Critical Issues of Management of Potable Water in North Gujarat Region and Probable Options For To Mitigate

CRITICAL ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT
OF POTABLE WATER IN NORTH

GUJARAT REGION AND
PROBABLE OPTIONS
FOR TO MITIGATE
Mayank Kumar K. Patel

[B.ARCH. & M.PLAN.]
Assistant Professor Institute of Architecture, Hem. North Gujarat

University, Patan
i
Critical Issues of Management of Potable Water in
North Gujarat Region and Probable options
for to Mitigate
Author : Mayank Kumar K. Patel
ISBN : 978 - 93 - 91478 - 49 - 0
Publisher : SARA BOOK PUBLICATION

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Opp. Kapadia Guest House, B/H.V. S. Hospital,
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First Edition : October 2021
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Copyright© 2021\ Sara Book Publication, Ahmedabad
ii
CONTENT
List of Table [v]

List of Figure [vii]
Abbreviations [ix]
Executive Summary [ix]
CHAPTER – 1.0
1.0 Introduction 01
1.1 Aims & Objectives 01

1.2 Gujarat State on basis of Water resources 02
1.1.1 Gandhinagar District prole 03
1.1.2 Banaskantha District prole 05
1.1.3 Sabarkantha & Aravalli District prole 09
1.1.4 Mehsana District prole 12
1.1.5 Patan District prole 15
CHAPTER – 2.0
2.0 Ground Water Scenario [Hydrological Information] 18
2.1 Hydrogeology 18
2.2. Aquifer Systems 18
2.3 Hydrochemistry [Ground Water Quality] 25
2.3.1 Ground Water Quality monitoring 25
2.3.2. The Electrical Conductivity, chloride, nitrate,
uoride, arsenic 27
CHAPTER – 3.0
3.0. Status of Ground Water 30
3.1 Depth of Water Level. [Unconned Aquifer] 30

3.2 Seasonal Fluctuation 33
3.3 Annual Water Level Fluctuation 34
3.4 Long term Ground Water Scenari 37
3.4.1 Decadal Variations 37
3.5 Water Table Scenario 39
CHAPTER – 4.0
4.0 Water Supply Management & Actions by Authorities 41
4.1 Present Scenario of Water in North Gujarat 41

4.2 Urbanizations & its impact on Water resources 45
iii
4.3 Water supply services in Urban and Rural areas 46
4.4 Water management and conservation actions policy 48
CHAPTER – 5.0
5.0 National & International Case Studies on Rain Water
Harvesting Methods 54
CHAPTER – 6.0
6.0 Various Conventional Water Recharging Systems and
Conservation Structures 66
CHAPTER – 7.0
7.0 CONCLUSIONS 76
7.1 Recommendations 76
REFERENCES 78
iv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE-1. Ahmedabad. IMD Station – Climatological data [1931-60]. 04
TABLE-2. Climatological data of Deesa IMD Station [1951-1980]. 06
TABLE-3. Medium & Major irrigation schemes [Banaskantha]

in 000 hectares. 08
TABLE-4. Area irrigated by different sources [Banaskantha]

in 000 hectares. 09
TABLE-5. Climatological data of Idar station in Sabarkantha district. 10
TABLE-6. Groundwater prospects of different geomorphic unit

[Sabarkantha district]. 11
TABLE-7. Climatological data – Mehsana district. 13
TABLE-8. Drinking water well based on Groundwater sources

[Mehsana district]. 14
TABLE-9. Climatological data – Radhanpur. 15
TABLE-10. Distribution of Groundwater monitoring wells in

the major river basin, 2015-16. 26
TABLE-11. District wise range distribution of pollution parameters

observed during HCNWS Monitoring, 2015. 28
TABLE-12. Well wise categorization of Depth to water level,

May – 2015. 30

August – 2015. 31

November – 2015. 32

January – 2016. 32
v
TABLE-16. Categorization of changes in water level between
May -2015 to August - 2015. 33

May -2015 to November - 2015. 33

May -2015 to January - 2016. 34

May -2014 to May - 2015. 35

August -2014 to August - 2015. 35

November -2014 to November - 2015. 36
TABLE-22. Categorization of changes in water lavel between

January – 2015 to January -2016. 37
TABLE-23. Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

May – 2015 with respect to Decadal average of May [2005 – 2014]. 37

August – 2014 with respect to Decadal average of August [2005 – 2014]. 38
TABLE-25.Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

November – 2015 with respect to Decadal average of November
[2005 – 2014]. 38

January – 2016 with respect to Decadal average of January [2006 – 2015]. 39
TABLE-27. Water supply in Municipal towns, according to size class

[Gujarat State]. 47
TABLE-28. Region wise water supply [Gujarat State]. 47
TABLE- 29. Classication of Municipalities according to water supply

[Gujarat State]. 48
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure – 1. Gujarat map divided on the basis of water resources. 02

Figure – 2. Administrative map of Gandhinagar district. 03
Figure – 3. Administrative map of Banaskantha district. 05
Figure – 4. Administrative map of Sabarkantha district. 09
Figure – 5. Administrative map of Aravalli district. 12
Figure – 6. Administrative map of Mehsana district. 12
Figure – 7. Administrative map of Patan district. 15
Figure – 8. Schematic section showing dual aquifer system concept. 20
Figure – 9. Drinking water scenario past in Gujarat. 41
Figure – 10. Drinking water scenario present in Gujarat. 42
Figure – 11. State wide Drinking water grid based on Narmada canal. 43
Figure – 12. Sujlam suam yojana map. 44
Figure – 13. Present scenario of water in India urban context. 46
Figure – 14. Schematic diagram of urban water management. 53
Figure – 15. Swale and pile method for Rainwater harvesting. 57
Figure – 16. Water recharge through Dug well Indore method. 57
Figure – 17. Bunding. 60
Figure – 18. Groundwater dam. 61
Figure -19. Sub-surface groundwater dam. 61
Figure – 20. Sand-storage groundwater dam. 62
Figure – 21. Type of sand-storage groundwater dam. 62
Figure – 22. Various traditional water recharging systems and
conservation structures. 75
v
vii
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
CGWB – Central Ground Water Board

DTWL – Depth to Water Level
DW- Dug well
Pz – Piezometers
MCM – Million Cubic Meter.
RWH – Rain Water Harvesting
LPCD – Liter per capita day
SSNNL – Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
KUND - Kundi
BAWLI - Stepwell
Mbgl – meter below ground level
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ÿ Gujarat is one of the frequent drought prone states of India. Several

consecutive droughts have been experienced during last 20 years. 1986-88
was the longest and the most severe drought period experienced in the past.
Ÿ The average rainfall for 2015 is 712 mm, which is 30 percent less than the
decadal average.
Ÿ Ground water levels are being monitored four times in a year and
representative water samples for quality [inorganic constituents] are collected
during pre monsoon [May] period.
Ÿ 65% of the wells have depth to water levels in the range of 5 to 20 mbgl [meter
below ground level] during pre monsoon 2015 year. The water levels were
deeper in Banaskantha, Gandhinagar and Sabarkantha districts.
Ÿ Deeper water levels were observed mainly in the over exploited and Critical
talukas.
Ÿ The density of ground water monitoring wells is 161 Sq. Km/well in Gujarat.
Ÿ Deep conned aquifers exist in North Gujarat and they are grouped into, rst
conned aquifer ranging in depth from 78 to 162 mbgl and second conned
aquifer ranging in depth from 154 to 274 mbgl.
Ÿ In parts of Mehsana and Gandhinagar districts, depth to piezometric surface

during pre monsoon is more than 54 mbmsl in the rst conned aquifer and it
v
ix
is more than 63 mbmsl in second conned aquifer noticed in and around
Mehsana, Gandhinagar and Patan Districts.
Ÿ The water levels are declining at an average rate of 2m per year in deeper
aquifers in North Gujarat. Steep declines have been observed during the last
ve years.
Ÿ Alarming declines in ground water levels. The articial recharge of ground

water especially in North Gujarat is a necessity.
Ÿ For the North Gujarat region, the rainfall decit is about 72 percent till date as
on August 6, 2018 year.
Ÿ The Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river as on August 6, 2018 year has only
37 percent water of its gross storage, which has triggered a wave of concern.
Ÿ After months of terming its arid conditions as “water scarcity”, the State
Governmentdeclared drought in 59 talukas in 16 districts in a December 2018
year.
Ÿ Pointed attention of the administrators and policy makers is drawn towards

adoption of articial recharge, public awareness and other appropriate
measures for ensuring adequate ground water availability and sustainability.
x
CHAPTER
1.0
Introduction
1.1. Aims & Objective

Water sources are very limited in North Gujarat so it is the responsibility of every
Citizens to save the water by proper use and increasing the storage capacity of
water. Priority shall be allocated for utilization of water for various uses, so that
the same way become a guideline for all actions for planning, development and
utilization of water resources.
a. Drinking water.
b. Irrigation.
c. Hydro power and Thermal power.
d. Agro-industries and non agricultural industries.
e. Ecology.
f. Navigation, sheries and other uses.
Prioritization impacts water resource management and therefore demands

careful balancing with a perspective for the future. Direct use of rainfall,
desalination and avoidance of inadvertent evapo-transpiration should be the
strategies for augmenting utilize water resources. Increase the rainwater
harvesting to decrease the further depleting water table.
Efforts shall be made so that utilization of surface water can be increased instead
of utilization of ground water resources by transferring surplus quantity of water
from surface water reach river basin to the river basin having over exploitation of
ground water by storing monsoon ood, water through check dams with or
without peoples participation and deepening of tanks to increase recharge of
ground water and to improve the quality of ground water, exploitation of ground
water shall be regulated and controlled to prevent environmental adverse effect.
And also increase considerable amount of water storage in four months of
monsoon seasons.
Water conservation is a key element of any strategy that aims to alleviate the
water scarcity crisis. With rainfall patterns changing almost every year. The
Government has started looking at means to revive the traditional systems of
water harvesting in the country. Given that these methods are simple and eco-
Page 1
friendly for the most part. They are not just highly effective for the people who
rely on them but they are also good for environment. Traditional water harvesting
techniques that reects the geographical peculiarities and cultural uniqueness of
the regions. The basic concept underlying all these techniques is that rain should
be harvested whenever and wherever it falls. In ancient time in India evidence
shows that the Indus Valley Civilization had excellent systems of water
harvesting and drainage.
1.2. Gujarat State on the basis of Water resources
Figure -1 Gujarat Map divided on the basis of Water resources
The Gujarat State can be divided into four distinct units on the basis of water
Resources, endowment namely Kutch, North Gujarat, South & Central Gujarat
and Saurashtra. North Gujarat, the northen part of Indian state of Gujarat includes
the Districts of Gandhinagar, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha, Aravalli, Mehsana and
Patan. North Gujarat has a semi arid climate condition and is dominant in the
Dairy industry. Rainfall is also very less in almost all areas.
In Gujarat average fresh water availability is 855 cum/capita/year, while for

North Gujarat it is 342 cum/capita/year. Which shows water scarcity and very
much less than standard require. There is a wide unequal distribution of fresh
water availability in Gujarat.
South & Central Gujarat is 71%, Saurashtra is 17%, North Gujarat is 10% and
Kutch having only 2%. Fresh water availability in Gujarat is 2.03% as on country
gure. [2011 census]
In past two decades, The Gujarat state has lost about 27% of its ground water
resources, the loss being 50% in North Gujarat. Total water availability quota for
North Gujarat is 6342 MCM. In which 2100 MCM is of Surface water resources
and 4242 MCM is of Underground water resources. There are total 185 river
Page 2
basins in the state varies widely from region to region. The Sabarmati, the Khari,
the Banas, the Sarashwati rivers and theirtributaries, the Majhum, the Vatrak, the
Hathmati are the major river drainage network availability in North Gujarat.
North Gujarat having 15 nos. of Dams [smaller, check dam, earthen dam and
gravity dam]. Total storage capacity of Dams are 1922.26 MCM. Majors are
Dharoi, Dantiwada, Sipu, Majum and Mukteshwar dams.
North Gujarat receiving rain only in monsoon between June to September. There
are wide geographical variations in resources availability and methods of
disposal. In many parts of North Gujarat the extraction of ground water is more
than the recharge, so the resources are stressed and are depleting both in quantity
and quality.
1.1.1. Gandhinagar District profile
Figure -2 Administrative map of Gandhinagar District
Gandhinagar District whose head quarter is at Gandhinagar, the state capital.
1. General Information –
i. Geographical Area [Sq. km.] = 2137.62
ii. Administrative Divisions [As on 2011]
Number of Talukas = 4
Number of Villages = 252
iii. Population [As per 2011 census] = 13,87,478
iv. Average Annual Rainfall [mm] = 823
Page 3
About 95% of the annual rainfall is received during south-west monsoon season
[June to Sept.], July being the heavy rainfall month. The climatological data for
Ahmedabad IMD Station which is nearest is given in table-1.
Table-1 Ahmedabad IMD Station – Climatological Data [1931-60]

Month Temp. Relative Vapour Wind Rainfall
Max. Min. Humidity Pressure Speed
*C *C % Km/hr mm
Jan 28.70 11.90 41.50 9.35 5.4 3.9
Feb 31.00 14.50 38.00 10.05 5.1 0.3
Mar 35.70 18.60 33.50 12.00 7.3 0.9
Apr 39.70 23.00 33.50 14.85 7.8 1.9
May 40.70 26.30 44.50 22.45 9.5 4.5
June 38.00 27.40 59.00 28.90 10.8 100.0
July 33.20 25.70 77.00 30.85 10.8 316.3
Aug 31.80 24.60 76.50 29.65 8.3 213.3
Sep 33.10 24.20 70.00 27.60 7.0 162.8
Oct 35.60 21.20 49.50 19.10 4.6 13.1
Nov 33.00 16.10 40.50 12.75 4.1 5.4
Dec 29.60 12.60 42.50 10.85 2.6 0.7
Total 823.10
2. Geomorphology
Ÿ Geomorphologically the district as has a at planar topography.
Ÿ Major Drainage :- The entire district is a part of North Gujarat Alluvial plain
with neither hill features nor any prominent natural water bodies. The
Sabarmati, The Khari and the Meshwo are important feature of the drainage of
the district is lack of any denite drainage system in the western part and other
is articial drainage i.e. The Narmada Canal System.
The Sabarmati river, which ows through the district in north-south direction, is
the principal river of the district. The Sabarmati was once a perennial river,
however, after construction of dam near Dharoi, it is generally dry during lean
periods except for a small channel of ow due to water released from Dharoi dam.
Recently water from Narmada canal is being fed to the river and the river retains
water down stream of Narmada canal.
3. Land Use [Sq. Km.]

a. Forest area = 21.00
b. Net area sown = 1613
c. Cultivable area = 1933
Page 4
4. Major Soil types
The soil in the district are generally sandy loam type with grey to brown colour.
As per the studies carried out during UNDP project, they are generally deep and
have moderate to good permeability and drainability. In the western part of the
district the soils are alkali type and saline. They are typically deep, grey,
calcareous sandy loam of very low permeability.
5. Area under principal food grain crops

Rice [140 Sq km], Bajra [310 Sq km], Wheat [210 Sq km], Cereals [670 Sq km],
Other pulses [70 Sq km], Total food grains [740 Sq km], GroundNut [ 30 Sq km],
Sesamum [30 Sq km], rapes and mustard [70 Sq km], total oil seeds [380 Sq km]
6. Irrigation by different sources [Areas in sq. km. and numbers of structures]
Dug wells = 91/2203, Tube wells/ Bore wells = 829/5571, Tanks/Ponds/Water

conservation structures = 1, Canals = 1, Other sources = 3.
Ÿ Net irrigated area [sq km] [2004-05] = 925

Ÿ Gross irrigated area [sq km] [2004-05] = 1238
1.1.2. Banaskantha District profile
Figure -3 Administrative map of Banaskantha District
1. General information
i. Geographical Area [Sq km] = 10,303
ii Administrative Divisions on [2011]
Number of Taluka = 12
iii. Populations [As per 2011 census] = 25,02843
iv. Average Annual Rainfall [mm] = 578.8
Page 5
The district has semi arid climate. Climate in the district is characterized by the
hot summer and dryness in the non rainy seasons. The south-west monsoon
season is from mid June to mid September and Post monsoon season is from mid
September to end of October.
May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 41* C.
Annual rainfall of the district is 578.8 mm and is mostly received during June to
September. Climatological data of Deesa IMD station [1951-1980] is given in the
table-2.
Table-2 Climatological data of Deesa IMD station [1951-1980]

Month Temp. Relative Wind Sunshine Evapotran Rainfall
Max. Min. Humidity Speed spiration
*C *C % kmpd hours mm/Day mm
Jan 27.3 9.8 44 129.4 8.9 3.5 2.7
Feb 30.2 12.0 38.5 127.7 9.5 4.3 0.9
Mar 35.1 17.1 34.5 136.3 10.1 5.7 4.3
Apr 39.0 21.9 34.5 134.6 10.8 6.8 0.1
May 41.0 25.3 43.0 184.6 11.4 8.2 1.4
June 38.5 26.7 56.5 246.7 8.7 7.5 59.2
July 33.6 25.4 73.0 201.8 5.3 5.0 215.7
Aug 32.2 24.5 77.0 162.2 5.4 4.4 163.2
Sep 33.7 23.5 68.0 122.5 7.9 4.8 102.2
Oct 36.1 19.7 47.0 100.1 9.6 4.7 12.6
Nov 33.0 15.2 42.0 103.5 9.3 3.8 10.2
Dec 29.3 11.2 44.5 115.6 8.9 3.3 6.3
Total 578.8
Ÿ spread and range of rainfall-23rd June to 23rd Sept. 1990-2007, Maximum
[Total] rainfall [mm] in a year = 1578[2006] and Minimum [Total] rainfall
[mm] in a year = 213[1999].
2. Physiography, Drainage and Soil

