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Life Sciences
Fundamentals and Practice I
Seventh edition
Pranav Kumar
Former faculty,
Department of Biotechnology,
Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI),
New Delhi, India
Usha Mina
Associate Professor,
School of Environmental Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU),
New Delhi, India
Pathfinder Publication
New Delhi, India
Pranav Kumar
Former faculty,
Department of Biotechnology,
Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI),
New Delhi, India
Usha Mina
Associate Professor,
School of Environmental Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU),
New Delhi, India
Seventh edition
Pathfinder Publication
A unit of Pathfinder Academy Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
pathfinderpublication.in
v
Contents
Chapter 1
Biomolecules and Catalysis
1.1 Amino acids and Proteins 1 1.6.5 Stability of the dsDNA helix 67
1.1.3 Standard and non-standard amino acids 5 1.6.8 Supercoiled forms of DNA 69
1.12.2 How enzymes operate? 109 2.7.2 Absorption and action spectra 182
1.12.3 Catalytic strategies 111 2.7.3 Fate of light energy absorbed by photosyn-
1.12.4 Enzyme kinetics 112 thetic pigments 183
2.3.11 Uncoupling agents and ionophores 166 2.11.3 Molecules derived from amino acids 244
2.3.12 ATP-ADP exchange across the inner 2.12 Nucleotide metabolism 245
mitochondrial membrane 166 2.12.1 Nucleotide synthesis 245
2.3.13 Shuttle systems 167 2.12.2 Nucleotide degradation 252
2.3.14 P/O ratio 168
2.3.15 Fermentation 169
2.3.16 Pasteur effect 171 Chapter 3
2.3.17 Warburg effect 172
2.3.18 Respiratory quotient 172 Cell Structure and Functions
2.4 Glyoxylate cycle 173 3.1 What is a Cell? 258
3.5.1 Protein targeting and translocation 295 3.21 Cell Cycle 376
4.12.1 Bacteriophage (Bacterial virus) 469 5.13 T-cells and CMI 540
4.12.2 Life cycle of bacteriophage 470 5.13.1 Superantigens 550
Immunology
5.1 Innate immunity 495
Chapter 6
5.2 Adaptive immunity 498 Diversity of Life
5.3 Cells of the immune system 500
6.1 Taxonomy 572
5.3.1 Lymphoid progenitor 501
6.1.1 Nomenclature 572
5.3.2 Myeloid progenitor 503
6.1.2 Classification 573
5.4 Organs involved in the adaptive immune
6.1.3 Biological species concept 574
response 504
6.1.4 Phenetics and cladistics approaches of
5.4.1 Primary lymphoid organs 504
classification 574
5.4.2 Secondary lymphoid organs/tissues 504
6.2 The five-kingdom system 581
5.5 Antigens 505
6.3 Protists 582
5.6 Major-histocompatibility complex 509
6.3.1 Protozoan protists 583
5.6.1 MHC molecules and antigen
6.3.2 Photosynthetic protists 584
presentation 512
6.3.3 Slime mold 585
5.6.2 Antigen processing and presentation 513
6.3.4 Oomycetes 585
5.6.3 Laboratory mice 515
6.4 Fungi 586
5.7 Immunoglobulins: Structure and function 516
6.4.1 Mycorrhiza 588
5.7.1 Basic structure of antibody molecule 516
6.4.2 Lichens 588
5.7.2 Different classes of immunoglobulin 518
5.7.3 Action of antibody 521 6.5 Plantae 588
5.8 B-cell maturation and activation 523 6.5.3 Life cycle of land plants 592
Index 623
Chapter 1
Biomolecules and Catalysis
1.1 Amino acids and Proteins A biomolecule is a carbon-based organic compound that is produced by a living
Box 1.1 Acids, Bases and pH organism. More than 25 naturally occurring chemical elements are found in
Box 1.2 Motif and domain biomolecules, but these biomolecules consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen,
Box 1.3 Biological interaction nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. In terms of the percentage of the
1.2 Fibrous and globular proteins total number of atoms, four elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
1.3 Protein folding carbon together make up over 99% of the mass of most cells.
1.4 Protein sequencing and assays Biomolecules include both small as well as large molecules. The small biomolecules
Box 1.4 Water are low molecular weight (less than 1000) compounds which include sugars,
1.5 Nucleic acids fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, hormones, neurotransmitters,
1.6 Structure of dsDNA primary and secondary metabolites. Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and
a-carboxyl group
—
1.1 Amino acids and Proteins
COO
Amino acids are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
+
a-amino group H3N Ca H and serve as monomers (building blocks) of proteins. As the name implies,
these compounds contain both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. In
R an α-amino acid, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same
Side chain
carbon atom, which is called the α-carbon. The various -amino acids differ
Figure 1.1 General structure of an with respect to the side chain (R group) attached to their -carbon.
amino acid.
