LCS Final Output

A.
Values, Attitudes and Motivation of Students
Title Problem/ Methods Respondents Results/Findings References

Objectives
College Students have Te researcher A total of 298 Regarding attitude towards A. Patricia , College Students’ Use and Acceptance
Students’ expressed stress administered a students the educational delivery of Emergency Online Learning Due to COVID-19,
Use and related to online 36-item responded to method, I asked students International Journal of Educational Research
Acceptance learning and questionnaire my anonymous, their preference and if they Open (2020), doi:
of difficulties when geared at online struggled with adapting to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100011
Emergency completing gauging questionnaire online learning. Their
Online schoolwork. students’ hosted on the preference implies a positive
Learning Understanding experiences Qualtrics survey attitude towards their
Due to students’ with activities, platform, and 28 selection. Students showed a
COVID-19 challenges and attitudes, provided no stronger preference for face-
preferences, emotions, and information to-face learning than for
higher education educational after login. A online learning, t(249) =
institutions can experiences total of 270 20.18, p < .001. Moreover,
develop after the participants students who preferred face-
strategies to transition from (166 women to-face learning struggled
assist students in seated and 96 men) with adapting to online
case there is a (inperson) gave informed learning. Responses showed
second wave of courses to consent and a moderately significant
Corona virus or online learning. completed the correlation between
any other questionnaire preference for face-to-face
disaster that after the and struggled to adapt to
requires an transition to online learning, rs(249)
emergency online learning. = .539, p < .001.
transition to
remote learning.
MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

Online This study aims This study The participants The results of the study are Ritushree Chatterjee & Ana-Paula Correia (2020)
Students’ to fill that gap in followed a were expected discussed around the three Online Students’ Attitudes Toward Collaborative
Attitudes the literature by quantitative to be 18 years major findings: (1) students’ Learning and Sense of Community, American
Toward establishing the approach aimed and older. They attitude toward collaborative Journal of Distance Education, 34:1, 53-68, DOI:
Collaborati relations at investigating were expected learning and sense of 10.1080/08923647.2020.1703479
ve Learning between the two the correlation to be enrolled in community are correlated, https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2020.1703479
and Sense constructs – between the at least one fully (2) a positive attitude toward
of sense of two concerned online course in collaborative learning has a
Community community and variables, sense the semester higher degree of correlation
attitude toward of community during which with sense of community
collaborative and the than a negative attitude
learning. The collaborative questionnaire does, and (3) graduate
presence of such learning, by was students have a higher
a relationship is making use of administered. degree of correlation than
expected to shed Pearson’s undergraduates do between
light on how the product- their attitude toward
interplay of moment collaborative learning and
collaborative correlational sense of community.
learning and coefficient.
sense of
community
influence the
online learning
experience,
specifically
learner
satisfaction and
outcome.
Students Having This study The study was The data from the interviews Gustiani, S. (December, 2020). STUDENTS’
Motivation interesting facts adopted a case conducted in ED revealed both internal and MOTIVATION IN ONLINE LEARNING DURING
in Online regarding study using at Polsri in order external motivation of the COVID-19 PANDEMIC ERA: A CASE STUDY.
Learning inconsistency qualitative to explore the students of ED at Polsri as the HOLISTICS JOURNAL, Volume 12, Number 2, p-ISSN
During effects of approach. The motivation of participants of this study in 2085-4021 | e-ISSN 2657-1897