Physiography
Geomorphologically the district can be divided into six sub micro regions on the
basis of physiology, climate, geology, soils and natural vegetation.
a. Vav Sandy Plain :- It is mostly sandy plain. There are few small channels,
which merge in to little Rann of Katch. Geologically area is composed of
Alluvium, brown sand etc.
b. Sandy Plain :- This region mainly extends over the north and north western
parts of the district bounded by the state of Rajasthan in the north, Banas valley in
Page 6
the east and south and Vav sandy plain in west. The region has the sloppy
gradient, towards the west in which the river Sukal ows. Geologically area is
composed of Alluvium, brown sand etc.
c. Banas Valley :- This region extends over the central and south-western part of
the district, it is mainly formed by the Banas River. Northen part of this region is
high in elevation than the south and western portions. Geologically area is
composed predominantly of Alluvium, brown sand etc.
d. Banaskantha Aravalli Range :- The region spreads over the eastern part of
Banaskantha district, occupying Danta and part of Palanpur and small area of
Vadgaon talukas. This region is highly elevated ranging between 100 and 300 m.
above mean sea level. Saraswati River is the main river of the region.
Geologically area is composed Alluvium, brown sand etc.
e. Jasor Chhotila Hills :- The region lies in Dhanera and Palanpur talukas and is
enclosed by the state of Rajasthan from three sides while Banaskantha Aravalli
range makes its limit in the south. It is actually disrupted part of Aravalli range by
the Banas valley. It is an undulating terrain with an elevation of 300 m. above
mean sea level and is covered by forest. Geologically this region is mainly
composed of Eranpura granite formation.
f. Umardasi-Saraswati Plain :- This region mainly extends over the south-

eastern part of Banaskantha district covering the talukas of Palanpur and
Vadgaon. This region is formed by the Umardasi and Saraswati River and having
an elevation of 100 m. above mean sea level.
Geologically area is composed of alluvium, brown sand etc.
Drainage
The drainage network in the district is constituted mainly by the Banas and
Sarashwati rivers and their tributaries. In the extreme east, Sabarmati river forms
district boundary with Sabarkantha district and in part controls the drainage
network of the hilly area east of Danta. Other important rivers passing through or
originating from the district are Arjuni, Sipu, Balaram, Khari, Khapra, Kalari,
Gujudi, Dholka, Umardashi, Chekaria, Selvam, Rel, Ravi and Sirinala. Since the
district experiences a semi arid type of climate, the rivers owing through it are of
ephemeral nature i.e. have water during monsoon only and dry up after monsoon.
Some of the rivers like Banas and Saraswati, however carry fairly good amount of
water during rainy season.
There are few important lakes in the district i.e. Ganga Saragar near Jethi Village
in Palanpur taluka. Man Sarovar near Chitrasani village and Dantiwala lake
constructed near Dantiwada Dam. Various canals drawn from the lakes irrigate
the land of the district.
Page 7
Soil
Soils of the district fall in ve broad categories as below.
a. Saline and alkali soils :- These are typically deep, grey calcareous sandy clay
loams of low permeability.
b. Calcareous sandy loams :- These are generally Deep, light grey or brown
sandy loams of moderate to good permeability and drainage.
c. Calcareous sandy soils :- These are mostly pale yellow and brown sands &
loamy sands of good depth and high permeability.
d. Non calcic brown soils :- These are characterized by pale brown to brown
deep loamy sands and sandy loams of adequate to good permeability.
e. Non calcic red brown soils :- These are of mixed colluvial and alluvial
derivations from rocks of the Aravalli system. Mostly deep loamy sands to sandy
loams with adequate to good hydraulic conductivity.
3. Surface Water Resources :- The surface water resources of the district are
very limited. Ground water is the main source of irrigation. Important irrigation
schemes [Table-3] of the district are as follows.
Table-3 Medium & Major Irrigation Schemes. [Banaskantha] in 000

hectares
Sr. No. Name of scheme. Ultimate Irrigation Potential
1 Mukteshvar Irri. Project 6.186
2 Sipu Reservoir Project 16.00
3 Hadmatiya Irri. Scheme 0.792
4 Dantiwada 44.52
[Source: Irrigation Department, Palanpur. [2006-07]
Irrigation – Area Irrigated by different Sources.
The area irrigated by different sources in the district during 2006-07 are
presented in Table-4, which indicate that tube wells are the main source of
irrigation in the district.
The gross area irrigated for both the sources taken together was 47400 hact. For
the year 2006-07.
Estimated 75545 agriculture connections are there in district and equal Number
of Pump Sets/Tube wells were energized.
Page 8
Table-4 Area irrigated by different sources. [Banaskantha] 00 hectares
Sr. No. Source Area Sr. No. Source Area
irrigated. irrigated.
1 Govt. Canals 1950.36 6 Tube wells 240
[Electried]
2 Tanks 237 7 River lift 000
3 Wells 000 8 Other [Adbsnds 290
Lift]
4 Wells 212 9 Net Irrigated Area 466
[Electried]
5 Tube wells 000 10 Gross Irrigated 474
Area
[Source: Irrigation Department, Palanpur]
1.1.3. Sabarkantha District & Aravalli District. [Aravalli district has been
carved out of the Sabarkantha district in 2013.]
Figure-4 Administrative map of Sabarkantha District
1. General information
i Geographical area as per state territory/as per village papers [Sq km.] = 7390 ii,
ii. Administrative divisions [As on 2011]
Number of Taluka = 13
Number of Village = 11389
Page 9
iii Population [As per 2011 census] = 24,27346
iv, Average Annual Rainfall [mm] = 886.6
Sabarkantha district comes under normal rainfall areas in Gujarat, having sub-
tropical climate with moderately low humidity. Sabarkantha district receives
much of its rainfall from the south-west monsoon during the period between June
& October. Total rainy days ranges from 20 to 30 days/year. Climatological Data
of Idar station in Sabarkantha district in Table -5.
Table – 5 Climatological Data of Idar station in Sabarkantha district

Month Temp. Relative Wind Sunshine Solar Eto Rainfall
Max. Min. Humidity Speed Rad
*C *C % kmpd hours MJ/m2/d mm/d mm
Jan 33.2 13.1 33.0 127.5 8.9 16.6 3.7 0.0
Feb 38.4 17.0 28.5 129.2 9.5 19.4 4.5 0.0
Mar 43.9 21.1 25.5 134.6 10.1 22.8 5.8 0.0
Apr 46.8 21.8 26.5 140.0 10.8 25.6 7.0 0.0
May 48.5 27.5 37.5 161.6 11.4 27.1 7.8 0.0
June 47.2 23.9 57.0 184.9 8.7 23.1 6.8 8.0
July 39.6 23.3 71.5 136.4 5.3 17.9 4.5 177.9
Aug 36.4 23.3 81.0 105.9 5.4 17.6 3.9 149.2
Sep 37.4 22.7 69.5 93.3 7.9 20.2 4.5 551.5
Oct 40.2 23.4 41.5 88.0 9.6 20.3 4.5 0.0
Nov 35.8 16.3 33.0 105.9 9.3 17.5 3.9 0.0
Dec 31.0 11.5 35.0 114.9 8.9 15.8 3.5 0.0
Total 886.6
Geomorphology
Physiography :- Physiographically, the district can be divided in to two zones

i.e. the hilly regions and the plains. The hilly ranges cover the northern and
eastern part of the district where as the plains, showing the undulating
topography, are conned towards west and southwest. Hilly area shown the high
relief formed by the long narrow steep sloped and at topped Aravalli ridges
which are intervened by narrow longitudinal valleys. The hilly tract known as
Poshina Patti area covers Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Meghraj, Malpur and parts of
Idar talukas. The hill ranges are aligned roughly in NE-SW and N-S direction.
Near the peripheries ofthe ridges, there are prominent round hills and mounds of
granites between Bhiloda and Idar.
Southern and western parts of the district are mostly plain and sandy area covers
the Prantij, Himmatnagar, Bayad and parts of Idar and Modasa talukas.
Page 10
Table-6 Groundwater prospects of different geomorphic unit. [Sabarkantha
district]
Geomorphic unit Groundwater prospects
Alluvial plain Excellent
Moderately dissected plateau Poor to moderate, good along lineament
and weathered zone
Eroded land Moderate
Pediplain Moderate to poor
Intermontane valley Good [ Depending upon the thickness of
the unconsolidated materials]
Dissected granite hills Negligible, moderate along features
Dissected meta sedimentary hills Moderate to good
Hilly terrain [Aravalli range] Moderate to good along lineament
Drainage :- Sabarmati, the major river of the district, ows from north to south,
along the western border of the district originating from the hill ranges of the
Rajasthan. The area is mainly drained by the southwesterly owing river, namely
the Hathmati, the Khari, the Meshwa, the Majham and the Vatrak.
Surface water resources :- Meshvo reservoir is constructed on Meshvo river

near village Shamlaji of Bhiloda taluka. The total catchment area is 259 sq km.
Majham reservoir is constructed on the Majham river located near Ambaliyara
village in Bayad taluka. The total catchment area is 407.80 sq km. The Vatrak
reservoir is constructed on the Vatrak river located near village maydi in Meghraj
taluka. The Sabarmati reservoir is constructed on the Sabarmati river located near
dharoi village with a total catchment area of 5540 sq km. Guhai reservoir project
is located on the river Guhai in taluka Himmatnagar have a total catchment area
of 422.11 sq km.. Hathmati reservoir project is located on the river Sabarmati in
Bhiloda taluka having a total catchment area of 595 sq km.
Soils :- Sand, goradu and medium black are the three main types of soil found in
almost all talukas. Sandy soil is chiey found in the central part of the district
covering mostly Modasa, Meghraj, Malpur, Himmatnagar, Bhiloda and Idar
talukas. The goradu soil covers Modasa, Prantij, Himmatnagar, Bhiloda and
Malpur talukas and the medium black soil covers Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar,
Bayad and Idar talukas.
Land use [sq km.] ;- Forest area covers 1263, Net area sown covers 4376 and
Cultivable area covers 5735.
3. Area under principal crops [Hectare]-2006-07 :- Rice – 8, Jowar – 1, Bajra –
23, Wheat – 101, Maize – 116, Total cereals – 249, Gram – 4, Other pulses – 46,
Total pulses – 50, Total foodcrops – 300, Ground nut – 59, Seasam – 6, Rapes and
Mustard – 11, Total oil seeds – 113, Cotton – 85.
Page 11
Ÿ Aravalli District whose head quarter is at Modasa. The district has been
carved out of The Sabarkantha district. Current population is 10.2 lacs. Total
area of the district is 3217.19 sq km. It has 676 villages and is the most literate
tribal district, 74% are literate peoples. District comprises of six talukas
namely Modasa, Malpur, Dhansura, Meghraj, Bhiloda and Bayad. Average
Rainfall is 1100 mm.
Figure-5 Administrative map of Aravalli District
1.1.4. Mehsana District Profile
Figure- 6 Administrative map of Mehsana district
Page 12
1. General Information :-
i. Geographical area [sq km.] = 4371
ii. Administrative Divisions [As on 2011].
iii, Populations [As on 2011 census] = 20,27,727
iv. Average Annual Rainfall [mm] = 827
The district has semi arid climate. Extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall and high
evaporation are the characteristic features of this type of climate. Climatological
data of Deesa IMD station [1951-1980] which is nearest is given in the table- 7.
Table-7 Climatological Data- Mehsana district

Year Temp. Relative Wind Rainfall
Max. Min. Humidity Speed
*C *C % Kmpd mm
Jan 28.1 11 44 129.4 1
Feb 31.5 13.4 38.5 127.7 0
Mar 35.5 18 34.5 136.3 2
Apr 39.5 22.5 34.5 134.6 0
May 41.2 26.2 43 184.6 1
June 38.6 27.4 56.5 246.7 56
July 33.3 25.6 73 201.8 250
Aug 32 24.6 77 162.2 158
Sep 33.1 23.9 68 122.5 148
Oct 35.6 20.5 47 100.1 10
Nov 33 15.1 42 103.5 3
Dec 29.8 11.9 44.5 115.6 2
Total 631
Geomorphology and Soil Type
Geomorphologically the district can be divided into three major zones
a. Dissected hilly terrain :- The north eastern part of Satlasana taluka which is
characterized by high hills and linear ridges with narrow intermountain valleys.
b, Piedmont plain with inselbergs :- A belt of about 20-30 km width fringing the
hilly terrain in the north eastern part of the district is characterized by moderate
relief and is comprised of shallow alluvium with boulder/ gravel beds and
occasional inliers of older rocks.
c. Alluvial plain :- It is a vast sandy tract characterized by gently sloping, slightly

rolling to undulatory topography owing to presence of sand dunes, the most
prominent unit and covers the most part of the district.
Page 13
Soils of the district fall in five broad categories as below
a. Saline and alkali soils :- These are typically deep, grey calcareous sandy clay
loams of low permeability.
b. Calcareous sandy loams :- These are generally Deep, light grey or brown
sandy loams of moderate to good permeability and drainage.
c. Calcareous sandy soils :- These are mostly pale yellow and brown sands &
loamy sands of good depth and high permeability.
d. Non calcic brown soils :- These are characterized by pale brown to brown
deep loamy sands and sandy loams of adequate to good permeability.
e. Non calcic red brown soils :- These are of mixed colluvial and alluvial
derivations from rocks of the Aravalli system. Mostly deep loamy sands to sandy
loams with adequate to good hydraulic conductivity.
3. Drainage :- Major drainages are Rupen and Khari.
4. Land use [sq km.] :- Forest area covers – 72, Net area sown covers – 3516 and
Cultivable area covers - 4509
5. Area under principal crops [sq km] :- Rise – 80, Jowar – 10, Bajra – 720,
Wheat – 520, Total Cereals -1370, Gram- 10, Other pulses – 260, Total pulses –
260, Total food grains – 1630, Groundnut – 30, Seasemum – 130, Rapes and
Mustard – 420, Total oil seeds – 990
6. Irrigation by different sources.[Area in sq km. and Numbers of

structures]
a. Dug wells = 206/8202
b. Tube wells/ Bore wells = 2289/11220
c. Tanks/Ponds/Water conservation structures. = 18 d, Canals = 206
e. Other sources = 9
Net irrigated area [sq km] = 2186
Gross irrigated area [sq km] = 2733
7, Drinking water wells and water supply based on ground water sources.
Table- 8 Drinking water well based on Ground water sources. [Mehsana

district]
Taluka No. of No. of Depth Range Discharge Range
Dugwell Tubewell [m] [LPM]
Satlasna 0 0 0 0
Kheralu 0 0 0 0
Unjha 0 0 0 0
Page 14
Visnagar 0 44 130-300 400-800
Vadnagar 0 9 120-150 200-400
Vijapur 0 62 60-240 200-800
Mehsana 0 117 220-400 400->800
Becharaji 0 47 250-400 400->800
Kadi 0 120 220-300 400-800
1.1.5. Patan District profile
Figure- 7 Administrative map of Patan District
1. General Information
i. Geographical area [sq km] =5740
ii. Administrative Divisions [As on 2011]
iii. Populations [As on 2011 census] = 13,42,746
iv Average Annual Rainfall [mm] = 664.87
The district has semi arid climate. Extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall and high
evaporation are the characteristic features of this type of climate. Climatological
data of Radhanpur IMD station [1951-1980] which falls in the district is given in
table- 9.
Table-9 Climatological data - Radhanpur

Month Temp. Relative Wind Sunshine Solar Eto Rainfall
Max. Min. Humidity Speed Rad
*C *C % kmpd hours MJ/m2/d mm/d mm
Jan. 27.2 10.0 48.5 113.5 8.9 16.6 3.3 2.3
Feb. 39.4 12.5 47.0 110.0 9.5 19.4 4.1 0.7
Page 15
Mar. 35.2 17.0 43.0 115.2 10.1 22.8 5.4 5.3
Apr. 39.3 21.9 46.0 129.2 10.8 25.6 6.7 0.1
May 41.6 24.8 49.5 204.3 11.4 27.1 8.4 1.7
June 38.6 26.6 62.0 267.1 8.7 23.1 7.4 32.3
July 34.4 25.3 74.0 235.7 5.3 17.9 5.2 152.0
Aug. 33.1 24.2 75.5 188.6 5.4 17.6 4.6 97.2
Sep. 34.3 23.6 70.0 130.9 7.9 20.2 4.9 105.1
Oct. 36.3 20.7 53.0 87.3 9.6 20.3 4.6 4.7
Nov. 32.9 15.9 47.0 92.5 9.3 17.5 3.7 1.2
Dec. 29.1 11.7 51.0 106.5 8.9 15.8 3.2 0.1
Total 402.7
2. Geomorphology and Soil type
Geomorphologically the district can be divided into three major zones.
a. Alluvial plain :- It is a vast sandy tract characterized by gently sloping,

slightly rolling to undulatory topography owing to presence of sand dunes. It is
the most prominent unit and covers the most part of the district.
b. Sedimentary Pedeplain :- It is a featureless, gently sloping sedimentary

pedeplain bordering the alluvial plain which merges with the Rann of kachchh. It
consists of marine sedimentary formations of Jurassic and tertiary period. It falls
in the western part of the district in Sathalpur Taluka.
c. Rann and Bets :- These are small isolated and continuous patches of marshy
land which are contiguous to the Rann of Kachchh. The terrain is monotonously
at and low lying with elevations less than 8 mamsl with or without salt
encrustations. Bets are the small island in the Rann. These are found in the
western part of the district.
Soil Type :- Soils of the district can be classied broadly into two major types
a. Eolian and Alluvial Soils :- these soils have very high basic inltration rates
[60 to 215 mm/hour].
b. Saline Soils :- These soils are charged with salt content are basically saline
alkali type.
3. Land use [sq km]

Forest area covers = 465, Net area sown covers = 3819, Cultivable area covers =
4979.
4. Area under principal Crops [sq km]
Bajra- 980, Wheat – 270, Total Cereals – 1280, Gram- 160, Other pulses – 340,
Total pulses – 500, Total food grains – 1780, Seasemum – 70, Rapes and Mustard
540, Total oil seeds- 820
Page 16
5. Irrigation by different sources [Areas in sq. km. and numbers of
structures]
a. Dug wells = 78/4660
b. Tube wells/ Bore wells = 1017/5271
c. Tanks/Ponds/Water conservation structures. =6 d, Canals = 97
e. Other sources = 262
Net irrigated area= 1287
Gross irrigated area = 1535
Page 17
CHAPTER
2.0
Groundwater Scenario
[Hydrological Information]
2.1. Hydrogeology
The district forms a part of Cambay basin and is occupied by quaternary alluvium
comprising mainly of sand, gravel, silt clay and kankar etc. The ONGC has
established that the thickness of alluvium in the North Gujarat is about 700 m.
However. As per the studies carried out by CGWB under UNDP Project the
Miocene formations were encountered within 611 m at the deepest borehole
drilled in the district at Sardhao. There is a sequence of altering layers of granular
sandy clayey horizons, the uppermost granular zone varies in thickness from 5 to
65 m. it is underlain by a thick clay bed followed by alternating sequence of
arenaceous and argillaceous horizons. The granular horizons occurring at various
depths forms potential aquifers. The aquifer system of the district is described
below.
2.2. Aquifer System

