APPENDIX 1 Quick checks QUICK CHECK 1 mopuLessAND6 Verb tenses and forms present _facts/petmanentsstuations Water boils at 100°C. 20.1 Se regular activities and routines We always take public transport. 20.2 telling stories The film takes place in the US. 20.4 ‘commentaries (quick actions) France kicks off, Vieira passes... 20.3 describing states I don’t believe that story 25.1 present actions happening now 1m just finishing something. 20.1 continuous temporary situations ‘She's spending the summer with us. 20.1 repeated actions in a temporary I'm feeding the neighbour's cat every day this week 49 > time frame. as she’s in hospital. ctiticising someone You're always losing your key. 202 changes and trends The economy is getting worse. 205 describing pictures/ ‘A woman is coming into the room. ay ‘commentaries The teams are entering the field now... past simple completed actions in the past | passed my driving test last week. 214 repeated actions in the past My brother took the test six times. 2a sequence of past actions We arrived at the airport and took a taxi to the hotel. 21.1 past states ‘We lived in Oxford for several years. 21d past | ‘an action in progress ata time — We didn’t hear the intruder because we were 212 continuous _ in the past. sleeping on the top floor ‘temporary situations in the past pe ue preiiae | Paune ot he rnek es pia repeated actions in a temporary For the fist three months she was receiving iD time frame treatment every week a background situation Darkness was falling over the city. 212 criticising someone They were always borrowing money. 212 an interrupted action He was driving when the car crashed. 21.3 unfulfilled plans I was hoping to study animation. 214 Used to past actions and states that no They used to get paid weekly. Se longer happen exist Serbia used to be part of Yugoslavia. would: ae ota onger He would be away for weeks at a time in those days. 21.5 Sa ere aero ncloninthe past Before! found a jab, had been to wenty interviews, 22.1 aiving reasons for past Emily was unhappy because her husband hadn't. 9 5 actions/feelings bought her a present. unfulfilled plans je heed to get to the summit but it proved 25 past perfect ongoing past actions/states He had been working for over an hour when the 95 4 continuous _ before another time/action auditors turned up. focus on duration Le aioe ie Tira De (Ooo 22.1 giving reasons for past Baleraeaings He was exhausted as he'd been driving all afternoon. 22.3 360GRAMMAR CHEC APPENDIX 1 present —_indefinite past time Oe (to tak about experiences) MY father has worked for several different companies. 23.6 simple = : past action with i ‘ Seoneste He's gone out (s0 he isn’t here now). 23.4 with adverbs such as We've received over 20,000 entries for the 55 already, yet, so far competition so far. for recent events The plane has just landed. 23.4 setionsih 9 tine pele I've driven 500 kilometres this week. 23.2 that is still contin situations that started in the My family has lived here since 1992/for over twenty past and continue tonow years, eS aiving news The Terracotta Army exhibition has opened in London. 23.5 present ongoing actions/situations Clare's been living with her cousins. perfect andto focus on duration _We've been waiting to see the doctor for three hours/ 24.1 continuous (often with for or since) since two o'clock. a recent action with present 2 ; erecen acon The hall isn a mess because we've been decorating. 24.3 future with future plans and intentions __’m going to be a doctor one day. 272 going to ; predictions (because of aes See eee erate.) Howard wite is going to havea baby 26.2 future with certain future ‘New Year's Day will fall on a Tuesday next year. 26.1 will predictions (what we think 5 Sse tempest | settee erties, knowledge or experience) immediate decisions 1'm tired. | think I'l. go to bed now. 24 toexpress determination _J won't believe a word you say again! 2A future with present future arrangements I've got the tickets. We're sitting in row A. 273 continuous future actions in progress at a time ; Sorte | ace ps Come to the main door - we'llbe waiting for you. 26.3 a deduction about the present She'll be getting ready for bed now. 263 tactful questions about plans Will you be staying long? = and tactful refusals Ibe working 50 can’t come. a routine event in the future We'll be having our weekly meeting tomorrow. 282 future actions completed by time He'll have had the operation by May and should be 2 > 4 perfect —_in the future lot fitter by then : a actions in progress up toa By next Friday I have been waiting for over two gee Perfect 1, timeinthefutue months, future with fixed future events in Tre Dal igh arives at 945. As soon a get thee, 3g simple as soonas, etc hone you was/were something that was in the going to. future atatime inthe past 17-2006 they were going to build a supermarket here, 29.1 een something we expected to | was going to study medicine but my grades weren't 99 1 Be happen but didn’t happen good enough. beto+ ——_formal/offical future Crash investigators are to release ther findings later 7 5 infinitive arrangements today. 361GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 1 QUICK CHECK 2 moouLeE7 Modal verbs pa aaa 1 ea a a beable to present ability Despite his disability, he is able to drive a car. 30.1 future ability/possbilty After you receive the password you'll be able to [og on. 30.1 past ability/possibility We weren’t able to get cheap flights to Malaga. 30.2 canjcan't present ability ‘Can you speak Japanese? 30.1 present possibility. You can use this phone anywhere in the world. 311 arrangement The dentist can see you at 3.30. 30.1 general possibilty Bad weather can cause delays at any time. 314 permission Can | use your bathroom? 36.1 prohibition Doctors can’t give drugs to shorten life. 341 can offers Can I help you with that? 363 requests Can you help me with these bags? 363 can't Een” Itcan'tbe her she's on holiday in Canade, 321 can‘thave past deduction She can’t have fixed this computer —it' stil not oo +pp (certainty) working properly. could) past ability Could the frst cameras take colour photos? 30.2 ae past general possibility The teachers could be very strict at my old school. 313 present speculation There could be life on other planets: 321 a He couldn't be the senior doctor ~ he's far too young. 321 past prohibition In those days, women and criminals couldn't vote. 34.2 could permission Could we stay an extra night in the hotel? 36.1 past permission In the 1960s you could smoke in cinemas. 36.1 unlikely to happen We could give up our jobs and live on a desert island. RW2 future possibility, I could get a part-time job next summer. 31.2 suggestion We could watch a DVD. : 36.2 offer { could get Lucy's present for you. 36.3 request Could you help me with this? 363 could + have past possibility David could have overslept. 31.3 +Pe past ability not used/ |. could have argued with him, but what's the point? 302. ‘opportunity not taken She could have paid by cheque but she preferred cash. weak criticism ‘She could have thanked me for the lift. 34.2 couldn’t+ past deduction Lester couldn't have been driving the car— he doesn’t ee have+pp (certainty) even own a car! 2 had to} past obligation We had to have lots of vaccinations for our trp to Goa. 333 didn'thave © lack of necessity We didnt have to pay for the tickets. They were free. 33.3 have to/ present obligation All car passengers have to wear a seat belt. 33.1 don’t have 10 jack of necessity You don't have to pay to visit most museums in Britain. 33 future obligation We'll have to get visas for our trip to the States. 33.1 hhad better —_advice/warnings That looks hot, You'd better not touch it. 36a (not) (single situation) You'd better change the locks in case the burglars come back. 362may! may not might) might not might (not) have + pp must must not must must + have +pp need to/don’t need to/needn't needed to/ didn't need to needn't + have + pp ought (not) to ought (not) to + have + pp shall should) should not should + have +P willfwon’t willl won't + hhave + pp permission offers specific present possibility future speculation specific present possibility future speculation past speculation (possibilty) weak criticism strong obligation future obligation prohibition recommendation present deduction (certainty) past deduction (certainty) necessity/ lack of necessity past necessity/ lack of necessity a past action that ‘wasn’t necessary advice expectation past expectation unfulfilled past obligation suggestion offer expectation advice past expectation unfulfilled past obligation ppast criticism future certainty/ near certainty present habits (unwillingness offers, promises certainty about a past event APPENDIX 1 GRAMMAR CHECK ‘May I leave early this afternoon? ‘May I help you? The manager may be in a meeting. I'l just check. The tickets may not arrive in time. It’s a small shop. They might not have batteries. If we wait a few days, the prices might be cheaper. She might have done it - she had the opportunity and the motive. You might have told me about the party. Allanswers must be written in ink. really must get to the dentist next week. This appliance must not be used in bathrooms. You must try this cake — it's delicious! This must be the place - it’s the only restaurant in the street, There was a loud bang last night. It must have been an explosion He really needs to lose some weight. You needn’t/don’t need to take any food. Lunch is provided. Javier needed to go to hospital when he broke his leg. I didn’t need to