generated electricity depend upon
some factor like intensity of radiation, size of solar cell, type of semiconductor material
and ambient temperature. Several solar cell are connected in series to form string
several strings are connected in parallel to form a module, several modules are
connected in series, parallel, series-parallel configuration to form an arrays which are
generally used in solar PV plant to have enormous amount of power to supply it for
residential and industrial applications. Typically 36 solar cells are fabricated in series to
make a solar photovoltaic module. (kitabu)
In the 1980s research into silicon solar cells paid off and solar cells began to increase
their efficiency. In 1985 silicon solar cells achieved the milestone of 20% efficiency,
Over the next decade, the photovoltaic industry experienced steady growth rates of
between 15% and 20%, largely promoted by the remote power supply market. The year
1997 saw a growth rate of 38%, This growth has continued over decades, and today
solar cells are recognized not only as a means for providing power and increased quality
of life to those who do not have grid, providing substantial fractions of the grid
electricity in leading location today.(www.pveducation.org)
This work aims to design and analysis of solar pv system at Prison Island with
affordable prices and sustainable energy to use.
Prison Island is located around 3.5 miles north of stone town, which means it’s accessible by
boat. The trip takes around 25-30 minute by local boat riding from the stone beach. The
Island is main attraction; visitors can see the giant tortoises, perfect destination to do
swimming and relaxing on the beach.
A part from that, visitors can learns more about culture and some history about Zanzibar
Island. For a day visitors arrange 400-800 per day only visited for half day.
The Prison Island consists three receptions, one restraint, animal zoo, one housing having
three rooms, two toilets, kitchen, dining, Prison history house having prison bar, library, three
rooms, two toilets, dining and relaxing beach area. Also have 32 bungalows but the owner
has planned to make hotel with villa rooms instead of bungalows so as visitors get place to
relax or change clothes. So electricity will be needed.
Currently, this Island depends on generators to supply electricity for some area, which leads
to darkness in other part of the island at night, which is dangerous situation for the security of
the guards who sleep there where by some area is surrounded by the different kinds of trees.
Prison Island uses two generators for run their activities for all day. One has 65KVA and
another has 50KVA, among those generators, one used during the day and another during
night runs their loads for some area.
1.1 Problem Statement
Despite the fact that, if there will be any function where electricity needed, the visitors should
have their own generators.
Running cost for generators are high, apart from that produce noise that annoys visitors, also
it releases CO2 into the atmosphere which is responsible for the green house effect, which
causes the ozone depletion layer that lead air pollution, acid raine.t.c.in hence problem for the
living things. The solar energy is going to be solution because is quite simple and free
directly from the sun.
1.2 Main Objective
To design and make economic analysis of solar PV system at prison Island.
1.2.1 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the project are to:
(i) To visit at the Prison and collecting data.
(ii) To ……….energy requirement
(iii) To determine size of PV system component required.
(iv) To estimate the total cost of the project.
(v) To determine payback time of the system.

1.3 Significance of the Project

The significance of the project are:
(i) To reduce cost for running generator.
(ii) To energy generated is sustainable, more secure and will maintain the green plant
for that compound.
(iii) To remove air pollution caused by generator and maintains the green plant for that
compound.
(iv) Eliminate noise caused by generator.
(v) To give a customer’s choice in goods, services and purchase prices.
(vi) Maintenance cost is low.
(vii) Having longer life.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Stand-alone PV systems are used in areas that are not easily accessible or have no access to
an electric grid. A stand-alone system is independent of the electricity grid, with the energy
produced normally being stored in batteries. A typical stand-alone system would consist of a
PV module or modules, batteries, and a charge controller. An inverter may also be included
in the system to convert the direct current generated by the PV modules to the alternating
current form required by normal appliances. A schematic diagram of a stand-alone system is
shown in Figure below, the system can satisfy both DC and AC loads simultaneously (Soteris
A. Kalogirou, 2014).

Schematic diagram of a stand-alone PV system

Existing related system.

The standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) system is considered one of the most important
renewable, sustainable, clean, and environmentally friendly energy sources. However, SAPV
systems need to be optimally designed in order to maximize their reliability and minimize the
total cost of the system [1, 2]. In typical standalone off-grid PV systems, the storage battery
plays a significant role not only in increasing the reliability of the SAPV system but also in
reducing the total capital cost during a specific period of time. Therefore, the storage battery
should be optimally chosen in order to operate on the basis of a high level of reliability and
lowest cost [1]. The Solar PV system consists of solar array, controller with maximum power
point tracker, batteries, inverter and loads. Since the solar is a sole energy sources, the power
of the system will change significantly with the variation of solar radiation, temperature, load
conditions and battery state of charge.
Solar PV system is more widely used technology all over the world. It is a method of
generating electrical energy by converting solar light into direct current (DC) electricity using
the photovoltaic (PV) effect (Kumar and Sudhakar, 2015). Benefit of standalone rooftop solar
PV system has direct usefulness in reducing the peak load, particularly the small and medium
enterprise and factory. Other advantages of rooftop solar PV system is lower loss in the
generation, transmission and distribution line as the electricity is used in the place of
production. Distributed energy generation can potentially recover the losses as the voltage
drops have been compensated [3]. Electrical energy produced by a photovoltaic system
depends on several external factors (Rajput and Sudhakar, 2013). Foremost of these is the
amount of solar radiation impinging on the surface of the PV modules, which in turn depends
on the local climatic conditions as well as the mounting of the modules, e.g. fixed or tracking,
inclination angle, etc[3].
Renewable-energy sources are becoming more and more attractive especially with the
constant fluctuation in oil prices. Solar has good potential and the direct conversion
technology based on solar photovoltaic has several positive attributes especially in remote
areas. The Photo- voltaic (PV) system is considered one of the important alternative sources
in this regard. Because PV energy production is clean, freely infinitely available and of high
reliability, it is a very attractive power source for many applications, especially in rural and
remote areas in Mediterranean countries where they have a large quantity of solar radiation
around the year [4]. The researcher have done the research in the city of Faisalabad, Pakistan
and concluded that the unit cost of electricity produced using off-grid PV system is lower
than the unit cost charged in case of conventional electric supply to the residential areas. Also
concluded that off-PV electricity is technically and economically viable technology for the
electrification of residential applications. The major issue bound to this technology is the high
initial cost of the system. However, if the economics analysis of the system is performed in
term of lifetime of the system, it could be a beneficial solution in a long run [5].
Therefore the result of this (all above author to reduce cost for running generator,
To energy generated is sustainable, more secure and will maintain the green plant for that
compound.To remove air pollution caused by generator and maintains the green plant for that
compound.Eliminate noise caused by generator.To give a customer’s choice in goods,
services and purchase prices.Maintenance cost is low.Having longer life.

Different geographical region experience different weather pattern, so the site where solar pv
installed is major factor that affect the photovoltaic system from many sides
The proposed system to design stand alone photovoltaic system based on watt-Hour demand
and optimally sizing of solar array and battery by investigating the technical and non
technical factor on the solar PV system including selection of the optimal tilt angle of the
solar array, life cycle of the system, maximum battery depth of discharge with minimum cost
of the system at the Prison Island located north of stone town around 3.5 mile Mjini
Magharib Region. The island is around 800m long and 230m wide.

Advantages of proposed system

(i) PV system has ability to generate electricity in remote location that are not linked
to a grid.
(ii) PV system reduces dependence on oil.
(iii) PV system does not have moving parts.
(iv) PV system does not produce toxic gas emission, greenhouse gases or noise.
(v) Sunlight is free and readily available in many areas of the country.