Chapter 5 Differentiation of Functions of Single Variable After learning this chapter you will understand : Continuity and Differentiability. Rules of Differentiation. v Product Rule. Y¥ Quotient Rule. v Chain Rule. Differentiation of Implicit Functions. Logarithmic Differentiation. Differentiation of Infinite Series. Parametric Differentiation. Higher Order Derivatives. For Full Course Video Lectures of ALL Subjects of Eco (Hons), B Com (H), BBE & MA Economics Register yourself at www.primeacademy.in Dheeraj Suri Classes Prime Academy +91 9899192027Prime Academy, www.primeacademy.in Basic Concepts Derivative of a function 1. Mathematical Definition : The Derivative of a function y=f(x) is denoted by, or f (x) or dy/dx (derivative of y with respect to x) and is defined by FG) or dy/dx = Lim fix + dx) = fla) a0 ax To compute the derivative of f(x) is to differentiate f(x), and the process of obtaining a derivative is called differentiation. Note Derivative of a f also known as its differential coefficient. 2. Geometrical ¢ Derivative of a fun Pe ints the slope of its tangent, i! migent of the curve y = fix) makes with the axis of X then tat 5 Note The tive of y= f(x) at a point x= ais the slo; tangent to ve y= f(2) at the point (a, f(a). 3. Derivative as rate measure : The derivative of a variable quantity represents its instantaneous rate of change. Derivative of a physical object with respect to time rs sits rate of change, e.g. the velocity(v) is the rate af change of displdéement(s), therefore ds/dt = v. Note Derivative of a variable quantity represents inst: us rate of change with respect to time. Note in thisichapter read w.r.t. as with respect to. & 4. Cor and Differentiability : If f(x) is a continuous fun, ‘x = a, then it may not be differentiable at x = a. But if f(x) is disco at x =a then it is essenti differentiable at x= a. Note Every di le function is contin given interval but every «ry be differentiable. This is because the Ii may or may not exist. 5. Right hand derivative : The sight h hand derivative of function fat a point a is defined x)- fa R = tim f-f@ as: , provided the limit exists and is finite. f'@ x3a° 3-4 Mathematical Methods 52 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inai. @. Q3. Q. Q6. Q. Qs. Q9. Ql. Qu. Prime Academy, www.primeacademy.in Left hand derivative : The left hand derivative of function f at a point a is defined = lin f@)-f@ f(@ 1390 320 Differentiability of a function : A given function is differentiable at a given point a if its left hand derivative and right hand derivative at x = a are equal. ie., . If fis continuous at a, and if f(a") # f(a-) then we say that the provided the limit exists and is finite. a / fia) t/a) graph of fhas comer (or kink) at (a, ffa)). Then fis not differentiable at a. 1 (i) Is this Ratx=2. Gi) Is this Prentiable at x=. § Is the functi Go} _ for 1sxs2 fa) Mx for x>2 @ inuous; and (ii) differentiable at x = 2. ph (H) 2008] De whether f is derivable at x = x, 4 x20 ° —_ fO=19 5, if x<0 Ep for OS p<8, x2{80-2p for 8< p<10, 0 A firin faces the following demand function for its output : for p20, function with p on the vertical axis and x on the horiz For what output does the demand curve has a kink. (H) 1998] continuity and differentiability of : itx= x] + ly 1] is continuous but not differenti =0,1. Discuss the, of f(x) atx = | and x= 2 for th fax) Discuss the diffékemtiabil lit fun, x for x f(a=42-x for 15352 fat x SWPnd x = 2. =243x-2" for x>2 Discuss the differentiability of the function f(x) = x? | x| at origin. Show that f defined by Ax) = |x| + Lx 1] + x — 2] is continuous but not differentiable atx = 0, 1 and 2. Show that the function f defined as fx) =\x- I+ [etl] V xeR Mathematical Methods 53. By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in is not differentiable at the points x =—1 and x= 1, and is derivable at every other point. QI2. Prove that