see a doctor. My cold got better on its own. You needn't have taken a towel. The gym provides them free of charge. You look terrible! You ought to see a doctor. The plane ought to be landing about now. don’t know where our main speaker is. He ought to have arrived ages ago. You really ought to have registered before the term started. Shall we try that new café? Your hands are wet. Shall | get you a towel? Phone Henry at work. He should be there by now. Should | ask my boss for a pay rise? That letter should have arrived by now. You really should have registered before the term started. You shouldn't have driven through that red light. We'll be able to get a coffee at the airport. It'll be cold there at this time of year. The union will always support the staff in a dispute. Jim will act as referee today as Martin can’t make it. 1rilget you a sandwich. Which one do you want? We sent the invitations on Monday, so they'll have received them by now. 36.1 36.3 31.1 312 314 312 313 34.2 33.1 33.1 34.1 36.4 32.1 323 33.2 333 333 36.4 32.2 32.4 33.3 36.2 36.3 32.2 36.4 32.4 333 34.2 312 353 35.1 36.3 35.2 363GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 1 would (not) past habits past (un)willingness request (formal) The union would always support the staff in a dispute. Dad would always help us with our maths homework. The shop assistant wouldn't change this coat for me. Would you tell the manager that | called? QUICK CHECK 3 mopuLe 13 Linking words TPE NRG WORD ST [NRL ES adds something contrasts ‘two things gives alternatives gives a reason gives a result gives a Purpose gives a condition gives a time/ sequences events gives a sequence of events shows 2 process 364 both... and not only ... (but also) alsofin addition (to) while/vhereas although/though even though yet however, nevertheless either... or neither... nor because as/since given that (formal) asa result/for this/ that reason therefore/consequently 50 50 (.. that) such (. that) too/enough ... to {in order) to/{(nat) to 50 a5 (not) to in order that/so that iffuntess as long as ‘on the condition that/ provided that incase before/after, etc. ‘as soon as/once We stock both gas and electric cookers. Not only does it wash your clothes, but it also dries them. A volcano destroyed the island of Thera. in addition, it destroyed the Minoan city of Knossos. While the food there is very good, it isn’t cheap. I'm really not tired, although it's very late. We enjoyed our holiday, even though it rained. She has experience, yet she lacks confidence. Credit cards are useful for travellers. However, the interest rates can be very high, We will either meet here or see you at the theatre. She can neither sing nor dance. ‘don't use trains because they are too expensive. As/Since we're late, we'd better get a taxi. Given that profits are so lov, we won't be recruiting this year. There was a hurricane. As a result, the city was flooded Trains have become expensive. Therefore, more people are travelling by bus. 1 was awake all night so I'm exhausted today. It was so dark (that) | couldn't see her face. There was such a noise (that) | couldn't sleep. The lake is too cold/isn’t warm enough to swim in We will hold a sale (in order) to raise money. eft early so as not to be late for my interview. I'm buying a magazine so that/in order that I'll have ‘something to read on the flight. You can't park here unless you have a permit. You can go as long as you're home by 11.30. She left the money to an animal charity on the condition that her cats were looked after. Take some money in case we have to get a taxi. We locked the door before we left the house. Iii do the letters as soon as / get to work. the moment/immediately Why didn’t you call us the moment you got back? by the time until afterwards, beforehand first, then, after that, later, jn the end, eventually first, then, next, after that, finally The food was cold by the time he arrived. We stayed there until the storm had passed. Dinner will be at 8.00. Afterwards, there will be a concert. First we closed the window shutters. Then we went down to the basement and waited there. Eventually, the storm passed over us and we were able to go back upstairs. Later we went outside ... First, slice the tomatoes. Then put the peeled potatoes in boiling water. Next, take an onion 35.4 35.6 36.3 58.1 613 60.1 60.2 615 58.1 59.2 614 59.4 593 59.5 59.1 612 612 612APPENDIX 2 Common prepositional phrases sBURASE DE = MEANING: BAMME Seg Gk ee after all in spite of expectations among other _ one of several things things asaresulf Fee svence: introduces a result srt adds more details at any rate’ anyway. at hand close, available beneath not deserving contempt respect byand large generally by coincidence not planned byno means not at all by rights’ describes what should happen by the way’ to change subject in addition? plus, as well as jin any case’ whatever happens in conclusion® giving a summary in fact ‘adds something surprising in hand under control in practice to say what really happens in short to summarise ‘to emphasise inthe event what really happens in the between two meantime _events off the cuff spontaneous on approval for a short time, to check sthis right con hand cose, available cn the contrary disagrees with a previous statement on the other adds a contrast (on the whole generally used in speech 2 used in more formal speech and writing | thought I'd done really badly at the interview, but they offered me the job after all. The meeting will look at the results of the sales campaign, among other things. Stricter punishments were imposed. As a result, prisons became more crowded. He was very apologetic, As.a matter of fact, he brought me flowers. The deliveries were all delayed. At any rate, that’s what he said. Don't worry; help is at hand. That comment is really beneath contempt! By and large, the new assistant is working out well ‘The three of us ended up working here by coincidence. It’s by no means certain that he'll take the title. By rights, her husband should have custody of the children, It was great. By the way, have you heard from Christine? These disturbances indicate the need for more policing. In addition, residents would feel more secure with a greater police presence. See you later, but in any case, I'l be back before supper In conclusion, | feel these points entitle me to 4 refund. The final examinations were supposed to be very difficult. in fact, they were easy. Don’t panic! The situation is in hand. Theoretically, we have full equality. In practice women earn less than men. In short, we can’t fund the new project. We expected a eal long dele. inthe event was only about three )OUrS. 1'll be back soon. In the meantime, try not to worry. He didn’t prepare the speech. It was off the cuff. I've got the new car on approval for a week. I'l Keep it if ike it We have nurses on hand 24 hours a day. Araud isn’t mean with money. On the contrary, he’s very generous ‘Amauid is sometimes mean with money. On the other hand, he can be very generous with his time. On the whole, it was a good holiday, despite the rain. 365GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 2 5 i s | 2 3S g x w wn 3 } a 3 es a a 3 1 Plural forms of nouns and regular present tense endings 1 the pronunciation of ch is fk, add -s only: patriarch — patriarchs. 2 Note these exceptions of vowel + z: quiz quizzes, fez fezzes. Some words ending in consonant + 0, especially words from other languages, take -s only: piano —* pianos, photo = photos, kilo - Klos, adagio — adagios.. 2 Irregular noun plurals English does not have very many irregular noun plurals. Here are some examples: * Several words ending it aml all those ending -ffust take -s: chief -+ chiefs, belief» beliefs, cliff cliffs Some words ending inf take ether plural ending: scarf — scarts/scarves. You can check irregular plurals in a dictionary. 366APPENDIX 3. GRAMMAR CHECK w 2 ¢ a g 5 o a 5 8 3 3 8 a g 2 5 2 8 a é 3 2 es 5 ° 8 9 = > x ® 2 & 3 2 2 & 5 -ing forms 1 In British English, but not American English, we often double the final consonant ~! label - labelling 2 You can check irregular verbs in a dictionary. 36: 3APPENDIX 5 Word lists ‘1 Common adverb + adjective collocations > Unit 16 All collocations below are from the British National Corpus. (Goa sonmaecy ath = something)GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 5 2. Noun + preposition + noun/-ing form > Unit 65 advantage of/in effect of aim of [in excitement about/at amazement at expense of anger about/at fear of annoyance about/at gratitude for answer to* hope of anxiety about idea of apology for increase in* attack on increase of (+ quantity) awareness of insistence on belief in insurance against boredom with interest in craving for job of damage to* lack of danger offin matter of decrease in* matter with* decrease of (+ quantity) method of delay in objection to delay of (+ duration) pleasure offin ‘demand for* point offin difficulty in * nouns that can only follow the pattern: noun + preposition + noun 3 Adjective + preposition » Unit 65 absent from close to accustomed to concerned about (= worried about) addicted to concerned with (= involved in) afraid* of conducive to amazed at/by confident of angry, annoyed", furious*at/ -content* with about contrary t0 (+ the cause of this feeling) convenient for ae eroved Taaes Oe conversant with: che person who cus 2 this feetng oy sae, anxious about rious" (G feel nervous/worried Sree Re deficient in su eendent on = fevoid 0 c eee esi for sth) a astonished at/by different to/from