Geological survey of India during its studies had identied three conned
aquifers within a depth of 600 m. in the adjoining Mehsana district. These were
designated as 'A', 'B' and 'C' aquifers. Subsequently, the studies carried out by
CGWB under UNDP project, which also covered the northern part of
Gandhinagar district, a multi-aquifer system was established. A total of 7 aquifers
zones, each separated by aquiclude of varying thickness, were identied as 'A',
'B', 'C', 'D', 'E, 'F' and 'G'. Of these rst ve i.e. 'A to E' represents Quaternary
alluvium, whereas, last two i.e. 'F &G' represents Miocene sediments.
The thickness of quaternary alluvium is limited in the eastern part and all the
aquifers are not developed in this part. Moreover, identication of different
aquifers also becomes very difcult in the eastern part due to limited thickness of
aquiclude. However, the aquifer system is well developed in the western part. The
aquifers in the entire district are the southward and eastward extension of those
identied in the UNDP Project area.
The aquifer 'A' in the district occurs as phreatic and semi-conned aquifer. The
thickness varies from less than 25 m. in the east to more than 80 m. in the western
part. Most of the dug wells and shallow tube wells tap this aquifer. However, over
Page 18
the years it has gone dry and at present occurs as saturated zone only in the
vicinity of Sabarmati River and in the eastern parts of Dahegam & Gandhinagar
Talukas.
The aquifer 'B' and 'C' which occurs within a depth of about 225 m, are the most
exploited aquifer in the district and most of the tube wells constructed tap these
aquifers.
Aquifer 'D' is also being developed in some parts of the district particularly in
Mansa and Kalol talukas.
The deeper aquifers, i.e. 'E', 'F' and 'G' are required to be properly explored and
tested for future use. The depth of most prolic and most exploited aquifers in the
district range from about 50 m to more than 300 m. The tube wells tap all potential
zones upto the depth constructed. The aquifers being tapped are 'B' and /or 'C' in
major part of the district. However, aquifer 'A' and 'D' are also being developed
either in isolation or in combination of other aquifers in the eastern and western
parts respectively.
B. Banaskantha District
2.0. Hydrogeology
Precambrian hard rocks, semi-consolidated Mesozoic and tertiary formations
and unconsolidated quaternary alluvial deposits form multi layer aquifer system
in the district. Groundwater occurs both under phreatic and conned conditions,
however its development is restricted depending upon the aquifer geometry and
yield characteristic of individual aquifer and/or ground water quality of the
formation water.
2.2. Aquifer System

Ground water in fissured formation [ Hard rock]
The north-eastern part of the district is mainly occupied by meta sediments and
Post Delhi intrusive. The occurrence and movement of ground water is governed
by secondary porosity i.e. thickness and extent of weathering and size & inter
connections of fractures/joints.
These formations generally do not form very good aquifer system. The depth of
dug wells ranges from 15-30 mbgl and of bore wells ranges from 100-200 mbgl.
Depth to water level in the dug wells varies from 5-14 mbgl and in bore wells
from 15 to 60 mbgl. The successful bore wells drilled so far, yielded in the range
of 30-1036 m3/day with an average yield of 240 m3/day.
Ground water in porous formations [Sedimentary]

Northern and central parts of the north Gujarat including major part of the
Banaskantha district is underlain by post Miocene alluvium and older semi
consolidated Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary formations. These sedimentary
formations form the most prolic multi- aquifer system comprising several
Page 19
conned aquifers; these sediments are mainly consisted of Course sand, gravel,
kankar, silt, clay and clay stones. Ground water occurs both under phreatic and
conned conditions in arenaceous horizons within sedimentaries. The
occurrence and movement of ground water is mainly controlled by intergranular
pore spaces. Two major aquifer units have been identied the upper unit is mostly
phreatic but becomes semi conned to conned in some parts. It is designated as
aquifer A and consists of relatively coarse grained sediments. The lower units
comprising a few hundred meters of alternating sand and clay beds form conne
aquifer system. It is further subdivided into aquifers of post Miocene sediments
and aquifers in the Miocene sediments. The post Miocene aquifers are generally
coarse to negrained sand with occasional gravel beds. Conned aquifers in this
area have been broadly grouped into, rst conned [shallow] aquifer ranging in
depth from 80 to 160 m bgl and the second conned aquifer [deep] ranging in
depth from 155 to 275 m bgl. These aquifers extend from the foothill of the
Aravallis in the northeast to the little Rann of Kachchh in the west. The Miocene
aquifers are mainly ne to medium grained sand, sandstone is generally coarse
grained and friable.
Figure -8 Schematic Section showing dual aquifer system Concept
C. Sabarkantha District and Aravalli District

2.1. Hydrogeology
Geologically, Sabarkantha district is the manifestation of diverse geological
extension from Lower Proterozoic to Holocene. The oldest formation in the area
is Aravallis Supergroup comprises of various meta-sediments belongs to Lower
Proterozoic. The rock types encountered in the area are sedimentary, meta-
sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Among the different rock types,
the rocks of Aravallis and Delhi Super group cover a large area in the northern and
eastern part of the district.
The Aravalli Supergroup

The rocks of the Aravalli Supergroup occupy by mainly the eastern part of the
Page 20
district and are represented by the Goran and the Samlaji formation of the Jharol
Group and Kadana formation of the Lunavada Group. These comprises of highly
folded Phyllite, chlorite-mica schist, quartzite, garnetiferous mica schist, calc-
amphibolite schist, feldspathic-mica schist and metagraysubwacke. At places,
serpentinite and talc-carbonate rocks of the Rakhabdev Ultramac suite are seen.
Around Vadali, Khedbrahma and Golwada many hills of Calc- gneiesses trend
north, north-east to south, south west. These are generally complicated in their
formation and bending, General strikes is NNE-SSW and dip is steep. At places,
gneisses are intruded by aplite veins. Crystalline dolomites occur as an
intercalated sequences within the meta sediments and constitutes an important
lithological unit. The quartzites are ne grained to medium grained and thin
bedded. The quartzites occur as scattered isolated outcrops near Meru, Bhanmer
and Kheradi.
Delhi Supergroup
The northern part of the district is mainly occupied by the rocks belonging to the
Kelwara and Antalia formation of Gogunda group and Todgarh formation of the
Kumbhargarh group of the Delhi Supergroup. They comprises of quartzite,
biotite gneiss/migmatite. The rocks belonging to Aravalli and Delhi Supergroups
are strongly deformed under atleast three phases of deformation. The regional
trend of the beds and foliation vary from NNE-SSW to NE-SW with steep dips on
either side. The area in the north is intruded by the Sendra-Ambaji granite[CA955
Ma] is exposed in the central part, granite, quartz vein and quartz porphyry,
quartz vein and dolerite belonging to the Malani igneous suite are observed
around Idar.
Himmatnagar Formation
Conglomerate, variegated sandstone, shale, clay stone and chert belonging to the
Himmatnagar formation of Mesozoic age are found in and around Himmatnagar.
The conglomerate are not always seen at the base of the Himmatnagar formation.
It is however well exposed in the river cuttings near Arsodia. Sandstones are
generally loosely aggregated, but at several places it is also compact. There are
several bands of shale with in sandstones.
Lameta formation
Lameta formation, consisting of variegated clay, banded chert and Limestone of
upper cretaceous age are seen in the southern and southeastern part of the district.
Deccan Traps
Basaltic ows with associated minor inter trappean horizons, grouped under the
Deccan traps are limited to the southern and south-western parts in the Meshwo
and Mazum river sections. These are of 'aa' and pahoe-hoe' tupe lava ows.
Basalts ows also occupy the area east and north east of Kapadvanj, south of
Bayad and north of Dabha and it is also exposed along the Vatrak river section
north of Thalpore. Matanomadh formations are found exposed in the western part
of the district. Laterites have supposed to be originated from the weathering of
coarse grained granites and Himmatnagar sandstones.
Page 21
Alluvium
Rest of the area occupied by the windblown sands of the Akhaj formation, ood
plain and channel ll deposits of Varahi formation of Holocene. Alluvium mainly
composed of medium to coarse sand, gravel, cobble and boulders with clay are
present in the southern part of the district. Alluvium also found in patches along
the Meshwo and Majhan river, north-east of Nawagam, south-west of Bheswara,
west of Varngam, south of Khilori and also in patches along the Vatrak river
section.Aeolian sand are brownish yellow, ne to medium grained, sub rounded
to rounded and unconsolidated sand. The general range of thickness Aeolian sand
is 5 to 18 m but to the south of Balisana, it increases up to 35 m.
2.2. Aquifer System

Ground water occurs in all types of formation, but the most productive aquifer are
Himmatnagar sandstone, Quarternary sediments [Alluvium] and Deccan traps.
Quartzite, phyllite and schist

Among the different types of aquifer quartzite, phyllite and schist occupy the
maximum area in the district. In these formations, ground water occur under
unconned condition in weathered portion and in ssures, joints and other weak
planes. In general, yield of the open wells tapping these formations are poor,
except those located near streams and tanks. Yield of the wells ranges from 5 to
350 m3/day.
Granite and granite gneiss

Granite and granite gneisses are occur as water bearing formation in the northern
part of the district and also in a few scattered areas in the central and southern
parts. Ground water occur under unconned to semi-conned condition in
weathered and ssured zones. Depth of weathered zone is highly variable and
extent down to a depth of 30 m and at places it has been noticed upto 40 m depth.
Yield of wells tapping granite ranges from 5 to 25 m3/day.
Himmatnagar sandstones
Himmatnagar sandstones occurs as water bearing formation in the western and
south western part of the district. Ground water occur under unconned to
conned condition. The thickness of Himmatnagar series varies from 40 m at
Timba Kampa to 82 m at Liol. The yield of the dug well and dug cum bore well
varies from 342 to 1752 m3/ day and in tube it ranges from 163 to 864 m3/day.
Deccan Trap
Deccan trap occur as water bearing formation in the southern and southern part of
the district. In the Deccan traps, ground water occurs in weathered portion and in
weak planes like ssures and joints under unconned condition. The yield of
wells tapping Deccan traps ranges from a few cubic meter to 30 m3/day. The
uppermost trappean ow is highly jointed and brittle. It has been encountered in
the bore holes at Mohanpur, Ghari, Fatehpur, Mota and Timba Kampa and the
maximum thickness is about 200m as met at Timba Kampa Bore hole.
Page 22
The upper part of the ow is potential due to the thick weathered zone and joints,
fractures and secondary partings down below.
Sandstones and Limestones of Bagh beds/Lameta

Sandstones and limestones Bagh beds occur in a small area in the southern part of
the district. The sandstones are ne grained and compact. So potentiality are poor.
The limestone are massive, compact and poorly jointed and also very poor
yielding.
Alluvium and blown sand aquifer

Alluvium and blown sand aquifers mainly occur in the south western part of the
district and also occur as small scattered patches along different streams.
Alluvium is an important formation with regard to the development of ground
water in view of occurrence of highly permeable granular beds in some areas.
Ground water occur both under unconned and conned condition. The
thickness of alluvium ranges from 73m [Balisana] to 28.35m [Nananpur]. Yield
of dug well ranges between 12 to 1062 m3/day, while tube well yield as high as
6720 m3/day with a low to medium of vary wide range.
Fine to medium grained, unconsolidated sand comprises the aquifer materials in

the blown sand and nit occurs as water bearing formation in the southern part of
district. The yield of the dug well located in blown sand ranges between 6.4 to 90
m3/day.
D. Mehsana District
2.1. Hydrogeology
Precambrian hard rocks, semi-consolidated Mesozoic and tertiary formations
and unconsolidated quaternary alluvial deposits form multi layer aquifer system
in the district. Ground water occurs both under phreatic and conned conditions,
however, its development is restricted depending upon the aquifer geometry and
yield characteristic of individual aquifer and/or ground water quality of the
formation water.
2.2. Aquifer Systems

Ground water in fissured formation [Hard rock]
The north-eastern part of the district mainly in Satlasna taluka is occupied by
metasediments and Post Delhi intrusive. The occurrence and movement of
ground water is governed by secondary porosity i.e. thickness and extent of
weathering and size & interconnections of fractures/joints. These formations
generally don't form good aquifer system. The depth of dug wells ranges from 15-
30 mbgl and of bore wells from 100-120 mbgl. The yield of wells range from 30-
120 m3/day with an average of 75m3/day.
Ground water in porous formations [Sedimentaries]

Major part of the district is underlain by post Miocene alluvium and older
sedimentary formations. Ground water occurs both under phreatic and conned
Page 23
conditions in arenaceous horizons within sedimentaries. The occurrence and
movement of ground water is mainly controlled by inter granular pore spaces.
Two major aquifer units have been identied the upper unit is mostly phreatic but
becomes semi conned to conned in some parts. It is designated as aquifer 'A'
and consists of relatively coarse grained sediments. The lower unit comprising a
few hundred meter of alternating sand and clay beds form connes aquifer
system. It is subdivided into B,C,D, and E in post Miocene sediments and aquifer
F and G in the Miocene sediments.
Aquifer parameters
Un conned aquifer:- Aquifer – A :- Specic capacity of phreatic aquifer in the
district ranges from 31m3/hr/m to less than 1m3/hr/m and transmissivity from
30m2/day to 1000m2/day.
Confined Aquifers
Aquifer – B :- Specic capacity ranges from 1.8m3/hr/m to 49m3/hr/m.
Transmissivity ranges between 47 and 3400m2/day, however it is mostly
between 200- 600m2/day. Storativity ranges from 0.6-12.3x10@-4
Aquifer- C :- Specic capacity calculated for wells at Saola and Charasan ranges
from 21.3 and 2.8m2/day/m respectively. Transmissivity was 94m2/day at
Charasan EW.
Aquifer- D :- Specic capacity calculated for EW at Dhinoj was found to be

1.3m3/hr/day, the transmissivity being 69m2/day.
Aquifer- E :- No pumping test carried out in this aquifer.
Aquifer – F & G – Specic capacity calculated for wells at Charasan and Pilwai
was 1.1m3/hr/m and 1.7m3/hr/m respectively. Transmissivity was 59m2/day and
70m2/day.
E Patan District- 2.1. Hydrogeology :- The geological setup with vast areas
affected by salinity present a complex hydrogeological pattern in the district. The
semi-consolidated Mesozoic and tertiary formations and unconsolidated
quaternary alluvial deposits form multi layer aquifer system in the district.
Ground water occurs both under phreatic and conned conditions, however its
development is restricted depending upon the aquifer geometry and yield
characteristic of individual aquifer and/or ground water quality of the formation
water.
2.2. Aquifer System

Occurrence of Ground water
Major part of the district is underlain by post Miocene alluvium and older
sedimentary formations. Ground water occurs both under phreatic and conned
Page 24
conditions in arenaceous horizons within sedimentaries. The occurrence and
movement of ground water is mainly controlled by intergranular pore spaces.
Nature and depth of aquifer system

Two major aquifer units have been identied in the district. The upper unit is
mostly phreatic but becomes semi conned to conned in some parts. It is
designated as aquifer- A. The lower unit comprising a few hundred meters of
alternating sand and clay beds form connes aquifer system. It is subdivided into
B,C,D, and E in post Miocene sediments and aquifer F and G in the Miocene
sediments.
Aquifer parameters
Un confined aquifer:- Aquifer – A :- Specic capacity of phreatic aquifer in the
district ranges from 31m3/hr/m to less than 1m3/hr/m and transmissivity from
30m2/day to 1000m2/day.Conned Aquifers :- Aquifer – B :- Specic capacity
ranges from 1.8m3/hr/m to 49m3/hr/m. Transmissivity ranges between 47 and
3400m2/day, however it is mostly between 200- 600m2/day. Storativity ranges
from 0.6-12.3x10@-4
Aquifer- C :- Specic capacity calculated for wells at Saola and Charasan ranges
from 21.3 and 2.8m2/day/m respectively. Transmissivity was 94m2/day at
Charasan EW.
Aquifer- D :- Specic capacity calculated for EW at Dhinoj was found to be

1.3m3/hr/day, the transmissivity being 69m2/day.
Aquifer- E :- No pumping test carried out in this aquifer.
Aquifer – F & G – Specic capacity calculated for wells at Charasan and Pilwai
was 1.1m3/hr/m and 1.7m3/hr/m respectively. Transmissivity was 59m2/day and
70m2/day.
2.3. Hydrochemistry [Ground water quality]

2.3.1. Ground water Quality monitoring
Hydrochemistry is an interdisciplinary science that deals with the chemistry of
water in the natural environment. The classical use of chemical characteristics in
hydrochemistry is to provide information about the regional distribution of water
qualities. At the same time, hydrochemistry has a potential use for tracing the
origin and history of water. The diverse physiographic, climatic, topographic and
geologic conditions have given rise to diversied ground water situations in
different parts of Gujarat State.
A systematic plan for conducting water quality monitoring is called Monitoring

programme, which includes monitoring network design, preliminary survey,
resource estimation, sampling, analysis, data management and reporting. Central
Ground Water Board [WCR], Ahmedabad has monitored a total number of 602
Page 25
water samples collected during May 2015, for basic parameters determining PH,
EC, TDS, CO3,HCO3, CL, NO3, SO4, F, Ca, Mg, TH, Alkalinity, Na, K, and
SAR, involving use of instruments such as PH meter, EC meter, ame
photometer, UV/Visible Spectrophotometer and titrimetric methods. Further 602
water samples received during the same period were analyzed for As by
colorimetric method using visible spectrophotometer. From the analytical results
it has been observed that majority of water samples collected from observation
wells of CGWB in a major part of the state fall under desirable or permissible
category and hence are suitable for drinking purposes. However, a small
percentage of well waters are found to have concentrations of some constituents
beyond the permissible limits. Such waters are not t for human consumption and
are likely harmful to health on continuous use. Distribution of Ground water
Monitoring wells in the major river basin-2015-16 shown in Table- 10
Table-10 Distribution of Ground water monitoring wells in the major river

basin -2015-16
DISTRICT BASIN NAME SUB BASIN NAME Total
NAME
GANDHINAGAR Draining into Gulf of Kutch. Rupen 10
Draining into Gulf of Kutch 10
Total
Sabarmati Lb of Sabarmati up to 9
Hathmati
Rb of Sabarmati and 14
Upper part beyond
Hathmati
Sabarmati Total 23
Gandhinagar Total 33
BANASKANTHA Draining into Gulf of Kutch Rupen 31
Total
Luni and other drainage into Mainly Luni 8
Great
Rann of Kutch
Mostly Great Rann of 31
Kutch
Luni and other drainage into 39
Great
Rann of Kutch Total
Sabarmati Lb of Sabarmati upto 1
Hathmati
upper part beyond
Hathmati
Page 26
Sabarmati Total 2
Banaskantha Total 72
SABARKANTHA Sabarmati Lb of Sabarmati upto 45
Hathmati
upper part beyond
Hathmati
Sabarmati Total 57
Sabarkantha Total 57
MEHSANA Draining into Gulf of Kutch Rupen 53
Total
Hathmati
upper part beyond
Hathmati
Sabarmati Total 8
Mehsana Total 61
PATAN Draining into Gulf of Kutch Rupen 26
South owing Drainage 4
mostly Bhuj area
Total
Luni and other drainage into Mainly Luni 2
Great Rann of Kutch
Mostly Great Rann of 3
Kutch
Luni and other drainage into 5
Great
Rann of Kutch Total
Hathmati
Sabarmati Total 3
Patan Total 38
2.3.2.The Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity or Total dissolved solids or Salinity is the saltiness or
dissolved salt contents of a water body. Different substances dissolve in water
giving it taste and odour. In fact, human beings have developed senses, which are
able to evaluate the potability of water. EC represents total number of cations and
anions present in ground water, including ionic mobility of different ions, total
dissolved solids and saline nature of water. In general water having EC <
1500uS/cm, is considered as fresh water, EC 1500-15000uS/cm, is considered as
Brackish water and > 15000uS/cm is considered as saline water. In general in
Page 27
most parts of the state the EC value is found to be very high i.e. 3200uS/cm to
15000uS/cm and more.
Chloride
Chloride is present in all natural waters being highly soluble and moves freely
through soil and rock. In ground water Chloride content is mostly below 250 mg/l
except in cases where inland salinity is prevalent and in coastal areas. BIS have
recommended a desirable limit of 250mg/l of chloride in drinking water; this
concentration limit can be extended to 1000mg/l of chloride in cases where no
alternative source of water with desired concentration is available.
Nitrate
Nitrate is a naturally occurring compound that is formed in the soil when nitrogen
and oxygen combine. Dissolved nitrogen in the form of nitrate is the most
common contaminant of ground water. Nitrate in ground water generally
originates from non point sources such as leaching of chemical fertilizers and
animal manure, ground water pollution from septic and sewage discharges etc.
As per BIS standard for drinking water the maximum desirable limit of nitrate
concentration in ground water is 45 mg/l. Though nitrate is considered relatively
non- toxic, a high nitrate concentration in drinking water is an environmental
health concern arising from increased risks of methaemoglobinemia particularly
to infants. Adults can tolerate little higher concentration.
Fluoride
Most of the uoride found in ground water is naturally occurring from the
breakdown of rocks and soils or weathering and deposition of atmospheric
particles. The type of rocks, climatic conditions, nature of hydro geological strata
and time of contact between rock and the circulating ground water affect the
occurrence of uoride in natural water. It is well known that small amount of
uoride [> 1.0mg/l] have proven to be benecial in reducing tooth decay. BIS has
recommended an upper desirable limit of 1.0mg/l of uoride concentration in
drinking water, which can be extended to 1.5mg/l in case no alternative source of
drinking water is available.
Arsenic
Arsenic is a naturally occurring trace element found in rocks, soils and the water
in contact with them. Arsenic has been recognized as a toxic element and is
considered as human health hazard. As per BIS standard for drinking water [BIS
1991] Arsenic in ground water beyond permissible limit [> 50ug/l].
Table- 11, District wise range distribution of pollution parameters observed
during HGNWS monitoring- 2015
S. N District Analysed No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of
for samples samples samples with samples samples
basic with with NO3>45mg/L with with
EC>3200u CL>1000m F>1.5mg/L As>
S/ g/L 50ug/L
cm
Page 28
1 Gandhina 2 0[max. 0[max. 284, 2[max. 0[max. 1.30 ---
gar 2677, Serthapara] 140,Paliya] Serthapara]
Serthapara]
2[min. 2[min. 249, 0[min. 70, 2[min. 1.12, ---
1977, Paliya] Serthapara] Paliya]
paliya]
2 Banaskan 13 2[max.4028 0[max.852, 5[max.115,A 2[max.2.30, ---
tha ,khoda] Amirgadh] mirgadh] khoda]
11[min.478, 13[min.43, 8[min.8, 11[min.0.20 ---