the function defined as evrot poet fan 0, if x=0 is not differentiable at x = 0 and is continuous at x = 0. QI3. Prove that the function defined as if ie compositefuncti qua. ions g(fix)) ? [Eco. (EH) |, B.B.E. 2010] QIS. If the fi and g are derivable at a point x = c, thei at f+ g is also deriv an Qi6. If fons f and g are derivable at a point x = c, then t £.g is also de ree, Answers of Exercise 1 1.) Yes, , (ii) No, 2.) Yes, (ii) Yes, 3. No, 4& x= 5. fous, Not Differentiable, 7. Does not exist at both 8. Ne rentiable at x = 1, Differentiable at x= 2, 9. Different ™ Basic Concepts = Important Formulae S @ => dy/dv=nx"7! i) => dy/dv=0, where k is a constanl (ii) y => dy/dx=e" a (iv) => dy/dx =a"logea “dy ) => dydv= Wx ‘ 3 (vil) y=ve (viii) y=! => x Note Derivative of a constant is always zero. Mathematical Methods 54 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in Note If x(#) is a function of £, where t stands for time, then we often use a. Q3. Qs. Q. Qs. aio. “ dot notation” for differentiation with respect to time, ie, A001 _ ig dt . The derivative of constant times a function is equal to constant times the derivative of the function. ie., UFO] _ , ALF), dx dx Differentiation of Sum or Difference of Two Functions : If y =u+v, where u= “BA and v = g(x), then dy _ du , dv dx a dx RAY Differentiatio Product rul in the function to be «inte. s product of two or more functi G If y= mx), then 8 (x) + g(x) fi) jation by Quotient Rule : me FQ) LX uf FQ@)= ‘g(a) “Such that g(x) + 0, then we can differentiate it using quotient rule _ gx ffx go) [eco And by simple calculations we can show that : Fy fo _ go oS “05 f@) a) . asda: PO) Exercise 2 Dit following w.r.t. x Q2. 32. Qa. 2° +3x4 +629 - 2x7 +42-7 ™ Qg, ye late ; vx rae) If 5. 4) yale t 4 ® 4% 4 then show that 4” wi 3s dx Mathematical Methods 55 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-92027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Acaclene www.primeacademy.in Qui. s then show that 2v_ 1 dx +x ete * a Q12. Let: A(x) and B(x) = —= show that py Me) = BOD). [Eco. (H) 1997] Differentiate the following w.r.t. x Q13. y= x" log x QI. yaxte+x"logx — QUS. y=e"(x + logs) Qi6. ‘ x4 . xte* Qi. Qu. y= Qs. 6. “toot [eof = bor’ ogy +mrne' wo] ol Lecol- Q7. Si that both the amount of oil extracted per unit of time and thgjpriee per unit dl ith time 1 and are respectively represented as x(t) and p(¢ epresents the revenue per unit of time ¢. Then show that the proportional rate bf growth of revenue js the sum of the proportional rates at which the price and i are chy pt . Pe Q28. Let 0D income at time ¢ with Y) = 1) represents the nominal incom, t and P(t) represents A. time 1. How is the proportional rat« rowtl tional rate of growth of nominal income? [Eco. (H) I Sem. 2012] {Hint : yO_YO PO mam yO YO PO Answers of Exercise 2 La, 2% © Qaxtb, 3 3x7 +10K+6, 4. 4x +1207 + 8x, BS. 4x8 2x7 42x43, 9 6 4x 12x? 44-8, Mathematical Methods 5.6 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-92027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in 2 Gerretse My Pye fea 8. x 2 2 2 13. x+2xlogx. 14, x'(Ge" +.xe" +.x+6xlog x) Boda tyxstogay 16 a, 7m 3, x G-1? (2x-1)? ogee? tingxe* <2 18. ——_____* 49, (2xlogx—Ie** 20, 1-logx Cregay ets oe “yy 2 (x? -2e43)e", 40x° = 2, (x? +3)? x(1= log x)? 2, 20° ne -4 Ss dea’? ey Basic Concepts conce ts LIfe (x) are two differentiable functions, then their com ction fog is al nntiable and it will be differentiated as under. 