Covid-19 motivation in case study was the students online learning during the
Pandemic online learning intended to there. It was to Covid-19 pandemic. Their
Era: A Case during the Covid- investigate know either participation in this sudden
Study 19 pandemic era phenomena in a intrinsic or emerge of distance learning
in higher ‘real-life’ setting extrinsic experience, somehow, was
education (Cousin, 2005). motivation play influenced by their
context, this The complex important role motivation. The findings are
study is intended phenomena in their online explored and categorised
to know the were about the learning. under the internal and
motivation of motivation of Taking into external factors.
students in students of account the
higher vocational English condition of
institution/polyte Department physical
chnics, in this (ED) at Polsri distancing
case students of toward their during the
English online learning Covid-19
Department (ED) during the Pandemic when
at Sriwijaya Covid-19 the study was
Polytechnics Pandemic era. conducting, the
(Polsri) toward The qualitative participants
their online design was were approach
learning. implemented to using snowball
explore the sampling.
phenomena
using words,
stories, and
pictures
(Creswell,
2012).
Attitudes The purpose of Students were Participants The results of this study Zuhair Abdaladeem Al Salim. Attitudes of Students
of Students this study was to queried as to were 11-19- indicated that the overall with and Without Disabilities Toward Physical
with and examine personal year-old mean score of attitudes of all Education and Their Sports and Activities
Preferences in Saudi Arabia. University of
Without attitudes of Saudi information, elementary, participants toward PE was
Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2017

Disabilities Arabian students their student middle, and high 3.48 on a scale of 1-5,
Toward with and without activities and school students indicting a moderate positive https://books.google.com.ph/books?
Physical disabilities sports from the attitude toward PE. In id=HcD7vgEACAAJ&dq=attitudes+of+students&hl
Education toward PE as well preferences, Eastern general, students without =en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
and Their as their sport and and also Province, Saudi disabilities had more positive
Sports and activities completed the Arabia. attitudes toward physical
Activities preferences. A Student Participants education than students with
Preference second purpose Attitudes included 195 disabilities. In addition, high
s in Saudi was to Toward Physical students school students without
Arabia investigate the Education without disabilities had less favorable
effect of school Survey. disabilities and attitudes toward PE than
levels and 205 with middle or elementary school
student disabilities. students.
participation in
physical activity
after school on
students'
attitudes in PE. A
final purpose was
to determine
predictors of
enjoyment and
perceived
usefulness of PE.
Senior High The study utilized Descriptive Two hundred As the five subscales Gallos, B.(2021). Senior High School Attitudes
School the Attitude survey and twenty-two moderately affect one Towards Research. Amazon Digital Services LLC -
Attitudes towards correlational (222) senior another, gender and grade KDP Print US.
Towards Research Scale research high school level showed no significant
Research formulated by method was students from difference among SHS Senior High School Attitudes Towards Research -
Elena T. employed to Holy Child student of HCCS. Strands of Bryan M. Gallos - Google Books
Papanastasiou in provide better Catholic School, academic track tend to have
2005 to further grasp of school year an impact on the difference
investigate the students' 2017 - 2018 of attitude of SHS students

attitudes of attitude towards who had already towards research. The study
students towards research. and currently concluded that there is a
research. Responses were taken Practical need to investigate the
analyzed Research interest and attitude of
through the use Subjects students towards research.
of Cronbach's prescribed by
Alpha for the Department
internal of Education for
consistency, the K-12
mean for program
statistical participated in
descriptions, the study.
Pearson
correlation
coefficient and
factorial
MANOVA using
IBM-SPSS.
Factors The paper The A group of 300 The students said that online Boca, G.D. Factors
Influencing presents a survey questionnaire students education in a pandemic Influencing Students’ Behaviour and
Students’ about was structured participated. situation is beneficial for 78% Attitude towards Online Education during COVID-
Behaviour students in four parts to of them. A total of 41.7% 19. Sustainability 2021,
and behaviour and determine percent of students 13, 7469.
Attitude attitudes towards student’s appreciated the teachers’ https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137469
towards online education individual teaching skills and the quality
Online in the pandemic characteristics, of online courses since the
Education period from the student’s needs, beginning of the pandemic,
during Technical students’ and 18.7% percent of the
COVID-19 University of Cluj knowledge in students appreciated the
Napoca, using virtual additional online materials
Romania. platforms and for study to support their
students’ quality education. However,
preferences for students found online