Danti Bharol 1] Bharol 1] ,Bhar
wada 1] ol 1]
3 Sabarkan 38 3[max.4826 1[max.1250 24[max.190, 2[max.2.60, 1[max.0.
tha ,Silwad] , Silwad] Choriwad] Idar] 78,
Sabbalw
ad]
35[min.524, 37[min.57, 14[min.0, 36[min..00, 16[min.0
Virpur 2] Malpur] Megraj] Atarsu .00,Malp
ma] ur]
4 Mehsana 15 3[max.8190 1[max.1527 1[max..185, 2[max.1.90, 1[max.0.
, Unad , Unad Unjha ] Dasaj] 85,
1] 1] Asjol]
12[min.385, 14[min.21, 14[min.0.00,T 13[min.0.1511[min.0.
Asjol] Asjol] arabh] ,Asjol] 00,Bhan
d
upara]
5 Patan 8 3[max.2920 2[max.1113 3[max.245,Pat 1[max.3.00, ----
0,Mot 2,Motic an-2] Pipral
ichander] hander] a]
7[min.778, 6[min.43, 5[min.4, 7[min.0.00, ----
Shankh Sander] Sander] Dharm
ari] oda]
Page 29
CHAPTER
3.0
Status of Ground Water
3.1. Depth of Water level [Unconfined Aquifer]

The monitoring of ground water levels has been carried out at ground water
monitoring wells four times in a year simultaneously throughout the State during
the following periods.
th
a. May-20th to 30 . [water level of pre-monsoon period].
b. August-20th to 30th. [peak monsoon water level].
c, November-1st to 10th [water level of post-monsoon period].
st th
d. January- 1 to 10 [the recession stage of water level].
The data is analysed for each set of measurement, and report prepared which
include following maps to understand the groundwater regime in the state.
1, Depth to water level.

2, Seasonal uctuation- water level uctuation in comparison to pre-monsoon.
3, Annual uctuation- water level uctuation in comparison to same month in the
previous year.
4, Decadal uctuation- water level uctuation in the month of measurement with
reference to the decadal average for the same month.
Depth to Water Level May 2015

In North Gujarat about 65% of the area falls in the water level range of 5-20 mbgl.
Deeper water levels ranges 20 to 40 mbgl are experienced in major part
Banaskantha, Mehsana districts and Sabarkantha districts. The deepest water
level of 61.30 mbgl is recorded at Deesa in Banaskantha district.
Table-12. Well wise categorization of Depth to Water Level- May 2015

Sl No. District No. of DTWL in No. of well in different Ranges.
wells mbgl
Analy Min Max 0 2 to 5 to 10 to 20 to >40
sed to2[m] 5[m] 10[m] 20[m] 40[m] [m]
Page 30
1 Gandhin 5 11.99 58.30 0 0 0 3 0 2
agar 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 60.00% 0.00% 40.00%
2 Banaska 20 3.16 61.30 0 1 1 10 7 1
ntha 0.00% 5.00% 5.00% 50.00% 35.00% 5.00%
3 Sabarka 42 4.85 43.00 0 1 13 20 7 1
ntha 0.00% 2.38% 30.95% 47.62% 16.67% 2.38%
4 Mehsana 24 2.55 17.30 0 5 11 8 0 0
0.00% 20.83% 45.83% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00%
5 Patan 9 1.65 17.48 1 3 3 2 0 0
11.11% 33.33% 33.33% 22.22% 0.00% 0.00%
Depth to Water Level August 2015

In North Gujarat, about 93% of the area falls within the water level of 20 mbgl.
Shallow water levels [lesser than 5mbgl] are observed in the area in Sabarkantha
district. Deeper water levels ranges from 20 to 40 mbgl in major part of
Banaskantha, adjoining area of Gandhinagar and as isolated patches in Mehsana
and Sabarkantha districts. The deepest water level of 42.40 mbgl is recorded in
Derol in Sabarkantha district, whereas the Shallowest water level, near to ground
level 0.5 m bgl has been recorded at Radhanpur in Patan district.
Table-13 Well wise categorization of Depth to Water Level- August 2015

wells mbgl
Analy Min Max 0 2 to 5 to 10 to 20 to >40
sed to2[m] 5[m] 10[m] 20[m] 40[m] [m]
1 Gandhin 4 11.74 27.00 0 0 0 2 2 0
agar 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 40.00% 40.00% 0.00%
2 Banaska 18 4.53 35.28 0 1 8 4 5 0
ntha 0.00% 5.56% 44.44% 22.22% 27.78% 0.00%
3 Sabarka 56 1.45 42.40 2 12 26 11 4 1
ntha 3.57% 21.43% 46.43% 19.64% 7.14% 1.79%
4 Mehsana 21 0.68 15.78 5 7 6 3 0 0
23.81% 33.33% 28.57% 14.29% 0.00% 0.00%
5 Patan 7 0.05 15.18 2 0 3 2 0 0
28.57% 0.00% 42.86% 28.57% 0.00% 0.00%
Depth to Water Level November 2015

In North Gujarat, about 94% of the total well analysed falls within the water level
range of 20 mbgl. Shallow water levels [lesser than 5 mbgl] are observed in the
Sabarkantha district. Deeper water levels ranges 20 to 40 mbgl are experienced in
major part Banaskantha, adjoining area of Gandhinagar and as isolated patch in
Mehsana districts. The deepest water level of 57.95 mbgl at Deesa in
Banaskantha district
Page 31
Table-14 Well wise categorization of Depth to Water Level- November 2015
wells mbgl
Analy
sed Min Max 0 2 to 5 to 10 to 20 to >40
to2[m] 5[m] 10[m] 20[m] 40[m] [m]
1 Gandhin 4 11.36 54.28 0 0 0 3 0 1
agar 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 60.00% 0.00% 20.00%
2 Banaska 19 3.10 57.95 0 1 4 9 4 1
ntha 0.00% 5.26% 21.05% 47.37% 21.05% 5.26%
3 Sabarka 54 1.60 36.15 2 10 23 15 4 0
ntha 3.70% 18.52% 42.59% 27.78% 7.41% 0.00%
4 Mehsan 25 2.34 17.92 0 11 9 5 0 0
a 0.00% 44.00% 36.00% 20.00% 0.00% 0.00%
5 Patan 10 0.33 32.01 4 0 3 2 1 0
40.00% 0.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%
Depth to Water Level January 2016

In North Gujarat, about 91% 0f the total well analysed falls within the water level
range of 20 mbgl of which alone 61% represent the water level range of 0-10
mbgl. Shallow water levels [lesser than 5 mbgl] are observed in Sabarkantha
district. Deeper water levels ranges 20 to 40 mbgl are experienced in major part of
Banaskantha district, the adjoining area of Gandhinagar and as isolated patch in
Sabarkantha district. The deepest water level of 59.38 mbgl at Deesa in
Banaskantha district, whereas shallowest water level of 0.87 mbgl has been
recorded at Radhanpur in Patan district.
Table-15 Well wise categorization of Depth to Water Level- January 2016

wells mbgl
Analy
sed Min Max 0 2 to 5 to 10 to 20 to >40
to2[m] 5[m] 10[m] 20[m] 40[m] [m]
1 Gandhina 5 6.63 21.16 0 0 2 2 1 0
gar 0.00% 0.00% 40.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00%
2 Banaskan 20 3.66 59.38 0 1 4 9 5 1
tha 0.00% 5.00% 20.00% 45.00% 25.00% 5.00%
3 Sabarkan 50 3.05 43.44 0 6 16 21 6 1
tha 0.0% 12.00% 32.00% 42.00% 12.00% 2.00%
4 Mehsana 25 1.34 13.10 1 11 10 3 0 0
4.00% 44.00% 40.00% 12.00% 0.00% 0.00%
5 Patan 9 0.87 18.32 2 2 2 3 0 0
22.22% 22.22% 22.22% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00%
Page 32
3.2. Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation
To study the effect of monsoon on the ground water regime and subsequent
utilization of groundwater for various needs like agriculture, irrigation, Domestic
etc., changes in depth to water levels with respect to May data are studied.
1 May 2015 to August 2015

About 89% of the area observed rise of water level in the North Gujarat and most
of which [56% area] is in the range less than 4m of uctuation of water level. Rise
of water level more than 4m observed in 32% of the area. Fall of 0-2 m range is
observed in 7% area of the region in adjoining area of Gandhinagar and
Sabarkantha districts as isolated patches.
Table- 16. Categorization of changes in Water Level between May 2015 to

August 2015
Sr. No. District No. of Range of Fluctuation No. of Wells Showing Fluctuation Total No.
well [m] of wells
analy Rise Fall Rise Fall
sed Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 22 to 4 >4 Rise Fall
1 Gandhi 3 0.48 0.81 15.01 15.01 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 1
nagar 66.67 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00 33.33
% % % % %
2 Banask 18 1.08 15.2 0.05 2.33 2 7 7 1 1 0 16 2
antha 11.11 38.89 38.89% 5.56 5.56 0.00
% % % % %
3 Sabark 53 0.1 13.9 0.18 6.21 8 6 32 4 1 1 46 6
antha 15.09 11.32 60.38% 7.56 1.89 1.89
% % % % %
4 Mehsa 21 0.76 11.1 0.97 8.13 8 7 3 1 0 2 18 3
na 9 38.10 33.33 14.29% 4.76 0.00 9.52
% % % % %
5 Patan 8 0.9 3.0 -- -- 2 6 0 0 0 0 8 0
25.00 75.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % %
2 May 2015 to November 2015

In North Gujarat region, rise in water level observed in entire area except 14
observation station of Banaskantha, Gandhinagar and Sabarkantha district. Out
of the total well analysed and maximum rise [62%] is less than 4 m.
Table- 17 Categorization of changes in Water Level between May 2015 to

November 2015
Sr. No. District No. Range of No. of Wells Showing Total
of Fluctuation [m] Fluctuation No. of
well Rise Fall Rise Fall wells
analy
Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 22 to 4 >4 Rise Fall
sed
1 Gandhi 4 0.26 2.23 0.32 0.41 1 1 0 2 0 0 4 0
nagar 25.00 25.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.0
% % % % % 0%
Page 33
2 Banask 19 0.03 9.18 0.25 0.25 7 4 6 1 0 0 18 1
antha 36.84 21.05 31.5 5.26 0.00 0.0
% % 6% % % 0%
3 Sabark 50 0.2 11.2 0.1 4.5 11 7 25 4 0 1 43 5
antha 22.00 14.00 50.0 8.00 0.00 2.0
% % 0% % % 0%
4 Mehsa 25 0.15 10.1 0.03 1.65 13 4 4 4 0 0 21 4
na 4 52.00 16.00 16.0 16.00 0.00 0.0
% % 0% % % 0%
5 Patan 9 0.54 2.8 – -- 8 1 0 0 0 0 9 0
88.89 11.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
% % % % % 0%
3 May 2015 to January 2016

In North Gujarat region, water level rises mainly observed in 73% of the total
well analysed and maximum [42%] are in less than 2 m. Fall of water level
observed in all districts of the region except Gandhinagar.

January 2016
Sr. No. District No. Range of No. of Wells Showing Total
of Fluctuation [m] Fluctuation No. of
well Rise Fall Rise Fall wells
analy
Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 RiseFall
sed
1 Gandhi 3 0.39 3.29 --- --- 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0
nagar 33.33 66.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
2 Banask 20 0.3 8.6 0.5 0.81 6 6 6 2 0 0 18 2
antha 30.00 30.00 30.00 10.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
3 Sabark 47 0.06 10.5 0.23 11.7 13 19 9 4 1 1 41 6
antha 3 7 27.66 40.43 19.15 8.51 2.13 2.13
% % % % % %
4 Mehsa 25 0.07 9.62 0.43 1.4 14 5 3 3 0 0 22 3
na 56.00 20.00 12.00 12.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
5 Patan 9 0.2 1.67 0.51 1.37 6 0 0 3 0 0 6 3
66.67 0.00 0.00 33.33 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
3.3. Annual Water Level Fluctuation
Annual Fluctuation in the water levels of the ground water monitoring wells
during different monitoring periods are depicted in following Tables
May 2014 to May 2015

About 60% of the area observed fall of water level in the North Gujarat and most
Page 34
of which [40% area] is in the range of 0 to 2m. Fall of more than 4m. is mostly
seen as isolated patches in the region. Rise of water level mostly observed in
Banaskantha and Patan districts. In other areas rise mostly observed as isolated
locations.

May 2015
Sr. No. District No. of Range of No. of Wells Showing Total No.
well Fluctuation [m] Fluctuation of wells
sed Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 22 to 4 >4 Rise Fall
1 Gandhi 4 0.03 0.59 0.55 0.55 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 1
nagar 75.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
2 Banask 20 0.45 0.45 0.15 4.3 1 0 0 12 4 2 1 18
antha 5.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 20.00 10.0
% % % % % 0%
3 Sabark 37 0.19 11.6 0.19 9.62 10 0 1 14 5 4 11 23
antha 4 27.03 0.00 2.70 37.84 13.51 10.8
% % % % % 1%
4 Mehsa 23 0.26 4.05 0.04 7.96 12 0 1 5 1 1 13 10
na 52.17 0.00 4.35 21.74 4.35 4.35
% % % % % %
5 Patan 7 0.17 11.7 0.15 0.15 3 1 1 1 0 0 5 1
42.86 14.29 14.2 14.29 0.00 0.00
% % 9% % % %
August 2014 to August 2015
About 51% of the area observed fall of water level in the North Gujarat and most
of which [33% area] is in the range of 0 to 2 m. of uctuation of water level. Fall of
more than 4m. is mostly seen in 15% of the region mostly in Gandhinagar and
Sabarkantha districts. Rise of 0-2 m. range is observed in 23% area of the region.
Rise of water level in the range of 2 to 4 and more than 4m are scattered as isolated
patches in the region.
Table- 20. Categorization of changes in Water Level between August 2014 to

August 2015
Sr. No. District No. of Range of No. of Wells Showing Total
well Fluctuation [m] Fluctuation No. of
analy wells
sed Rise Fall Rise Fall
Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 Rise Fall
1 Gandhi 4 0.32 0.32 1.32 18.15 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 3
nagar 25.00 0.00% 0.00 50.00 0.00 25.0
% % % % 0%
2 Banask 17 0.01 14.05 0.85 4.96 5 3 1 2 3 1 12 5
antha 29.41 17.65 5.88 11.76 17.65 5.88
% % % % % %
Page 35
3 Sabark 32 0.06 9.37 0.05 8.62 7 5 5 9 1 5 17 15
antha 21.88 15.63 15.6 28.13 3.13 15.6
% % 3% % % 3%
4 Mehsa 20 0.01 5.85 1.8 10.13 7 6 3 1 2 1 16 4
na 35.00 30.00 15.0 5.00 10.00 5.00
% % 0% % % %
5 Patan 7 0.3 3.12 --- --- 4 3 0 0 0 0 7 0
57.14 42.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
November 2014 to November 2015

About 68% of the total well shows fall of water level in the North Gujarat and
most of which [40%] shows uctuation in the range of 0 to 2 m. of water level.
Fall of more than 4m. is mostly seen in the parts of Sabarkantha districts in 13% of
total well analysed in the region. Rise of 0-2 m range is observed in 32% of the
total well found mainly in northern part.
Table- 21 Categorization of changes in Water Level between November 2014

to November 2015
Sr. No. District No. of Range of No. of Wells Showing Fluctuation Total No.
well Fluctuation [m] of wells
analy
sed Rise Fall Rise Fall
1 Gandhi 4 --- --- 1.18 4.48 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 4
nagar 0.00% 0.00 0.00 25.00 50.00 25.0
% % % % 0%
2 Banask 18 0.2 2.37 0.72 4.36 11 2 0 2 2 1 13 5
antha 61.11 11.11 0.00 11.11 11.11 5.56
% % % % % %
3 Sabark 48 0.16 7.44 0.1 8.06 15 3 1 14 6 9 19 29
antha 31.25 6.25 2.08 29.17 12.50 18.7
% % % % % 5%
4 Mehsa 24 0.01 5.07 0.05 4.38 3 2 1 15 2 1 6 18
na 12.50 8.33 4.17 62.50 8.33 4.17
% % % % % %
5 Patan 8 0.05 2.25 0.03 1.37 4 1 0 3 0 0 5 3
50.00 12.50 0.00 37.50 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
January 2015 to January 2016