1 Sf (x). then = Ffecabxe'co _ The above rule can be verified as under Haiio! then * Let 7 g(x) ee fae) Noy t this substitution we have S dy yah AD _ py dt fo Now: in rule we have dy _dy ie WY _ py / / 2. cS t)x g' (a= oa fFOxs' = f(g Note The c! be extended further, y, it du de, dus dz dx 2. Some results using i" O Wy = [fa]! then di) If Zi dy_ 1 also y=lo; a Vol a Gi) Wy LO ney & = OI, ALO) dx Mathematical Methods 5.7 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in ivy Wy Qh) then BO tog ax fOr) dx e dx Exercise 2 Differentiate the following w.r.t. x Qi. y= eter) @ y= elogl+x) 3. y=(r+viex)" Q4. yslogles Vat ra!) Q5. y= log [log(logx)] Q6. y= log[x? + e*] Q. yetog neat eae Q8. y=log(x7/e*) Q9. y =x? log(I/x) Quo. ._ xtvx+6 ; 1 Bx spe }. Q13. y- “¥ Qu4. v= [leet Vi-e" Qi. ais. Va? +x? -Va" =x" 1 dy et 2x2 4 ys2Ve Q20. "Sc" Te show that 207+ y . oe Qai. If ES*, §= 1 + BKY and K = At? + B, find an expression for dR/dt 22. Find git y = eo), given f(x) = V3x+4 and g(x) = eas Answers of Exercise Jar 1 ae 2 28 ete DWax+ ze elegy: 1 4 =. Sr a? eahzee x+a ete 1 ae 8. 9 -x+2rlo rarer ssaee( 40. Bx+5)8x3 wre =x! Vx+6) 11. 1 . 2(3x+5) Vx Qx+ 2x4 I[Vx+2-Vx+1] 2 =! . 1B. =2a*x . d-n"d+0" @a 8) a4? Mathematical Methods 58 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inwww.primeacademy.in 17. 21. 16. 2-2x? (-e")vI C+ atl x41 lan. +x-Va- aaap aByAplSK4"4) Basic Concepts ifferentiation of Implicit Functions Explicit Function : An equation of the form y = f(x) defines y as explicit function of x because here x is cle: lent variable and y is dependent variable. ariables x and y in such a manner Implicit Functio a that neither y igex] icitly as a functfon of x expressed as a function of y then si 8 are called implicit functions‘ ferential implicit function : While differentiatingj@m implicit function fix, y), eacl ‘olving x is differentiated with respect to x term involving y is iated with respect to y and then it is multiplied e equation ier differentiation is solved to get the value of 2. at dx Note In the questions where y is explicitly expressed as function of x qi. Q3. Q6. Qo. QI0. Qu. se terms involving only x, whereas < yare a implicitly then “ generally contains te involving dx the following w.r.t..x 2 + gx + 2fy +e=0 Q4. + y% =3axy . borsaiers eee yY (x+y) =2 (+y? y xy.log(x + y) = If xfl+ytyviex Lyx. A standard model for income determination in an open economy is =C+1+X-M woes i) C=fy) (i) M=a(Y) (iii) Where 0 < f/(Y) <1. Here X is an exogenous constant that denotes exports, whereas M denotes the volume of imports. The function g in (iii) is called an import function. By inserting (ii) and (iii) into (i), we obtain an equation that defines Y as a function Mathematical Methods 59 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-92027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in of exogenous investment I. Find a expression for dY/dI by implicit differentiation. What is the likely sign of g/(¥). Discuss the sign of dY/dI. Q12. Show, using implicit differentiation that any tangent line at a point P to a circle with centre O (0, 0) is perpendicular to radius OP. [Eco. (H) I Sem. 2016] Answers of Exercise L axt+hy+g |, 2 _3, 3. Bx 4, -[gte*8} o 5. ~ yy + xlog y), % x(x ylog.x) 8 4xG?+ Basic Concepts Differentiation using Lexar using Logarithms 1. Loy jie’ Differentiation : The process of taking ithms before differentiating the given function is called logarithmic diffe . Generally, lo; are taken in the following functions i en function has a single term in which a variable (or a Rif6€Oh) is raised to a power to the variable (or function). Gi), When function is a product or quotient of two or more function: Note is no formula for logm+n) and oj ) hes, I n) # log m+ logn and log(m — n) # log m—logn- Note Some formulae based on logarithms : G mxn)=logm+logn Gil) te( = logm - oO n a ‘ = nlogm C9 tog, («*)= is mentioned in the logarithm n then it is the natural base e. xis raised to a po also a function or! ‘a*is applicable but we have to take lo; e can differentiate it. Trick #1 : Ifthe given function is y =[(x)]8@) then after taking log we have = et sow ditterentinie tite function wilh eeapent onic y" = x ee dx xGxy dg Mathematical Methods 5.10 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inwww.primeacademy.in Trick #2 : If the given function