available for (+ purpose) oars with /at 2 erase p= wokin in bad/good at ili involved in) paayooed este ttecton heath) £792d€d (= promised to mary) ted aoe te excited* about (e behaviour towards/treatment —_aihful to of the object) famous for based on fed up with bored with aaah fan capable of escent oF Glad for (= pleased for sb) * adjectives that can also be followed by t0 + infinitive 370 possibility of prelude to problem offin proof of prospect of for purpose offin question about/of reason for relationship with satisfaction with/at sequel to solution to* success in/at surprise at task of taste for thought of way of work of worry about glad of (= grateful for sth) ‘good at/for/to (> bad) {grateful for (+ the cause of this feeling) grateful to (+ the person who caused this feeling) guilty of harmful to hopeful of impervious to impressed with/by inclined towards incumbent upon inherent in intent on interested” in jealous of keen* on kind to lacking in late for made by (+ the person/company who produced it) ‘made for (+ its purpose) made from (+ original material which has been transformed)APPENDIX 5 GRAMMAR CHECK * adjectives that can also be followed by to + infinitive 4 Verbs with direct object + preposition + indirect object > Unit 66 * verbs that can also follow the pattern: verb + direct abject + preposition + -ing form 371APPENDIX 6 Common multi-word verbs Multi-word verbs which occur at least ten times per million words in the Longman Corpus Network. (sb Prepositional verbs > unit 66 a call for sb care for sb come across sth (= encounter) cope with sth deal with sb/sth (= manage) fall for sth (= be tricked) feel like sth get at sb/sth get over sth (= recover from) ‘get through (= finish successfully) go into sth go with sth (= match) lead to sth look after sb/sth look at sth look for sth (= try to find) look into sth (= investigate) look like sb/sth (= resemble) look round sth (= visit, etc.) part with sth pay for sth rely on sth/sb run into sb (= meet by chance) see to sth rganise/manage) send for sb stand for sth (= represent/mean/tolerate) stick to sth (= persevere/follow) take after sb talk about sth think about sth (= consider) ‘The following prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive: be aimed at (= intended for), be applied to, be considered as, be derived from, be known as, be regarded as, be used as, be used in Prepositional verb + object + preposition + object > Unit 66 agree about sth with sb agree with sb about/over sth apologise to sb for sth complain about sth to sb complain to sb about sth depend on sbjsth for sth disagree with sb aboutfover sth quarrel with sb aboutjover sth rely on sb/sth for sth Intransitive phrasal verbs > unit 67 break down (= stop working) catch on (= understand/become popular) come back (= return) come in come on fall out (= quarrel) fall through fit in get by (= manage/cope) get up goaway goon (=continue) go out grow up look out pass out (= faint) shut up sit down stand up stay on (= remain) take off turn up (= arrive) wake up watch out Transitive phrasal verbs > unit 67 act sth out (= perform/demonstrate) bottle sth up (= not allow a feeling to show) bring sth in (= introduce) bring sb up (= rear) bring sth up (= mention sth) carry sth out (= perform a task) do sth up (= restore/redecorate) fill sth in/out (= complete in writing) find sth out (= discover) fix sth up (= arrange) sive sth away (= reveal) give sth up (= stop) hold sth up (= delay) keep sth up (= maintain) leave sth/sb out let sth out (= release) look sth up make sth up (= invent) pay sb back pick sth up (= collect) point sth out (= highlight/explain) pull sth/sb down (= demolish) put sth away put sth off (= postpone) put sth on put sb up (= accommodate) nun sb down (= criticise) set sth up (= establish/implement/organise) take sth over take sth up throw sth away turn sth/sb down (= refuse) turn sth/sb out Phrasal-prepositional verbs > Unit 67 back out of sth break in on sth catch up on sth/sb catch up with sb check up on sth/sb come across as sth (= appear to be) come down to sth (= be essentially) come up with sth (= invent) cut down on sth (= reduce) do away with sth drop in on sb face up to sth (= confront) get away with sth get back to sth (= return) get down to sth get on with sth get out of sth give in to sth go out for sth 30 up to sb (= approach) keep away from sb/sth (= avoid) keep up with sb look down on sb look forward to sth (= anticipate) look out for sb/sth_ look up to sb (= admire/respect) ‘make away with sth move on to sth put up with sth/sb (= tolerate) run away with sh run off with sth stand up for sth (= defend) turn away from sth walk out on sth/sb The following phrasal-prepositional verbs are usually used in the passiv be cut off from, be made up of, be set out in 372