About 63% of the total well shows fall of water level in the North Gujarat and
most of which [44%] shows fall in the range of 0 to 2 m of water level. Fall of
more than 4m. is mostly seen parts of Sabarkantha districts in 9% of total well
analysed in the region.
Page 36
Table- 22 Categorization of changes in Water Level between January 2015
to January 2016
analy Rise Fall Rise Fall wells
sed
1 Gandhi 4 0.45 2.35 --- --- 3 1 0 0 0 0 4 0
nagar 75.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
2 Banask 20 0.22 8.52 0.14 2.73 6 2 4 5 3 0 12 8
antha 30.00 10.00 20.0 25.00 15.00 0.00
% % 0% % % %
3 Sabark 36 0.06 4.45 0.19 10.31 13 3 1 12 2 5 17 19
antha 36.11 8.33 2.78 33.33 5.56 13.8
% % % % % 9%
4 Mehsa 22 0.1 3.93 0.02 2.08 9 2 0 9 2 0 11 11
na 40.91 9.09 0.00 40.91 9.09 0.00
% % % % % %
5 Patan 8 0.09 1 0.02 4.11 3 0 0 4 0 1 3 5
37.50 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 12.5
% % % % % 0%
3.4. Long Term Ground Water Scenario
Long-term behavior of water levels was studied by analysing the data for decadal average
water levels and uctuation of water level with respect to decadal average water levels.
Variation in water level scenario over the decade 2015-14 for May, August, November and
2016-15 for January have been prepared to evaluate the long term changes in the groundwater
regime.
3.4.1. Decadal Variations
1. Pre-monsoon Water Levels
The decadal average water levels in North Gujarat generally range from 10 to 40 mbgl.
Deep water level more than 40m are observed in small isolated pockets in Banaskantha,
Sabarkantha and Gandhinagar districts.
2. Post monsoon Water Levels

In North Gujarat, the water levels during post monsoon period are generally less than 20
mbgl. Deeper water levels of more than 20 mbgl are predominant in the district of
Banaskantha, Gandhinagar and Sabarkantha.
Decadal average of May [2005-2014] to May 2015
In North Gujarat 57% of wells show rise and mostly are in range of 0 to 2m.[35% of wells] in
entire North Gujarat. The fall of water level is mostly less than 2m and in about 28% of the
wells analyzed.
Table- 23 Well wise Categorization of changes in Water Level during May 2015 with
respect to Decadal average of May [2005 to 2014]
sed
Page 37
sed
Decadal average of August [2005 to 2014] to August 2015
In North Gujarat 47% of wells have shown rise and mostly in range of 0 to 2m [30% of wells]
& 2-4m [7%] in entire North Gujarat. A prominent patch of fall of water level is located in all
the districts of North Gujarat.
Table- 24 Well wise Categorization of changes in Water Level during August 2014 with
respect to Decadal average of August [2005 to 2014]
sed
Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 >4 0 to 22 to 4 >4 Rise Fall
1 Gandhi 4 0.87 0.87 1.19 17.11 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 3
nagar 25.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 25.00 25.0
% % % % % 0%
2 Banask 18 0.9 10.07 0.16 7.42 2 1 8 4 2 1 11 7
antha 11.11 5.56 44.4 22.22 11.11 5.56
% % 4% % % %
3 Sabark 40 0.18 6.88 0.06 10.16 16 4 3 9 2 6 23 17
antha 40.00 10.00 7.50 22.50 5.00 15.0
% % % % % 0%
4 Mehsa 20 0.22 6.99 1.19 11.05 8 3 5 1 1 2 16 4
na 40.00 15.00 25.0 5.00 5.00 10.0
% % 0% % % 0%
5 Patan 7 0.53 11.44 --- --- 4 0 3 0 0 0 7 0
57.14 0.00 42.8 0.00 0.00 0.00
% % 6% % % %
Decadal average of November [2005-2014] to November 2015
In North Gujarat 42% of wells are shown rise and mostly well are in range of 0 to 4m [37% of
wells] in tire North Gujarat, the fall of water level 35% of the observed wells has been found
in the range of 0 to 2m. The maximum rise of 7.95 m is recorded in Mehsana district.
Table- 25 Well wise Categorization of changes in Water Level during November 2015
with respect to Decadal average of November [2005 to 2014]
sed
1 Gandhi 4 0.46 0.46 0.71 3.09 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 3
nagar 25.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 25.00 0.00
% % % % % %
2 Banask 19 0.09 5.93 0.44 4.72 5 3 3 5 1 2 11 8
antha 26.32 15.79 15.7 26.32 5.26 10.5
% % 9% % % 3%
Page 38
3 Sabark 50 0.11 7.54 0.07 8.06 17 3 3 19 4 4 23 27
antha 34.00 6.00 6.00 38.00 8.00 8.00
% % % % % %
4 Mehsa 24 0.01 7.95 0.24 1.22 9 5 4 6 0 0 18 6
na 37.50 20.83 16.6 25.00 0.00 0.00
% % 7% % % %
5 Patan 10 0.23 7.38 0.3 0.3 5 1 2 1 0 0 8 1
50.00 10.00 20.0 10.00 0.00 0.00
% % 0% % % %
Decadal average of January [2006-2015] to January 2016
In North Gujarat 62% of wells are shown fall and mostly well are in range of 0 to 2m [30% of
wells] in entire North Gujarat. A prominent patch of fall of water level is located in
Sabarkantha district. In range of less than 2m is observed in 27% of the observation wells.
Table- 26 Well wise Categorization of changes in Water Level during January 2016 with
respect to Decadal average of January [2006 to 2015]
sed
1 Gandhi 5 0.28 2.09 --- --- 4 1 0 0 0 0 5 0
nagar 80.00 20.00 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00
% % % % %
2 Banask 20 0.16 7.38 0.16 2.7 6 3 5 5 1 0 14 6
antha 30.00 15.00 25.00 25.00 5.00 0.00
% % % % % %
3 Sabark 36 0.06 5.42 0.71 8.15 12 6 1 7 4 6 19 17
antha 33.33 16.67 2.78 19.44 11.11 16.6
% % % % % 7%
4 Mehsa 23 0.47 7.64 0.09 1.26 11 5 3 4 0 0 19 4
na 47.83 21.74 13.04 17.39 0.00 0.00
% % % % % %
5 Patan 8 0.11 8.24 0.05 2.42 3 0 2 1 2 0 5 3
37.50 0.00 25.00 12.50 25.00 0.00
% % % % % %
3.5. Water Table Scenario
The water table in different parts of the state ranges between -20.6 mamsl and more than
623.9 mamsl. The water table mostly follows the topography of the area. Water table is
highest along the eastern hilly tract of the eastern side and gradually reduces towards
west/south west. Ground water ow direction is westward and southwest in North Gujarat
and it turns to west in South Gujarat. Water table of 400 mamsl and above is recorded in
Banaskantha and Sabarkantha districts.
Piezometric Configuration
Northern part of the North Gujarat is underlain by the unconsolidated alluvial deposits of post
Miocene age and semi consolidated Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. These sedimentary
formations form the most prolic multi-aquifer system comprising several conned aquifer
ranging in depth from 78 to 162 mbgl and second conned aquifer ranging in depth from 154
to 274 mbgl. These aquifers extend from the foothill of the Aravallis in thenortheast to the
little Rann of Kutch in the west.
Page 39
In the alluvial area 36 piezometers tapping the rst conned aquifers were monitored and
analysed during May 2014. Based on water levels measured shows that in general depth to
piezometric surface declines from east to west.
In the alluvial area 25 piezometers tapping the second conned aquifers were monitored and
analysed during May 2014. Based on the water levels measured shows that in trough of more
than 70 mamsl is found in adjoining area of Patan and Mehsana. The elevation of piezometric
head ranges from 62.8 mamsl at Motipura in Mehsana to 50.62 mamsl at Biliya in Patan
district.
Page 40
CHAPTER
4.0
Water Supply Managements & Actions
by Authorities
4.1. Present Scenario of Water in North Gujarat

In past Gujarat water scenario was different when to get one bucket of water
women tends to travel 1 km. away from their house by walk. Drought time people
had to rely on supply of water by train or tanker and to get one bucket of water to
stand in queue for long time. But now a days the situation become normal because
of construction of gravity Dam, hand pump installed, tap provided by
municipality in individual houses and water supplying through transmission line
and pipe lines.
Figure - 9 Drinking water scenario past in Gujarat
Page 41
Figure-10 Drinking water scenario present in Gujarat
North Gujarat receiving rain only in monsoon between June to September and
there are wide geographical variations in resource availability and methods of
disposal. At present in North Gujarat availability of fresh water resources is only
10%, while Saurashtra having 17%, Central and South Gujarat having 71% and
while Kutch having only 2% these shows wide unequal distribution of water
resources in various regions of Gujarat. Gujarat has a population of 5% of India's
population but has only 2.03% availability of fresh water.
There are total 185 river basins in the state varies widely from region to region.
The Sabarmati, the khari, the meshwo, the banas. The Sabarmati rivers and their
tributaries, the majhum, the vatrak, the hathmati are the major river drainage
network availability in North Gujarat. Major parts of North Gujarat area having
soil sandy in nature. In general the soils are poor to medium in fertility and water
retention capacity. In many parts of North Gujarat the extraction of ground water
is more than the recharge. So the resources are stressed and are depleting both in
quantity and quality.The bulk of the households depend on the municipal water
supply for their daily needs [tap water and tankers]. North Gujarat mostly
depends on various water resources like Dug wells, tube wells, bore wells, water
conservation structure, canal, tanks and ponds. Gujarat government made
provisions to provide enough fresh drinking water to North Gujarat.
Page 42
Government initiates various water supply schemes. Under rst phase of Sujlam
suam yojana total more than 450 tanks of North Gujarat are linked with
Narmada canal through pipe lines. Over owing extra water of Sardar sarovar
dam and Kadana dam water transfer through spreading canal to North Gujarat. At
present Narmada based water grid covering 9490 villages and 173 towns of
Kutch, Saurashtra and North Gujarat providing water to almost 75% of
population of Gujarat. North Gujarat having 15 nos. of Dams [smaller, check
dam, earthen dam and gravity dam]. Total storage capacity of Dams are 1922.26
MCM. Majors are dharoi, dantiwada, sipu, majum and mukteshwar dams. Under
Sujlam suam phase two Jal sanchay Abhiyan to deepen water bodies in the state
before monsoon to increase storage of rainwater and cleaning and desilting river
fronts, sprucing up of irrigation canal.
GWSSB- Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board established for water
management in Gujarat. GWSSB purchase water from SSNNL- Sardar Sarovar
Narmada Nigam Limited and provide water to Urban Local Bodies, for rural
areas. Rural Water Supply Schemes are implemented either as individual village
piped water supply or regional piped water supply facility. In Gujarat there are
nearly 7000 individual rural water schemes and 372 rural regional water supply
scheme covering more than 4000 village/habitation. Individual village water
supply schemes are ruin and maintained by the village Panchayat and
Government provide grants for its all expenditure including electric bills also.
The Pani samitis are formed at village level for wise water management taking
care of operation and maintenance of infrastructure at villages and for creation of
intra village water supply distribution. Up to 2007-08 year there were 11694 pani
samitis formed in Gujarat.
Figure-11 State wise Drinking water grid based on Narmada canal
Page 43
Figure- 12 Sujlam suflam yojana map
Scenario of water in Urban areas

Gujarat has about 150 urban centers, of which 7 are municipal corporations and
the rest are under municipalities. There are 8 Class A towns, 32 Class B towns, 44
Class C and 58 Class D towns. The water supply in urban areas is highly irregular.
In the case of smaller towns, most of them receive water for 20-30 minutes a day
to one hour daily in Patan, Mansa, Palanpur and Deesa. In some towns receive
water in alternative days for half and hour or so. The availability of water supply
changes with seasons, the summer months being the worst months for water
supply.
An important aspect of urban water supply is its highly unequal distribution

across town classes and across wards, particularly between slum and non slum
populations. Smaller towns tend to get smaller water supply, towns in North
Gujarat. The per capita availability of water supply is quite low for people living
in slums. As ground water is the major source of water supply in urban areas, its
depletion and degradation in several regions has affected quality of urban water
adversely. Excess uoride is observed in many towns and cities located in North
Gujarat. The other major causes of poor quality of water supply are inadequate
sewage system, inadequate sewerage treatment and industrial efuents mixing
with water supply. Most urban towns have old pipelines, which are many times
leaking or are broken allowing outside impurities enter the water supply. In some
cases water pipelines get mixed up with drainage lines, causing severe epidemics
of jaundice, typhoid, cholera etc. Also, lack of adequate water supply for bathing,
cleaning and washing frequently resulted in skin diseases. The incidence of
Fluorosis also has been observed in some cities.
Page 44
Scenario of water in Rural areas
Historically speaking, there was no serious problem of drinking water reported in
the state in the pre-independence period. Acute shortage of water was rst noted
during the droughts of 1960-61. The survey reported in 1963-64 that about 1043
villages had no dependable facility for drinking water and 3219 villages had
inadequate supply of drinking water, that is about 16-17 per cent villages suffered
from drinking water shortages. In short, over drafting of ground water in many
parts of the state, particularly in North Gujarat has resulted in severe depletion
and degradation of ground water and depletion and degradation of forests has
depleted water resources in the eastern tribal belt.
Traditionally, water supply was managed through local systems in most villages
in the state. Each geo-hydrological region in the state had its own methods of
collecting and using local water systems. These local systems seem to have
declined because [1] the local Panchayats/community organizations declined
and became defunct and there were no local organizations to maintain and
manage local water systems. [2] development work like roads, buildings and
other infrastructure works created obstacles in the natural ows of water,
affecting the natural recharge adversely. [3] the general neglect of developing
local water resources for meeting domestic and drinking water need water
supply.
It has been estimated that rural areas have a relatively small share in the total
water supply meant for drinking and domestic use. Though the rural population
constitutes about 65% of the total population. It consumes about 42% of the total
domestic water supply. North Gujarat has more than 20.7% of the rural
population consumes 24.58% of the total water supply. It has been estimated that
during the summer months of drought years [which are not infrequent in Gujarat]
more than 50% of villages suffer from shortage of adequate potable water.
[PAGE – ]Village level availability of water supply is not satisfactory. The
studies show that [1] tail end villages are usually deprived of water supply,[2] for
the other villages also the water supply is frequently irregular and unreliable, [3]
the quantity of water supply is mainly times far from adequate [less than 10 lpcd
some times], [4] the quality of water is not potable either because of the problems
with the source or because of contamination caused by leakages and breakages.
Several studies have observed that not all the villages covered under the regional
schemes are no source villages. Many of them have local sources, which are
defunct due to their neglect, frequently because water is now available from the
regional schemes. Sometimes even villages located on river banks [rivers are
dried up] depend on bulk transfer of water.
4.2. Urbanizations & its impact on water resources

Urbanization is one of the biggest challenge, right now there is about one third
population and expected more than half of Indian population will live in cities, as
per census 2011. In Gujarat 62.6% of total population was living in rural area and
37.4% was in the urban areas.
Page 45
Decadal growth of urban population in various districts of North Gujarat are:-
Banaskantha districts shows 50.05%, Gandhinagar districts shows 53.48%,
Sabarkantha districts shows 61.25%, Mehsana districts shows 24.86% and Patan
districts shows 17.87% decadal growth of urban populations.
Rapid development of Ground water resources for varied usage has contributed
in expansion of irrigated agriculture, overall economic development and in
improving the quality of life. Ground water which is the source for rural domestic
water requirements, urban water requirements and irrigation requirements is
depleting fast in many areas due to its large scale with drawl for various sectors.
In last 40 years development has taken place due to availability of physical
infrastructure like electricity and funding from various agencies. Urban
development uses water resources in many ways. The growing urban population
impose increasing demand on provision of water services, including water
supply, ground water loss, waste water collection and management and nally
leading to water pollution control at receiving end.
Urbanization generally increase the impervious covers of ground to a large extent
and thus discharge the surface runoff move quickly to the nearby areas. Which in
turn contribute to urban ooding and its consequent damage to all inhabits a
phenomena which was not so prevalent time in earlier time.
Figure - 13 Present scenario of water in India Urban context
4.3. Water supply services in Urban and Rural areas

Water supply by Municipality in various towns of North Gujarat
Ÿ Mehsana city getting 96 percent of water from Narmada water supply and 4
percent from tube well supply. Mehsana rural require 6 MLD and urban
require 26 MLD.
Ÿ Patan city getting water from NMC pipe line from khorsam connecting to
saraswati barrage and siddhi sarovar. Total capacity of 27 MLD.
Page 46
Ÿ Himmatnagar city getting water from Narmada canal, tube well and bore well.
Total estimated consumption is 96.15 lakh litre/day.
Ÿ Modasa city getting water from water supply schemes based on 'Vatrak and
Mazum' dam connected by Narmada pipe lines , total estimated consumption
quantity is 92.30 lakh litre/day.
Ÿ Gandhinagar city getting water from Narmada canal and tube well.
Gandhinagar city require 66 MLD water.
Ÿ Palanpur city getting water from Bhadar dam, Narmada canal and tube well,
total estimated water consumption quantity is 100 lakh litre/day.
Bhabhar, Chansma, Kalol, Mansa, Radhanpur, Thara, Tharad, Vijapur are getting
water from Narmada Water Supply Scheme, while Vadali, Vadnagar, Visnagar,
Siddhpur and Unjha are getting water from Dharoi water supply scheme, while
other municipality like Kadi, Deesa, Idar, Prantij and Talod are getting water
through bore wells and tube wells.
Per Capita Water availability

In past two decades, the Gujarat state has lost about 27% of its ground water
resources, the loss being 50% in North Gujarat. The per capita availability of
water supply has declined 1322m3 in 1991 to 1137m3 in 1999-2000, against the
norms of 1700m3 at satisfactory level, this availability is 427m3 in North
Gujarat.
North Gujarat average per capita water supply [LPCD].

Minimum = 10.81 LPCD Maximum = 154.88 LPCD Average = 75.31 LPCD
Table- 27, Water supply in Municipal towns, according to size Class.

[Gujarat State]
Class Average per capita water supply [LPCD]
Minimum Maximum Average Norms
Class-A 16.22 171.63 74.46 180
Class-B 8.37 161.88 84.62 140
Class-C 9.52 182.46 73.54 120
Class-D 0.13 250.85 57.57 100
Source:- Director Municipalities, Gandhinagar.
Table-28 Region wise water supply. [Gujarat State]
Region Average per capita water supply [LPCD]
Minimum Maximum Average
Saurashtra 0.13 119.22 52.01
Page 47
North Gujarat 10.82 154.88 75.31
South Gujarat 14.26 250.85 93.99
Table-29 Classification of Municipalities according to water supply.