is. y=[f(x)]8 +[P(y]2™ don't take logarithms directly, instead first assume w = [f 4)]8) and y = [P(x)]2 so that the given function becomes y= 1 + v, ie. 4. a. Now find 44 and de dx 4 separately by taking logarithms and hence find 4. dx fT Nov. 2004] QS. xX Q7. y= x* (x+y )%, prove that dy/dx = y/x. (x+y, prove that dy/dx = y/x. QI2. y= xt xm QI. y= xT += QM. y= ixtJeee +5)" Qis. y = 2x) 43x)" o- 2x4 3x)? Ql6. If os a the equation defines y implicitly as a functi prove that = oo . [B. Com. (H) 1982, Eco. jem. 2012] é gy L Qi7. ry 28, that ‘ae x(y=x)° is. if x+y" a [B. Com. (H) 1987] Qi9. If Vy" =k ey find 7. dx’ [B. Com. (H) 1989] Q20. If yx? +1 =loglx? +1 — xx}, show that (e +) 2 +ays1=0 34x 2+ 3x Qa. If f= G2 2) find f'(0). Mathematical Methods 5.1 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in dy Ifdyy _y y= x oy 2 |) _X_o 22. I y= 2% show that Gy Ge} 4 7 Answers of Exercise 5 Ye 1. x*(1tlogx), 2 be ‘(7282); 3. 2xe, x 4. __logx 5. -y(vlog y- y) 6 ~(y/x+log y), (1+ log x)? x(y hog x - FF (log x +x/y) yx “ee whe x+l), 12. (yy ha) (‘= x tons] g(x) 14. Fou 6) as. 2x46) 3x45 a- 7 = 7 +y' logy yQ+xlogy) "ggasi x logx+xy™ )* Wart ylogx) Basic Concepts Differentiation of Infinite Series 1. Infinite series : An infinite series consists continued fractions, products or other e s in which some process is carried indefinitely large m ga 2. St iired to differentiate an infinite series : @ the given series as y = fix), where f(x) represents th oy series. Gi) repeating trend in the series and substitute it b (ii) ‘No ferentiate it using logarithms or by mS other Exercise 6 Differentiate thi 3s? Qn. yee t yee: i Q3. Q4. yavxtvxtvxti @. jlogx+ Jlogx+flogx+......0 Mathematical Methods 5.12 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in Answers of Exercise 6 1. ; 2. ys, 6B yo, 4 x(1- ylog.x) x(2- ylog.x) 5 1_; x(2y-1 Basic Concepts Parametric Differentiation 1. Parametric Differentiation : Let variables x and y are expressed into a common parameter, say f, such that x = f(r) andyi= g(t) then 4y _ dy/dt, provided 4 5 9. y dx dx/dt dt da 2. Differenti: ction with respect to anol derivati ction, say f(x), with respect to another fur y = fix), (x) and then find 4Y and 4. Now, to find DM the derivative dx dk dz of .ction by the derivative of second function. i.e., 2 ° dz deg Find, for the following : a. > Lee *K Note Wf 4) _ pcg) the a rath) Exercise Q@. Q5. Q. Qs. Answers of Exercise 7 how Fa 3 Pg ole), soe +), 2at 2at 2at (6? +4’ log4)(1+1)* 6. 2 -1 8. 2e*, % —x, = oa a Mathematical Methods 5.13 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inQu. Q2. Qs. Qa. Qs. Qi. Qs. Quo. qu. a2. Qi3. qua. ais. 13. Prime Academy, www.primeacademy.in Basic Concepts Higher Order Derivatives Second derivative : Let y = f(x) is a function, where its first derivative is 4 f'@) dx then the expression 4 | (2) if exists is its second derivative, which is represented dx\ dx, as #Y of yor y, a Exercise 8 pas dy/dx uv. ve that d?y/dx? + (2 n)dy/dh a], prove that x(x + Dy +.ay1 = x } prove that If y=vx+1+ x-1, show that (x? - Dy + xy: =y/4 i Com. (H) 1982] If Vx? =1)", show that (1 +.2°)y2 +.ay1 = my. ) 1982] SI tthe function f(x) = 3x'*? is four times ds bi ive times differentiable at x = 0. Pied gfipretion that is five times differentiable but not six times dif ntiable at x= 0. -E. 2010) Fin 2x*-3y? = a 2011] 2 Find 7 Y =fY)+1. Find the te Tr ay Answers of Exercise 8 ‘co. (H) I Sem. 2014] (Eco. (H) I Sem. 2014] 12 22, 3. fax, UL f(a) =128, x(a + bx)? x? dy fH) afar Mathematical Methods 5.14 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.inPrime Academy, www.primeacademy.in For Full Course Video Lectures of ALL Subjects of Eco (Hons), B Com (H), BBE & MA Economics Register yourself at www.primeacademy.in Dheeraj Suri Classes Prime Academy +91 9899192027 J oe" s 2 *K > = o % se Mathematical Methods 5.15 By: Dheeraj Suri, 9899-192027 www.primeacademy.in