Chapter 2
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
2.1 Bioenergetics
2.1 Bioenergetics Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions (changes
2.2 Metabolism of one form of energy into another) that occur in living cells and of the nature
2.3 Respiration and functions of the chemical processes underlying these transductions.
Box 2.1 Iron–Sulfur clusters
2.8 Photorespiration
If q is positive, heat has been transferred to the system, giving an increase
in internal energy. When q is negative, heat has been transferred to the
2.9 Carbohydrate metabolism
surroundings, giving a decrease in internal energy. When w is positive, work
2.10 Lipid metabolism
has been done by the system, giving a decrease in internal energy. When w
2.11 Amino acid metabolism
is negative, work has been done by the surroundings, giving an increase in
2.12 Nucleotide metabolism
internal energy.
The Second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system
must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously. Mathematically, it can
be expressed as:
Dq
DS ³ where, S is the change in entropy of the system
T
Free energy
Free energy or Gibb’s free energy indicates the portion of the total energy
of a system that is available for useful work. The change in free energy is
denoted as G.
Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Functions
4.9 Archaebacteria
Features Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
4.10 Bacterial toxins
Membrane bound nucleus Absent Present
4.11 Control of microbial growth
DNA complexed with histone Absent Present
4.12 Virus
4.13 Prions and Viroid Number of chromosomes One (mostly) More than one
5.1 Innate immunity Immunology is the science that is concerned with immune response to foreign
5.2 Adaptive immunity challenges. Immunity (derived from Latin term immunis, meaning exempt), is
5.3 Cells of the immune system the ability of an organism to resist infections by pathogens or state of protection
5.4 Organs involved in the adaptive against foreign organisms or substances. The array of cells, tissues and organs
immune response which carry out this activity constitute the immune system. Immunity is typically
5.5 Antigens divided into two categories—innate and adaptive immunity.
5.6 Major-histocompatibility complex
5.9 Kinetics of the antibody foreign molecules and pathogens. It provides the first line of defense against
response pathogens. It is not specific to any one pathogen but rather acts against all
5.10 Monoclonal antibodies and foreign molecules and pathogens. It also does not rely on previous exposure
Hybridoma technology to a pathogen and response is functional since birth and has no memory.
5.11 Organization and expression of
Ig genes
Elements of innate immunity
5.12 Generation of antibody diversity
6.1 Taxonomy
6.1 Taxonomy Taxonomy (arrangement by the rules) is the branch of biology that deals
Box 6.2 Measurement of with identification (placement of a new organism into a previously described
similarity for binary characters
group), nomenclature (the naming of organisms) and classification (ordering
Box 6.2 Plesiomorphy and
of organisms into groups- can be phenetic or phylogenetic) of organisms.
apomorphy
Systematics is the process of organizing taxonomic information about organisms
6.2 The five-kingdom system
into a logical classification that provides the framework for all comparative
6.3 Protists
studies. It is the scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary
6.4 Fungi
history. Systematics and taxonomy are collectively referred to as the systematic
6.5 Plantae
biology.
6.6 Animalia
Organisms were first classified more than 2,000 years ago by Greek philosopher
Aristotle. He classified organisms as either plant or animal. Modern biological
classification began with the eighteenth-century Swedish naturalist C. Linnaeus.
He established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms. He
developed a hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the
basis for modern taxonomy.
6.1.1 Nomenclature
Nomenclature is the formal naming of a particular organism according to some
standardized system. The fundamental principle of nomenclature is that each
organism must have only one scientific name. In contrast to scientific names,
many organisms also bear common names (also called vernacular names), which
are generally used by people within a limited geographic region. Presently, the
criteria for scientific naming of plants, algae and fungi are based on the rules
Life Sciences
Life Sciences
Fundamentals and Practice I
Fundamentals and Practice I
Seventh edition
Life Sciences–Fundamentals and practice,
cover essential fundamentals and techniques
that will improve one’s comprehension and help
them perform better in the examination. As the
title of the book implies, the text lays the basis
for an understanding of the fundamentals of
Life Sciences. This book provides a balanced
introduction to all major areas of the subject.
ISBN 978-81-906427-0-5
Pathfinder Publication
pathfinderpublication.in 9 788 190 64 270 5
` 455/-