[Gujarat State]
Number of Municipalities according to water supply [lpcd]
0-25 25-50 50-75 75-100 Above 100 Total
Region
Saurashtra 10 21 19 6 5 61
North Gujarat 2 13 10 5 12 42
South Gujarat 4 7 9 10 16 46
Class
Class- A 2 2 1 2 2 9
Class- B 1 5 9 6 11 32
Class- C 6 7 14 5 12 44
Class- D 7 27 13 6 5 58
Where the municipality supplying water in North Gujarat gures also shows very
less as per the standard require is 135 LPCD.
4.4. Water management and conservation actions policy

1. Water is required for domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, thermal power,
navigation, recreation etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be
optimized and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.
2. The Centre, the states and the local bodies [governance institutions] must
ensure access to a minimum quantity of potable water for essential health and
hygiene to all its citizen, available within easy reach of the household.
3. Ecological needs of the river should be determined, through scientic study,

recognizing that the natural river ows are characterized by low or no ows,
small oods [freshets], large oods etc.
4. Community based water management should be institutionalized and

strengthened.
5. Climate change is likely to increase the variability of water resources affecting

human health and livelihoods. Therefore, special impetus should be given
towards mitigation at micro level by enhancing the capabilities of community to
adopt climate resilient technological options.
Page 48
6. State should be incentivized to increase water storage capacity, which inter-
alia should include revival of traditional water harvesting structures and water
bodies.
7. Planning and management of water resources structures, such as dams, ood

embankments, tidal embankments etc., should incorporate coping strategies for
possible climate changes. The acceptability criteria in regard to new water
resources projects need to be re-worked in view of the likely climate changes.
8. The availability of water resources and its use by various sectors in various
basin and States in the country need to be assessed scientically and reviewed at
periodic intervals, say every ve years. The trends in water availability due to
various factors including climate change must be assessed and accounted for
during water resources planning.
9, The availability of water is limited but the demand of water is increasing

rapidly due to growing population, rapid urbanization and economic
development. Therefore, availability of water for utilization needs to be
augmented to meet increasing demands of water. Direct use of rainfall,
desalination and avoidance of in advertent evapo-transpiration are the new
additional strategies for augmenting utilizable water resources.
10. There is a need to map the aquifers to know the quantum and quality of ground
water resources [replenishable as well as non-replenishable] in the country. The
may be periodically updated.
11. Declining ground water levels in over-exploited areas need to be arrested by

introducing improved technologies of water use, incentivizing efcient water use
and encouraging community based management of aquifers.
12. Integrated Watershed development activities with ground water perspectives

need to be taken in a comprehensive manner to increase soil moisture, reduce
sediment yield and increase overall land and water productivity. To the extent
possible, existing programs like MGNREGA may be used by farmers to harvest
rain water using farm ponds and other soil and water conservation measures.
13. A system to evolve benchmarks for water uses for different purposes. i.e.,
water footprints, and water auditing should be developed to promote and
incentivize efcient use of water. The 'project' and the 'basin' water use
efciencies need to be improved through continuous water balance and water
accounting studies. An institutional arrangement for promotion, regulation and
evolving mechanisms for efcient use of water at basin/sub basin level will be
established for this purpose at the national level.
14. The project appraisal and environment impact assessment for water uses,
particularly for industrial projects, should inter-alia, include the analysis of the
water footprints for the use.
Page 49
15. Recycle and reuse of water, including return ows, should be the general
norm.
16. Project nancing should be structured to incentivize efcient & economic use
of water and facilitate early completion of ongoing projects.
17. Water saving in irrigation use is of paramount importance. Methods like

aligning cropping pattern with natural resource endowments, micro irrigation
[drip, sprinkler, etc.], automated irrigation operation, evaporation- transpiration
reduction etc. should be encouraged and incentivized.Recycling of canal seepage
water through conjunctive ground water use may also be considered.
18. Pricing of water should ensure its efcient use and reward conservation.
Equitable access to water for all and its fair pricing, for drinking and other uses
such as sanitation, agricultural and industrial should be arrived at through
independent statutory Water Regulatory Authority, set up by each State, after
wide ranging consultation with all stakeholders.
19. Recycle and reuse of water, after treatment to specied standards, should also
be incentivized through a properly planned tariff system.
20. The over-drawal of ground water should be minimized by regulating the use
of electricity for its extraction. Separate electric feeders for pumping ground
water for agricultural use should be considered.
21. Conservation of rivers, river corridors, water bodies and infrastructure should
be undertaken in a scientically planned manner through community
participation. The storage capacities of water bodies and water courses and/or
associated wetlands, the ood plains, ecological buffer and areas required for
specic aesthetic recreational and/or social needs may be managed to the extent
possible in an integrated manner to balance the ooding, environment and social
issues as per prevalent laws through planned development of urban areas, in
particular.
22. Urban settlements, encroachments and any developmental activities in the

protected upstream areas of reservoirs/ water bodies, key aquifer recharge areas
that pose a potential threat of contamination, pollution, reduced recharge and
those endanger wild and human life should be strictly regulated.
23. Sources of water and water bodies should not be allowed to get polluted.
System of third party periodic inspection should be evolved and stringent
punitive actions be taken against the persons responsible for pollution.
24. Quality conservation and improvements are even more important for ground
waters, since cleaning up is very difcult. It needs to be ensured that industrial
efuents, local cess pools, residues of fertilizers and chemicals etc, do not reach
the ground water.
Page 50
25. Legally empowered dam safety services need to be ensured in the States as
well as the Centre. Appropriate safety measures, including downstream ood
management, for each dam should be undertaken on top priority.
26. Considering the existing water stress conditions in India and the likelihood of
further worsening situation due to climate change and other factors, water
resources projects should be planned as per the efciency benchmarks to be
prescribed for various situations.
27. All components of water resources projects should be planned and executed
in a pari-passu manner so that intended benets start accruing immediately and
there is no gap between potential created and potential utilized.
28. Local governing bodies like Panchayats, Municipalities, Corporations etc,

and Water Users Associations, wherever applicable, should be involved in
planning of the projects.
29. All water resources projects, including hydro power projects, should be
planned to the extent feasible as multi-purpose projects with provision of storage
to derive maximum benet from available topology and water resources.
30. While every effort should be made to avert water related disasters like oods
and droughts, through structural and non structural measures, emphasis should
be on preparedness for ood/drought with coping mechanisms as an option.
Greater emphasis should be placed on rehabilitation of natural drainage system.
31. Flood forecasting is very important for ood preparedness and should be
expanded extensively across the country and modernized using real time data
acquisition system and linked to forecasting models. Efforts should be towards
developing physical models for various basin sections, which should be linked to
each other and to medium range weather forecasts to enhance real time.
32. To increase preparedness for sudden and unexpected ood related disasters,
dam/embankment break studies as also preparation and periodic updating of
emergency action plans/ disaster management plans should be evolved after
involving affected communities. In hilly reaches, glacial lake outburst ood and
landslide dam break oods studies with periodic monitoring along with
instrumentation etc, should be carried out.33, Protecting all areas prone to oods
and droughts may not be practicable; hence, methods for coping with oods and
droughts have to be encouraged.
34. There is a need to remove the large disparity between stipulations for water
supply in urban areas and in rural areas. Efforts should be made to provide
improved water supply in rural areas with proper sewerage facilities. Least water
intensive sanitation and sewerage systems with decentralized sewage treatment
plants should be incentivized.
Page 51
35. Urban and rural domestic water supply should preferably be from surface
water in conjunction with groundwater and rainwater.
36. In urban and industrial areas, rain water harvesting and de-salinization,
wherever techno- economically feasible, should be encouraged to increase
availability of utilizable water.
37. Urban water supply and sewage treatment schemes should be integrated and
executed simultaneously. Water supply bills should include sewerage charges.
38. Subsidies and incentives should be implemented to encourage recovery of

industrial pollutants and recycling/reuse which are otherwise capital intensive.
39. A permanent Water Disputes Tribunal at the Centre should be established to

resolve the disputes expeditiously in an equitable manner. Apart from using the
'good ofces' of the Union or the State Governments, as the case may be, the paths
of arbitration and mediation may also to be tried in dispute resolution.
40. Water resources projects and services should be managed with community
participation.
41. Integrated Water Resources Management [IWRM] taking river basin/sub

basin as a unit should be the main principle for planning, development and
management of water resources.
42. Appropriate institutional arrangements for each river basin should also be
developed for monitoring water quality in both surface and ground waters.
43. States should be encouraged and incentivized to undertake reforms and

progressive measures for innovations, conservation and efcient utilization of
water resources.
44. Negotiations about sharing and management of water of international rivers

should be done on bilateral basis in consultative association with riparian States
keeping paramount the national interest. Adequate institutional arrangements at
the Center should be set up to implement international arrangements.
45. All hydrological data, other than those classied on national security
consideration, should be in public domain. However, a periodic review for
further declassication of data may be carried out. A National Water Informatics
Center should be established to collect, collate and process hydrologic data
regularly from all over the country, conduct the preliminary processing and
maintain in open and transparent manner on a GIS platform.
46. All water related data, like rainfall, snowfall, geo-morphological, climatic,
geological, surface water, groundwater, water quality, ecological, water
Page 52
extraction and use, irrigated data, glaciers etc, should be integrated with well
dened procedures and formats to ensure online updationand transfer of data to
facilitate development of database for informed decision making in the
management of water.
47. Continuing research and advancement in technology shall be promoted to

address issues in the water sector in a scientic manner. Innovations in water
resources sector should be encouraged, recognized and awarded.
48. It is necessary to give adequate grants to the States to update technology,

design practices, planning and management practices, preparation of annual
water balances and accounts for the site and basin, preparation of hydrologic
balances for water systems, benchmarking and performance evaluation.
49. An autonomous center for research in water policy should also be established
to evaluate impacts of policy decisions and to evolve policy directives for
changing scenario of water resources.
50. National Water Board should prepare a plan of action based on the National
Water Policy, as approved by the National Water Resources Council and to
regularly monitor its implementation.
The State Water Policies may need to be drafted/revised in accordance with this
policy keeping in mind the basic concerns and principles as also a unied national
perspective.
Figure- 14. Schematic Diagram of Urban Water Management
Page 53
CHAPTER
5.0
National & International Case Studies on
Rain Water Harvesting Methods
National Case studies on various Rainwater Harvesting Methods.

1. Delhi
The national capital territory, NCT], of Delhi receives 611 mm of rainfall on an
average annually and the number of rainy days are as 20-30. [A rainy day is
specied as a day with more than or equal to 2.5 mm of rainfall]. The geology of
Delhi comprises Alwar quartzites and alluvium whose vertical hydraulic
conductivity, [permeability], is high compared to the horizontal permeability.
This makes the conditions favourable for articial. Thus most of the urban
rainwater harvesting efforts revolve around recharge of aquifers which is the best
option available taking into consideration the rainfall pattern and availability.
Potential of rooftop water availability in National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Roof Area in Sq.m. Annual rainfall in Quantity of rainfall available
[Litres] for harvesting [Litres]
50 30,550 18,330
100 61,100 36,660
500 3,05,500 1,83,300
1000 6,10,000 3,66,600
[Note :- a, Annual average rainfall of Delhi= 611 mm; b, runoff coefcient is
assumed as 0.60 Sq. m.]
An analysis done based on the rainfall availability and demand supply gap shows
that even 50 percent of the rainwater harvested could help in bringing the demand
supply gap.
2. Bangalore
According to a study conducted by the Centre for Symbiosis of Technology,
Environment and Management [STEM], a Bangalore based research group, the
demand supply gap is met by ground water exploitation. It is estimated that 40
percent of the population is dependent on ground water, whereas the remaining
part is pumped from the Cauvery river through a distance of 95 kilometres and a
head of 1000 metres.
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Bangalore receives 970 mm rainfall annually and the number of rainy days is
59.8.
Highest amount of rainfall is received during April to November, while the rest of
the months receive scanty rainfall. Peak runoff is 50 millimeters per hour. Due to
the availability of rainwater throughout the year, water is basically stored in these
rainwater harvesting systemsand used for non-potable purposes. Water from the
rooftops is led into storage structures. First ushing is normally done by
providing an extra length of pipe to collect the polluted 2.5 mm of rainfall. Filters
are made of sponge and a mixture of sand, gravel and charcoal. After rst ushing
and ltration water is led into underground sumps [which are very common in
Bangalore] or to a new storage tank.
The overow from this tank is taken to an open well to recharge the aquifer. The
geological formations are predominantly granite and granitic gneiss, with joints
and fractures in abundance due to intense chemical weathering of rocks. The
depth of weathering varies from 0.2 m to 20 m. This geological set-up offers an
immense scope for recharging of ground aquifers.
The undulating terrain with gentle slopes draining into lakes offer an ideal
situation for water harvesting. In the urban area of Bangalore water bodies cover
about 5 per cent of land. A study made by the Centre for Ecological Studies and
Indian Institute of Sciences revealed that out of 262 lakes in 1960 only 82 exist
now of which less than 10 have water.
Potential of rainwater harvesting.

Name of city Proposed area for Annual water
2011 [category and harvesting potential
area in billion litres
In Sq. km.] 100 per cent harvesting 50 per cent harvesting
Bangalore Development area 579.10 289.55
=597.0
Green belt =682.0 661.54 330.77
Total area= 1279 1240.64 620.32
Notes :- Average annual Rainfall = in mm 970; Annual demand-supply gap 49.28

billion litres. [Source- A conceptual frame for rainwater harvesting in Bangalore,
STEM,2001.
Case studies
Rainwater harvesting at Escorts- Mahle-Goetze
Designed by S. Vishwanath, Rainwater club.
The project:- The industrial unit of Escorts-Mahle-Goetze is located on a 20

hectare campus at Yelanka, a suburb of Bangalore.
Page 55
Breakup of the area
Rooftop area: 29,961 Sq. m.
Paved area: 43,095.66 Sq. m.
Unpaved area: 129,286.98 Sq. m.
The total rainwater harvesting potential of the site is 185 million litres.A pilot
project was set up in May 2000 covering about 1,280 sq. m. of roof area for the
administrative block and the canteen building. With storage capacity of 42,00
litres, the unit collects about 1.05 million litres per year. The system is expected to
pay back for itself in ve years.
The pilot system has received widespread publicity and is seen as a pioneering
model for water harvesting by an industrial unit in Bangalore. The rooftop water
harvesting is now being scaled up to cover 3000 sq. m. of roof area.
3. Indore
The commercial capital of the state Madhya Pradesh has been facing acute
shortage of drinking water. This is reected in the wide gap in the demand and
supply of 152 MLD drinking water in the city. The ever-growing water demand
made the administration think about rainwater harvesting.
Practices in rainwater harvesting:- Indore city is located on the basaltic lava ows
of the Deccan Trap. Weathered/vesicular/fractured and jointed basalt form
aquifers in the area. The average annual rainfall in this area is 930 mm and one
hour peak rainfall is 35 mm. Indore has got large areas of roofs and paved areas
and hence a large quantum of runoff is produced from these areas during the rainy
season. This runoff goes waste as overland ow and also creates problems of
ooding in low-lying streets. In such a scenario, rooftop water harvesting
provides the desired solution. Essentially aquifer recharging practices is being
used. In order to motivate the public, Indore Municipal Corporation [IMC] has
announced a rebate of 6 percent on property tax for those who have implemented
the rainwater harvesting work in their house/bungalow/building. To operate
these activities three committees-technical, education and execution were
formed by the IMC in which various experts of this eld were involved. The
various methods of ground water recharge used are open wells, soak pit, recharge
shaft/trench with and without injection well, lateral recharge shaft, injection
wells and in big schemes suitable combination of the mentioned methods are
employed.
Pile :- A commonly used technique in gardens, playgrounds and public places. A

two-three m. deep hole is manually dug. The bottom one-third is lled with large
[40-50 mm] pebbles, the middle portion with medium size [20 to 30 mm] pebbles
and the upper one-third portion with sand [two-three mm.]. (source:- proceedings
of the workshop on rainwater harvesting, Indore p-65).
Permeable box :- Permeable boxes of 1 cubic metre, lled with big size pebbles
and brick pieces and lower portion with sand are provided at the top of the pile.
Page 56
Pix and link to soakways. (source:- Proceedings of the workshop on rainwater
harvesting, Indore p-66).
Swales:- Swales are shallow, saucer like beds locally known as khantis, Making
of swales do not in any way affect usual activities on the playground or on the
road. (Proceedings of the workshop on rainwater harvesting, Indore p-67).
Figure-15 Swale and Pile method for rainwater harvesting
Indore technique of water recharge:- The technique essentially comprises

diverting rainwater through trench or swale into silt trap tank. Water from the silt
trap tank is allowed to pass through a sand lter [sand, medium and big size
pebbles]. A cement pipe of 300 mm diameter, tted with wire net [10 mm mesh]
has been tted on the wall of wells through which rainwater get poured into the
well. ( source:- Proceedings of the workshop on rainwater harvesting, Indore p-
69).
Figure-16 Water recharge through Dug well Indore method
Page 57
4. Chennai
The city of Chennai faced a serious water crisis in the late 1980s. The need for
effective groundwater management along with the management of surface runoff
became a necessity. The runoff from these areas is collected through structures
like percolation pits, trenches and collection wells.
Recharge trenches :- To prevent the runoff from paved areas of the road, a kerb
is made at the gate which diverts the water into a trench within the plot. This
trench is 229 mm wide, constructed around the periphery of the plot. As the trench
is sloped towards the rear of the plot the water gets lled in the trench. As the
trench is lled with the water there will bw a constant water head for the
percolation bore pit. Any excess water from the trench overows into the sandy
bed at the corner of the building and percolates into the well.
Percolation pits:- To enable the water collected to percolate and disperse back
into the sub-soil, boreholes 254 mm in diameter and 5.56 m. in depth are made at
three metre intervals with collection chambers. A collection chamber of size 457
mm x 457 mm x 457 mm size is provided. Recharge of dug wells: F-133.
For recharging the well, the rainwater pipe can be connected to the open well to
divert the rainwater from the terrace into the well through rainwater downtake
pipes. The rain waterfalling around the open space surrounding the building can
be diverted to the front gate where a gutter is provided with perforated slabs.
Civic authority's Initiatives:- issued instructions that no new water connection

be given unless water harvesting structures provided in the approved plan were
implemented. Moreover the government agencies are involved in implementing
rainwater harvesting structures in public places like parks, roads, yovers, and
storm drains. As of now 400 buildings, 216 schools and 56 parks owned by the
corporation of Chennai has the rainwater harvesting systems installed in it. 5,
Aizawal
The water supply system in the capital of Mizoram, originally designed in 1988
for 80,000 people, is now catering to the needs of over 150,000 residents, making
it grossly inadequate.
Due to inadequate and unreliable water supply people are resorting to rooftop
water harvesting the most convenient and economical water supply system.
Mizoram receives an average rainfall of 2,500 mm annually and is distributed
throughout the year. The major advantage is that most of the buildings are
constructed with sloping roof which are conducive to rainwater harvesting, rain
gutters either of PVC pipes or bamboo is used to drain water into the storage tank
and cylindrical storage tanks with galvanized iron semi-circular rain gutters to
catch rainwater. At present, Aizawl has more than 10,000 rainwater harvesting
tanks in individual houses which have been constructed by the residents at their
own expense or with state government assistance.
Page 58
Contemporary Practices adopted to harvest rainwater in India
Check dams:- A check dam is generally constructed on small streams and long
gullies formed by the erosive activity of water. The ideally a check dam is located
in a narrow stream with high banks. A check dam serves many purposes. 1, It cuts
off the runoff velocity and reduces erosive activity. 2, The water stored improves
soil moisture of the adjoining areas and allows percolation to recharge the
aquifers.
While constructing a series of check dams on along stream course, the spacing
between two check dams should be beyond their water spread. The height of the
check dam should such that even during the highest ood, water does not spill
over the banks.
Contour trenches :- Contour trenches are used both on hill slopes as well as on
degraded and barren waste lands for soil and moisture conservation and
afforestation purposes. The trenches break the slope and reduce the velocity of
surface runoff. It can be used in all slopes irrespective of rainfall conditions,
varying soil types and depths.
Specifications:- Trenches can be continuous or interrupted. The interrupted one

can be in series or staggered, continuous one is used for moisture conservation in
low rainfall areas and require careful layout. Intermittent trenches are adopted in
high rainfall areas. The trenches are to be constructed strictly on contours
irrespective of the category.Layout:- The size of the trench depends upon the
soil's depth. Normally 1000 sq. cm. to 2500 sq. cm. in cross section are adopted.
The trench may be of 30 cm. base and 30 cm. top width and square in cross section
or it can be trapezoidal with side slops 1:1.
Bunding:- Bunds are small earthen barriers provided in agricultural lands with
slopes ranging from 1 to 6 per cent. They control the effective length of slope and
thereby reduce the gain in velocity of runoff ow to avoid gully formations.
Bunds are constructed with the following objectives :- 1, To increase the time of
concentration of rainwater where it falls and thereby allowing rainwater to
percolate into the soil. 2, Converting a long slope into several ones as to minimize
velocity and thereby reducing the erosion by runoff water. 3, To divert runoff
either for water harvesting purposes.
Types of bunds – a, Graded bunds :- Graded bunds are constructed in medium

to high rainfall area having annual rainfall of 600 mm and above and in soils with
poor permeability or those having the crust formation tendency.
b. Contour bunds :- Contour bunds are constructed in relatively low rainfall

areas having annual rainfall of less than 600 mm; particularly in the areas having
light textured soils. They are essentially meant for storing rainwater received
during a period of 24 hours at 10 years recurrence interval. The major
considerations are maximum depth of water to be impounded, design depth of
ow over waste weir and desired free board.
Page 59
Figure-17 Bunding
Contour Stone wall :- It is constructed with stones across the hill slopes thereby
intercepting the surface runoff. These terraces help in retarding the soil loss and
conserving soil moisture. Spacing of such stone wall ranging from 10 m. to 30 m.
can be adopted depending upon slope of the terrain. The soil excavated to form
the foundation for the terrace is used for forming a small bund on the upstream
side of the terrace. Terrace is stabilized by planting suitable vegetation on the
bund.
Gully control :- Gully erosion generally starts as small rills and gradually
develop into deeper crevices. Ravines are a form of extensive gully erosion.
Gully erosion not only damages the land resources but the same time contribute
larger amount of sediment load to river system.
Classification of gullies :- For the purpose of gully control measures gullies are
classied based on several factors. One method takes into consideration the gully
depth and catchment area.
The following table give the classication of gullies:-

Description Gully depth Catchment area
Small 1m. or less 2 ha. Or less
Medium 1 to 5 m. 2 -20 ha.
Large Greater than 5 m. Greater than 20 ha. Gully plugs are earthen embankments
usually constructed for blocking the active and erosion prone gullies for their
stabilization.
a. brushwood dams
b. loose rock dams
c. woven wire dams
Use locally available vegetative cutting in their construction. In the woven dam a
wire mesh is used to hold the stone in place. All the check dams involving stones
are to be adopted in areas where stones are available easily and in plenty. The rock
ll dam and the woven wire dam are more lasting than the loose rock dam. There
are no standard principles of the design of these structures. These are to be
designed and constructed based on the needs and availability of materials in a
given situation. The overall height of temporary check dams use for this purpose
Page 60
should not be more than 75 cms; an effective height of about 30 cms is
satisfactory.
Sub-Surface Dams:- Groundwater dams are structures that intercept or obstruct

the natural ow of groundwater and provide storage for water underground. They
have been used in several parts of the world, notably India, Africa and Brazil.
Their use is in areas where ows of groundwater very considerably during the
course of the year, from very high ows following rain to negligible ows during
the dry season.
The basic principle of the groundwater dam is that instead of storing the water in
surface reservoirs, water is stored underground. The main advantages of water
storage in groundwater dams is that evaporation losses are much less for water
stored underground. Further, risk of contamination of the stored water from the
surface is reduced because as parasites cannot breed in underground water. The
problem of submergence of land which is normally associated with surface dams
is not present with sub surface dams.
Figure-18 Ground water dam
Figure-19 Sub surface ground water dam
Page 61
There are two main types of groundwater dam : the sub-surface dam and sand
storage dam. A sub surface dam intercepts or obstructs the ow of an aquifer and
reduces the variation of the level of the groundwater table upstream of the dam. It
is built entirely under the ground. [see gure-19].
The sand storage dam is constructed above ground. Sand and soil particles
transported during periods of high ow are allowed to deposit behind the dam,
and water is stored in thesesoil deposits [see gure- 20]. The sand storage dam is
constructed in layers to allow sand to be deposited and ner material be washed
downstream [see gure-21].
Figure- 20 Sand storage groundwater dam
Figure-21 type of sand storage groundwater dam
A groundwater dam can also be a combination of these two types. When

constructing a sub-surface dam in a river bed, one can increase the storage
volume by letting the dam wall rise over the surface, thus causing additional
accumulation of sediments. Similarly, when a sand- storage dam is constructed it
is necessary to excavate a trench in the sand bed in order to reach bedrock, which
can be used to create a sub-surface dam too. Groundwater dams are built across
Page 62
streams or valleys. A trench is dug across the valley or stream, reaching to the
bedrock or other stable layer like clay. An impervious wall is constructed in the
trench, which is then relled with the excavated material. Various materials may
be used for the construction of groundwater dams. Materials should be water
proof, and the dam should be strong enough to withstand the imposed soil and
water loads. Dams may vary from 2 to 10 meters high.
Materials include compacted clay, concrete, stones and clay, masonry wall or
plastic sheets.
The reservoir is recharged during the monsoon period and the stored water can be
used during the dry season. Excess water ows over the top of the dam to
replenish aquifers downstream. Water may be obtained from the underground
reservoir either from a well upstream of the dam or from a pipe, passing through
the dam, and leading to a collection point downstream [see gure 19 and 20].
Groundwater dams cannot be a universally applicable as these require specic
conditions for functioning. The best sites for construction of groundwater dams
are where the soil consists of sands and gravel, with rock or a permeable layer at a
depth of a few meters. Ideally the dam should be built where rainwater from a
large catchment area ows through a narrow passage. The Central Ground Water
Board has sited and constructed a number of sub-surface dams in Kerala in the
1980s.
Percolation ponds :- A percolation pond, like an irrigation tank, has a structure

to impound rainwater owing through a watershed, and a waste weir to dispose of
the surplus ow in excess of the storage capacity of the lake created. The section
of the bund is similar to that of an irrigation tank, except that the cut-off trench is
taken to a depth equal to half the height of the bund. The purpose of the cut-off in
the case of the percolation tank is just to prevent erosion of the downstream slope
of the bund due to piping. The cut-off should be shallow enough to permit the
percolating water to pass downstream into the aquifer. The percolation tank bund
has a hearting and a casing, and is provided with stone pitching on the upstream
face and turng on the downstream slope. A masonry waste weir is also necessary
to pass surpluswater. Drains are provided under the bund to lead water
percolating into the bund safely downstream. The storage capacity of percolation
pond is around 30 to 60 million liters. The percolation tanks of Maharashtra have,
on an average, a larger storage capacity than the rapats of Rajasthan.
Geographical Information System:- Remote sensing coupled with the use of

Geographical Information Systems [GIS] can be used to identify runoff potential
zones and location of suitable sites for water harvesting. They can also be used to
identify sites in watersheds that have not been gauged, and where, due to very
steep slopes, the runoff drains out fast. This system was used to identify 18
suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in the watershed of the Song
river at Bandal, Uttaranchal.
Page 63
The methodology consisted of preparing various resource maps such as land
use/land cover by using IRS-1C, LISS data by digital image processing
techniques, coupled with ground truth data. Digital elevation model, slope map,
aspect map, classied map, soil map, drainage and buffer maps for village and
agriculture areas were created in a GIS environment. Input parameters deduced
from the basic thematic maps were then integrated with eld data to generate
runoff potential zoning. This model uses rainfall data, temperature data, soils,
land use and rooting depth of different types of vegetation for calculating the soil
moisture decit, soil moisture surplus, evapo-transportation, surface runoff and
other parameters.
Rain Water Harvesting [RWH] :- Rain water harvesting is simply the capturing
and storing the rain water, when and where it falls, by different methods for
inltration and percolation into underground to augment the ground water
reservoir. RWH is the only long term solution to chronic water shortage in urban
area. In urban area, recharge of ground water through storm runoff and roof top
water collection, and the diversion and collection of runoff into dry tanks from
playgrounds, pavement, parks and other vacant places can be implemented.
Several methods of RWH for articial recharge are in vogue, the selection being
dictated by local hydrogeological and soil conditions [Todd, 1980].
Rejuvenation of Ponds and Lakes:- During the past years there is a realization
that these ponds/lakes have to be restored with a view to making them reliable
source of fresh water all through the year. With increased urban activities and
population, the need of potable water has diversied as well as gone up. The lakes
help recharge groundwater, support livelihood by way of shing and grazing and
quench the thirst of the bovine population simply by harvesting rainwater,
ensuring its storages and making the overow seep into ground the best insurance
against water scarcity and water logging[ Gowda and Sridhara, 2013].
Water Recycle/Reuse of Sewage Water :- All water based activities in urban do

not always require good quality water. Some activities may be performed with
'grey water' [re- used/recycled water]. It is important to identify opportunities for
the collection and reuse of gray water [domestic, industrial, waste water, except
from the toilet] wherever possible.Possible uses for grey water include toilet
ushing, washing cars and patio, watering plants, etc. Some techniques are
described below.
1. Omini Water Treatment Plant :- Omini Water Treatment Plant may be a

alternative technology for drinking water crisis in countries like India. In this
process 86,000 liter drinkable water can be obtained from the sewer of 1,00,000
people. Electricity can produced in this plant as a by-product. In Omini Water
Treatment Plant the squalor send to drier by machine through conveyer belt to
separate it from water in high temperature. The water of sewage [excreta]
evaporated and send to cooling tube through pipe. Here squalor becomes dry. The
vapor of second face moves in cleaning system pipe till getting the clean water
[Hari Bhoomi, 2015].
Page 64
2. Intermediate Technology [Reedbed Channel System]:- In almost all cities
and towns of India, waste water owing through long open drains that is either
redirected for use in agricultural eld or collected in ponds [meant to store storm
water run-off] for later use, is common. By converting these terminal [trunk]
drains into gravel media beds supporting commonly found Indian wetland plants
such as Phragmites carca and Typha latifolia, surface ow reed bed channels for
treatment can be developed. During lean ow periods of the day, the beds will
function as sub-surface ow reed beds. A detritus tank pretreatment preceded by
storm water overow structure to bypass the ow in excess of twice the peak dry
weather ow are the other requirements.
Interlinking of Rivers in India:-

The interlinking of rivers has two components, the Himalayan component and a
Peninsular one. All interlinking schemes are aimed at transferring of water from
one river system to another or by lifting across natural basins. The project will
build 30 links and some 3000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan and Peninsular
rivers to form a gigantic South Asian water grid. The canals planned to be 50 to
100 meters wide and more than 6 meters deep, would facilitate navigation. The
estimates of key projects variables-still in the nature of back – of-the-envelope
calculations-suggest it will cost around 5,60,000 crores Indian rupees, at 2002
prices, handle 178 km of inter-basin water transfer/per year, build 12,500 km of
canals, create 35 giga watt of hydropower capacity, add 35 million hectares to
India's irrigated areas, and create an unknown volume of navigation and shery
benets.
International Case studies on various Rainwater Harvesting Methods

Waste Water Recycling in Australia :- Waste Water Recycling in Australia new
concept of water mining: The approach involves mining sewer- initial screening-
separating solids – biological treatment- micro ltration-hypochlorite
disinfection. The concept is suitable for watering parks, gardens,crops and other
secondary usage not involving water contact. The pilot scheme is developed
where 300 kilo liter per day is successfully irrigating 9 hectare of parks and play
elds. The basic approach involves extracting waste water from underground
sewers, treating iton site through a three stage process and recycling it for use in
surrounding areas. The wastes are returned back to the sewer for treatment further
downstream. An opinion survey conducted on Canberra's residents indicated 97
percent strongly accepted the system of reuse of efuent for irrigation.
Decentralising of sewerage systems has proven to be highly effective in

Germany, Brazilian and Chinese rural habitants have benet from government
funded programs that allow them to capture water during the rainy season and
store it for later usage. Singapore has invested on highly efcient canals and
drains, and has protected a large number of catchment in order to avoid pollution
of rainwater. Australia, one of the driest continents on earth has encouraged
citizens and businesses to implement rainwater harvesting technology by
providing funding towards these projects.
Page 65
CHAPTER
6.0
Various Conventional Water Recharging
Systems and Conservation Structures
History of Rainwater Harvesting

Civilizations in the Indus Valley were far more advanced than we may think
nowadays. In many of the ancient cities that still remain, we can still nd huge
vats that were cut into the rock to collect water when there was torrential rainfall.
These were used to keep the population and local vegetation going in hotter, dryer
times and were fed by numerous stone gullies that weaved their way through the
city. Some of these rock vats are still used today in parts of India.
During the time of the Roman Empire, rainwater collection became something of
an art and science, with many new cities incorporating state of the art technology
for the time. The Romans were masters at these new developments and great
progress was made right up until the 6th Century AD and the rule of Emperor
Caesar.
CALCULATING ANNUAL RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL

[ARHP]
ARHP = R X Rf X A, where ARHP = Annual Rainwater Harvesting Potential [in

cubic meters]
R = Annual rainfall [in mts.]
Rf = Run-off Co-efcient [% age]
A = Area [in sq. mts.]
The Run-off Co-efcient [Rf] is taken as.
Ÿ For Roof Catchments :- Tiles = 0.8 - 0.9, Corrugated Metal Sheet = 0.7 – 0.9
Ÿ For Ground Surface Covering :- Concrete = 0.6 – 0.8, Plastic Sheeting [Gravel
covered ] = 0.7 – 0.8, Butyl rubber = 0.8 – 0.9, Brick pavement = 0.5 – 0.6.
Ÿ For Treated Ground Catchments :- Compacted and Smoothened soil = 0.3 –

0.5, Clay/cow- dung threshing oors = 0.5 – 0.6, Silicone treated soil = 0.5 –
0.8.
Page 66
Ÿ For Untreated Ground Catchments :- Soil on slope less than 10% = 0.0 – 0.3,
Rocky = 0.2 – 0.5.
[The above averages are taken for the sake of simplicity. An intense rainfall
generates more run-off than a light but prolonged rain. Also the slope, surface
hardness and lack of vegetation cover of the catchment contribute to increased
run-off. An increase in slope and hardness of the hard catchment area will yield
greater run-off].
EXAMPLE [FOR CAMPUS BUILDING]

Calculating Annual Rainwater Harvesting Potential. Total Catchment Area =
5000 sq. m., Roof Area = 500 sq. m., Paved Area = 500 sq. m., Kuchha Area =
4000 sq. m., Average Annual Rainfall = 60 cm./ 0.60 m.
Annual Rainwater Harvesting Potential [ARHP] =[500 X 0.8 X 0.60] + [500 X

0.70 X 0.60] + [4000 X 0.1 X 0.60] = 240 + 210 + 240 = 690 cubic meters/
6,90,000 lts.
VARIOUS TRADITIONAL WATER RECHARGING SYSTEMS AND

CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.
1. Tankas – Tankas [small tank] are underground tanks, found traditionally in

most Bikaner houses. They are built in the main house or in the courtyard. They
were circular holes made in the ground, lined with ne polished lime, in which
rainwater was collected. Tankas were often beautifully decorated with tiles,
which helped to keep the water cool. The water was used only for drinking. If in
any year there was less than normal rainfall and the tankas did not get lled, water
from nearby wells and tanks would be obtained to ll the household tankas. The
tanka system is also to be found in the pilgrim town of Dwarka where it has been
in existence for centuries. It continues to be used in residential areas, temples,
dharamshalas and hotels.
2. Khadin – A khadin, also called a dhora, is an ingenious construction designed

to harvest surface run-off water for agriculture. Its main feature is a very long
[100 – 300 m.] earthen embankment built across the lower hill slopes lying below
gravelly uplands. Sluices and spillways allow excess water to drain off. The
khadin system is based on the principle of harvesting rainwater on farmland ad
subsequent use of this water-saturated land for crop production.
First designed by the Paliwal Brahmins of Jaisalmer, western Rajasthan in the

15th century, this system has great similarity with the irrigation methods of the
people of Ur [present Iraq] around 4500 BC and later of the Nabateans in the
Middle East.
A similar system is also reported to have been practiced 4,000 years ago in the
Negev desert, and in southwestern Colorado 500 years ago.
Page 67
3. Vav / vavdi / Baoli / Bavadi – Traditional stepwells are called vav or vavadi in
Gujarat, or baolis or bavadis in Rajasthan and northern India. Built by the nobility
usually for strategic and/or philanthropical reasons, they were secular structures
from which everyone could draw water. Most of them are defunct today.
Sculptures and inscriptions in stepwells demonstrate their importance to the
traditional social and cultural lives of people.
Stepwell locations often suggested the way in which they would be used. When a
stepwell was located within or at the edge of a village, it was mainly used for
utilitarian purposes and as a cool place for social gatherings. When stepwells
were located outside the village, on trade routes, they were often frequented as
resting places. Many important stepwells are located on the major military and
trade routes from Patan in the north to the sea coast of Saurashtra. When stepwells
were used exclusively for irrigation, a sluice was constructed at the rim to receive
the lifted water and lead it to a trough or pound, from where it ran through a
drainage system and was channeled into the elds.
4. Ahar Pynes – This traditional oodwater harvesting system is indigenous to

south Bihar, In south Bihar, the terrain has a marked slope --- 1 m per km --- fro
south to north. The soil here issandy and does not retain water. Groundwater
levels are low. Rivers in this region swell only during the monsoon, but the water
is swiftly carried away or percolates down into the sand. All these factors make
oodwater harvesting the best option here, to which this system is admirably
suited.
An ahar is a catchment basin embanked on three sides, the 'fourth' side being the
natural gradient of the land itself. Ahar beds were also used to grow a rabi [winter]
crop after draining out the excess water that remained after kharif [summer]
cultivation. Pynes are articial channels constructed to utilize river water in
agricultural elds.
Starting out from the river, pynes meander through elds to end up in an ahar.
Most pynes ow within 10 km of a river and their length is not more than 20 km.
The ahar-pyne system received a death-blow under the nineteenth-century

British colonial regime. The post independence state was hardly better. In 1949,
Flood Advisory Committee investigating continuous oods in Bihar's Gaya
district came to the conclusion that ' the fundamental reason for recurrence of
oods was the destruction of the old irrigation system in the district.' Of late,
through, some villages in Bihar have taken up the initiative to rebuild and re-use
the system. One such village is Dihra.
5. Bengal's Inundation Channel – Bengal once had an extraordinary system of

inundation canals. Sir William Willcocks, a British irrigation expert who had also
worked in Egypt and Iraq, claimed that inundation canals were in vogue in the
region till about two centuries ago. Flood water entered the elds through the
Page 68
inundation canals, carrying not only rich silt but also sh, which swam through
these canals into the lakes and tanks to feed on the larva of mosquitoes. This
helped to check malaria in this region. According to Willcocks, the ancient
system of overow irrigation had lasted for thousands of years. Unfortunately,
during the Afghan- Maratha war in the 18th century and the subsequent British
conquest of India, this irrigation system was neglected, and was never received.
6. Dungs or Jampois – Dungs or Jampois are small irrigation channels linking

rice elds to streams in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal.
7. Cheruvu – Cheruvu are found in Chitoor and Cuddapah districts in Andhra

Pradesh. They are reservoirs to store runoff. Cheruvu embankments are tted
with thoomu [sluices], alugu or marva or kalju [ood weir] and kalava [canal].
8 Kohli Tanks – The Kohlis, a small group of cultivators, built some 43,381
water tanks in the district of Bhandara, Maharashtra, some 250 – 300 yeaqrs ago.
These tanks constituted the backbone of irrigation in the area until the
government took them over in the 1950s. It is still crucial for sugar and rice
irrigation. The tanks were of all sizes, often with provisions to bring water
literally to the doorstep of villagers.
9 Bandharas – These are check dams or diversion weirs built across rivers. A
traditional system found in Maharashtra, their presence raises the water level of
the rivers so that it begins toow into channels. They are also used to impound
water and form a large reservoir. Where a bandhara was built across a small
stream, the water supply would usually last for a few months after the rains. They
are built either y villagers or by private persons who received rent – free land in
return for their public act. Most Bandharas are defunct today. A very few are still
in use.
10. Phad – The community – managed phad irrigation system, prevalent in

northwestern Maharashtra probably came into existence some 300 – 400 years
ago. The system operated on three rivers in the Tapi basin – Panjhra, Mosam and
Aram- in Dhule and Nasik districts [still in use in some places here].
The system starts with a bandhara [check dam or diversion weir] built across a
rivers. From the bandharas branch out kalvas [canals] to carry water into the
elds. The length of these canals varies from 2-12 km. Each canal has a uniform
discharge capacity of about 450 litres/second. Charis [distributaries] are built for
feeding water from the kalva to different areas of the phad. Sarangs[ eld
channels] carry water to individual elds. Sandams [escapes], along with kalvas
and charis, drain away excess water. The phad system has given rise to a unique
social system to manage water use.
11. Kere – Tanks called kere in Kannada, were the predominant traditional
method of irrigation in the Central Karnataka plateau, and were fed either by
Page 69
channels branching off from anicuts [check dams] built across streams, or by
streams in valleys. The outow of one tank supplied the next all the way down the
course of the stream; the tanks were built in a series.
12. The Ramtek model – has been named after water harvesting structures in the
town of Ramtek, Maharashtra. A scientic analysis revealed an intricate network
of groundwater and surface waterbodies, intrinsically connected through surface
and underground canals. A fully evolved system, this model harvested runoff
through tanks, supported by high yielding wells and structures like baories,
kundis, and waterholes. This system, intelligently designed to utilize every
raindrop falling in the watershed area is disintegrating due to neglect and
ignorance.
Constructed and maintained mostly by malguzars [landowners], these tanks form

a chain, extending from the foothills to the plains, conserving about 60 -70
percent of the total runoff. Once tanks located in the upper reaches close to the
hills were lled to capacity, the water owed down to ll successive tanks,
generally through interconnecting channels. This sequential arrangement
generally ended in a small waterhole to store whatever water remained unstored.
13. Zings – Zings are water harvesting structures found in Ladakh. They are
small tanks, in which collects melted glacier water. Essential to the system is the
network of guiding channels that brings the water from the glacier to the tank. As
glaciers melt during the day, the channels ll up with a trickle that in the afternoon
turns into owing water. The water collects towards the evening, and is used the
next day.
14. Kul – Kuls are water channels found in precipitous mountain areas. These
channels carry water from glaciers to villages in the Spiti valley of Himachal
Pradesh. Where the terrain is muddy, the kul is lined with rocks to keep it from
becoming clogged. In the jammu region too, similar irrigation systems called
kuhls are found.
15. Naula – Naula is a surface-water harvesting method typical to the hill areas of
Uttaranchal. These are small wells or ponds in which water is collected by
making a stone wall across a stream.
16. Khatri – Khatris are structures, about 10 X 12 feet in size and six feet deep
carved out in the hard rock mountain. These traditional water harvesting
structures are found in Hamirpur, Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal
Pradesh. There are two types of khatris, one for animals and washing purposes in
which rain water is collected from the roof through pipes, and other used for
human consumption in which rainwater is collected by seepage through rocks.
17. Kuhl – Kuhls are a traditional irrigation system in Himachal Pradesh- surface
channels diverting water from natural owing streams [khuds]. A typical
Page 70
community kuhl services six to 30 farmers, irrigating an area of 20 ha. The system
consists of a temporary headwall across a khud for storage and diversion of the
ow through a canal to the elds. By modern standards, building kuhls was
simple, with boulders and labour forming the major input. The kuhl was provided
with moghas to draw out water and irrigate nearby terraced elds. The water
would ow from eld to eld and surplus water, if and, would drain bac to the
khud. r, Zabo – The zabo [the word means 'impounding runoff'] system is
practiced in Nagaland in north eastern India. Also known as the ruza system, it
combines water conservation with forestry, agriculture and animal care. The rain
falls on a patch of protected forest on the hill top; as the water runoff along the
slope, it passes through various terraces. The water is collected in pond like
structures in the middle terraces; below are cattle yards and towards the foot of
the hill are paddy elds, where the runoff ultimately meanders into.
18. Cheo-ozihi – The river Mezii ows along the Angami village of Kwigema in
Nagaland. The river water is brought down by a long channel. From this channel,
many branch channels are taken off, and water is often diverted to the terraces
through bamboo pipes. One of the channels is named Cheo-ozihi, ozihi means
water and Cheo was the person responsible for the laying of this 8 -10 km long
channel with its numerous branches.
19. Eri – Approximately one third of the irrigated area of Tamil Nadu is watered
by eris [tanks]. Eris have played several important roles in maintaining
ecological harmony as ood control systems, preventing soil erosion and
wastage of runoff during periods of heavy rainfall, and recharging the
groundwater in the surrounding areas. The presence of eris provided an
appropriate micro climate for the local areas. Without eris, paddy cultivation
would have been impossible.
20. Ooranis – The tanks, in south Travancor, through numerous were in most
cases Ooranis containing just enough water to cultivate the few acres of land
dependent on them. The irregular topography of the region and the absence of
large open spaces facilitated the construction of only small tanks unlike large
ones seen in the at districts of the Tamil Nadu. v, Bamboo Drip Irrigation –
Meghalaya has an ingenious system of tapping of stream and spring water by
using bamboo pipes to irrigate plantations. About 18 -20 litres of water entering
the bamboo pipe system per minute gets transported over several hundred meters
and nally gets reduced to 20 -80 drops per minute at the site of the plant. Bamboo
pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by
gravity. This 200 year old system is used by the tribal farmers of Khasi and Jaintia
hills to drip irrigate their black pepper cultivation.
21. Apatani – This is a wet rice cultivation cum sh farming system practiced in
elevated regions of about 1600 m and gentle sloping valleys, having an average
annual rainfall about 1700 mm and also rich water resources like springs and
streams. This system harvests both ground and surface water for irrigation. It is
Page 71
practiced by Apatani tribes of ziro in the lower Subansiri district of Arunachal
Pradesh.
In Apatani system, valley are terraced into plots separated by 0.6 meters high
earthen dams supported by bamboo frames. All plots have inlet and outlet on
opposite sides. The inlet of lowlying plot functions as an outlet of the high lying
plot. Deeper channels connect the inlet point to outlet point. The terraced plot can
be ooded or drained off with water by opening and blocking the inlets and
outlets as and when required.
22. Virdas – Virdas are shallow wells dug in low depressions called jheels
[tanks]. They are found all over the Banni grasslands, a part of the Great Rann of
Kutch in Gujarat. They are systems built by the nomadic Maldharis, who used to
roam these grasslands. Now settled, they persist in using virdas.
Essentially, the structures use a technology that helps the Maldharis separate
potable freshwater from un potable salt water. After rainwater inltrates the soil,
it gets stored at a level above the salty groundwater because of the difference in
their density. A structure is built to reach down [about 1 m.] to this upper layer of
accumulated rainwater. Between these two layers of sweet and saline water, there
exists a zone of brackish water. As freshwater is removed, the brackish water
moves upwards, and accumulates towards the bottom of the virda.
23. Surangam – Kasaragod district in the northern Malabar region of Kerala is an

area whose people cannot depend directly on surface water. The terrain is such
that there is high discharge in rivers in the monsoon and low discharge in the dry
months. People here depend, therefore on groundwater, and on a special water
harvesting structure called surangam. The word surangam is derived from a
Kannada word for tunnel. It is also known as thurangam, thorapu, mela, etc. in
different parts of Kasaragod. It is a horizontal well mostly excavated in
hardlaterite rock formations. The excavation continues until a good amount of
water is struck. Water seeps out of the hard rock and ows out of the tunnel. This
water is usually collected in an open pit constructed outside the surangam. A
surangam is about 0.45 – 0.70 m. wide and about 1.8 – 2.0 m. high. The length
varies from 3 – 300 m. Usually several subsidiary surangams are excavated
inside the main one. If the surangam is very long, a number of vertical air shafts
are provided to ensure atmospheric pressure inside.
24. Korambus – Korambus is a temporary dam stretching across the mouth of

channels, made of brushwood, mud and grass. It is constructed by horizontally
xing a strong wooden beam touching either banks of the canal. A series of
vertical wooden beams of appropriate height is erected with their lower ends
resting rmly on the ground and the other ends tied to the horizontal beam.
Korambu is constructed to raise the water level in the canal and to divert the water
into eld channels.
Page 72
Jhalara
Jhalara Talab/Bandhi
Taanka Ahar pynes
Ahar pynes Johads
Flood irrigation Panam keni

Page 73
Khadin Bhandara phad
Zing Kuhls
Kund Baoli
Nadi Zabo
Page 74
Bamboo Drip Irrigation Jackwells
Ramtek Model Pat System
Eri Virdas
Bandhara Khatris
Figure- 22. Various traditional water recharging systems and conservation
structures
Page 75
CHAPTER
7.0
Conclusions
To frame an integrated strategies for water security is absolutely necessary today.

There is no single solution that can be used to achieve water scarcity. There are so
many technologies for water supply available in India. To take care at the
planning stage itself regarding drinking water during preparing irrigation
schemes/ projects proposed under the National Water Policy, and to prevent loss
of water through evaporation in the reservoirs located in the areas facing famine
and which have less preservation capacity.
Rain water is the main source for ground water recharge articial recharging of
ground water by rainwater harvesting is paved and unpaved area [open elds,
parks, pavement landscape, etc.] can fulll around 25 percent demand. Ground
water recharging fullls about 25 percent water demand. Roof top rain water
harvesting meets another 25 percent water demand. Water losses in pipelines
supply can be used for ground water augmentation. Which is about 25 percent of
supplied water. The rain water recharging structures, trench can be used for
recharging ground water by rain water or storm water runoff.
A mass awareness program supplemented by appropriate technologies, policies,

institutional arrangements and stakeholders participation would increase water
productivity, accelerate economic growth and assure safe and secure water in the
present and in future.
7.1. Recommendations
With a growing population and rising needs of a fast developing nation as well as
the given indications of the impact of climate change, availability of utilize water
will be under further strain in future with the possibility of deepening water
conicts among different user groups. It became necessary to take cognizance of
the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and
institutions and for a plan of action with a unied national perspective. Its become
necessary to avail water and utilization of rainwater through R.W.H. [Rainwater
Harvesting] techniques.
The security of our water future depends on how we manage our water resources
today. This will require a concerted effort on the legal, policy, regulatory and
Page 76
institutional front for better managements and efcient usage of water. Accurate
data and information systems are key to effective planning and management of
water. Appropriate valuation of water uses will be necessary to design and
promote demand management, recycling of waste water, rain water harvesting
and also to deter the polluting of water bodies. Extensive awareness and
education programmes need to be undertaken in parallel.
Page 77
REFERENCES
1. Assessment and management of ground water resource of Gandhinagar

district using Geo- informatics. Published by – http://www.ijert.org, IJERT
Journal vol.- 5, issue- 05, May-2016
2. Assessment of ground water potential of Gandhinagar region, Gujarat.
‘Article in Journal of the geological society of india_January 2018.
3. Assessment of water supply at patan, Gujarat. ‘Research paper in Indian

journal of Research, PARIPEX, Volume-1, Issue-6, June-2012.
4. Districts of North Gujarat – Indianetzone.

http://www.indianetzone.com>districts_north_gujarat
5. District Ground Water Brochure Mehsana District Gujarat compiled by

A.K.Sinha, Asst. Hydrogeologist.
6. District Ground Water Brochure Patan District Gujarat compiled by

A.K.Sinha, Asst. Hydrogeologist.
7. draft_state_water_policy_eng_2015.
8. Efcient Water Management By- Dhimant Vyas.
9. Groundwater Year Book – 2015,16 – Gujarat State and UT. Of Daman &
Diu.
10. Ground Water Brochure Gandhinagar District Gujarat compiled by R.K.

Verma
11. Ground Water Brochure, Banaskantha district Gujarat compiled by B.K.

Gupta.
12. Ground Water Brochure Sabarkantha District Gujarat compiled by
K.M.Nayak.
Page 78
13. GOI[2002] Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation Manual, CPWD,
http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF accessed on 3.5.16
14. Hydrology and water resource of Gujarat, western india. [ pdf]

h t t p : / / w w w. r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / . . . / 3 1 2 9 4 7 2 0 8 _ H y d r o l o g y _ a n d
_water_resource
15. Hari Bhoomi, Raipur [2015] Bill Gates Ne Pia Toilet ka Recycled Kiya Pani,
[Hindi Daily News Paper], 2015, jan, 12[02].
16. India’s rampant urban water issues and challenges TERI_les.
17. Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 14x1, January-March, 2017,

Article- Critical issues and options for management of water in Indian urban
sector. By- Prakash Chandra tamrakar and prof. Abir bandyopadhyay, Ph. D.
18. North Gujarat- Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org>wiki>North_Gujarat
19. National Water Policy, 2012.
20. Rainwater harvesting, A basic manual for Urban Built-up Areas.

http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
21. Rainwater harvesting.org., more of contemporary practices.
22. Rainwater harvesting potential of Delhi_les.
23. [PDF] Traditional water harvesting structures and sustainable water

management in India: A socio-Hydrological Review.
24. Ty p e s o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s o f G u j a r a t s t a t e _ H i s t o r y _ T h e
region_Narmada[Gujarat State]_les.
25. Traditional water conservation systems of India_les.
26. The International Rainwater harvesting Alliance [IRHA]_les.
27. Traditional water conservation systems of India.

https://www.thebetterindia.com>traditional-water-conservation-systems-
in...
28. Todd, D.K.[1980] Ground Water Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
29. Water supply scenario in Gujarat-GIDB gidb.org/water-supply-scenario-in
–Gujarat
30. Water supply ow diagram catalogue for Municipalities of Gujarat, Vo2,
2012-13.
Page 79

Critical Issues of Management of Potable Water in North Gujarat Region and Probable Options For To Mitigate

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CRITICAL ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT

OF POTABLE WATER IN NORTH

Mayank Kumar K. Patel

Assistant Professor Institute of Architecture, Hem. North Gujarat

Author : Mayank Kumar K. Patel

ISBN : 978 - 93 - 91478 - 49 - 0

Publisher : SARA BOOK PUBLICATION

First Edition : October 2021

Copyright© 2021\ Sara Book Publication, Ahmedabad

List of Table [v]

1.1 Aims & Objectives 01

3.1 Depth of Water Level. [Unconned Aquifer] 30

4.1 Present Scenario of Water in North Gujarat 41

TABLE-1. Ahmedabad. IMD Station – Climatological data [1931-60]. 04

TABLE-2. Climatological data of Deesa IMD Station [1951-1980]. 06

TABLE-3. Medium & Major irrigation schemes [Banaskantha]

TABLE-4. Area irrigated by different sources [Banaskantha]

TABLE-5. Climatological data of Idar station in Sabarkantha district. 10

TABLE-6. Groundwater prospects of different geomorphic unit

TABLE-7. Climatological data – Mehsana district. 13

TABLE-8. Drinking water well based on Groundwater sources

TABLE-9. Climatological data – Radhanpur. 15

TABLE-10. Distribution of Groundwater monitoring wells in

TABLE-11. District wise range distribution of pollution parameters

TABLE-12. Well wise categorization of Depth to water level,

TABLE-13. Well wise categorization of Depth to water level,

TABLE-14. Well wise categorization of Depth to water level,

TABLE-15. Well wise categorization of Depth to water level,

TABLE-17. Categorization of changes in water level between

TABLE-18. Categorization of changes in water level between

TABLE-19. Categorization of changes in water level between

TABLE-20. Categorization of changes in water level between

TABLE-21. Categorization of changes in water level between

TABLE-22. Categorization of changes in water lavel between

TABLE-23. Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

TABLE-24. Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

TABLE-25.Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

TABLE-26. Well wise categorization of changes in water level during

TABLE-27. Water supply in Municipal towns, according to size class

TABLE-28. Region wise water supply [Gujarat State]. 47

TABLE- 29. Classication of Municipalities according to water supply

Figure – 1. Gujarat map divided on the basis of water resources. 02

CGWB – Central Ground Water Board

Ÿ Gujarat is one of the frequent drought prone states of India. Several

Ÿ In parts of Mehsana and Gandhinagar districts, depth to piezometric surface

Ÿ Alarming declines in ground water levels. The articial recharge of ground

Ÿ Pointed attention of the administrators and policy makers is drawn towards

1.1. Aims & Objective

Prioritization impacts water resource management and therefore demands

1.2. Gujarat State on the basis of Water resources

Figure -1 Gujarat Map divided on the basis of Water resources

In Gujarat average fresh water availability is 855 cum/capita/year, while for

1.1.1. Gandhinagar District proﬁle

Figure -2 Administrative map of Gandhinagar District

Gandhinagar District whose head quarter is at Gandhinagar, the state capital.

Table-1 Ahmedabad IMD Station – Climatological Data [1931-60]

3. Land Use [Sq. Km.]

5. Area under principal food grain crops

6. Irrigation by different sources [Areas in sq. km. and numbers of structures]

Dug wells = 91/2203, Tube wells/ Bore wells = 829/5571, Tanks/Ponds/Water

Ÿ Net irrigated area [sq km] [2004-05] = 925

1.1.2. Banaskantha District proﬁle

Figure -3 Administrative map of Banaskantha District