online education stressful, but
education. preferred online assessment
for evaluation. This pandemic
has led to the new stage of
Education 4.0, online
education, and the need to
harmonize methods of
education with the
requirements of new
generations.
Instructors' This study A quantitative Forty-two The results indicate that the Almas, M; Machumu, H; Zhu, C. (2021). Instructors'
Perspective investigated research design instructors at instructors had positive Perspectives, Motivational Factors and
s, instructors' was used with a the Mzumbe perspectives on the use of Competence in the Use of an E-Learning System in
Motivation perspectives, survey University. the e-learning system. The a Tanzanian University
al Factors motivational questionnaire to results further show that the , v17 n2 p76-95
and factors, and collect data. Mzumbe University e-
Competenc competence in learning system is mainly
e in the the use of an e- used for the provision of
Use of an learning system teaching notes, assessments
E-Learning at Mzumbe and feedback, course
System in a University in outlines, and for grading
Tanzanian Tanzania. students' work online. The
University findings also show various
instructors' motives for their
engagement in e-learning:
beliefs in the power of e-
learning, personal interests,
nature of the course, and
technological convenience in
using e-learning systems to
enhance students' learning.
Constructin The aim of the The review This study It is concluded that the Yu Z, Xu W, Yu L. Constructing an Online

g an Online study is to study following included 53 model consists of online Sustainable Educational Model in COVID-19
Sustainable construct an the selection peer-reviewed educational platforms, online Pandemic Environments. Sustainability. 2022;
Educational online process of the articles. assessment systems, social 14(6):3598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063598
Model in sustainable Preferred media, and digital literacy.
COVID-19 educational Reporting Items With these features, online
Pandemic model to for Systematic education could be
Environme facilitate this Review and sustained. However,
nts learning Meta-analysis challenges should also be
approach. Protocol addressed to sustain online
(PRISMA-P) and education during the
the clustering pandemic. Designers,
techniques of scientists, and teachers
VOSviewer. should make every effort to
increase learning
engagement, enhance
learning supervision,
formulate adequate
emergency programs,
minimize educational
inequalities, solve technical
issues, and formulate
systematic learning
management and
organization.
College This study Quantitative Data were The findings present how Patricia Aguilera-Hermida, College students’ use
students’ explored college and qualitative collected from attitude, motivation, self- and acceptance of emergency online learning due
use and students’ data were used. 270 students. efficacy, and use of to COVID-19, International Journal of Educational
acceptance perceptions of technology play a significant Research Open, Volume 1, 2020, 100011, ISSN
of their adoption, role in the cognitive 2666-3740,
emergency use, and engagement and academic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100011.
online acceptance of performance of students. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
learning emergency Also, participants preferred pii/S266637402030011X)
due to online learning. face-to-face learning over

COVID-19 The factors online learning. This study
analyzed were presents suggestions on how
attitude, affect, to improve the acceptance of
and motivation; emergency online learning.
perceived
behavioral
control (ease of
use of
technology, self-
efficacy, and
accessibility), and
cognitive
engagement.
Online The purpose of The instruments This study Study results mentioned that Rochmawati, L., Fatmawati, F., Maharani Sukma,
Learning this study is to in this study utilized the attitude to online learning, M and Sonhaji. (2021). Online Learning Motivation
Motivation find out were online group of 139 readiness of online learning, for Aviation English: Attitude, Readiness and
for motivation, learning Diloma-3 age, gender and education Demographic Factors. J. Eng. Educ. Society. 6:1
Aviation attitude and motivation, Aeronautical are all important predictors
English: readiness as well online learning Communication of the motivation for
Attitude, as demographic readiness, and officer and education.
Readiness factors in online online learning Diploma-3 Air
and learning. attitudes Likert Traffic
Demograp scale questions Controller
hic Factors accumulated Cadets.
sing quantitative
method with
multiple linear
regression.
Engagemen The researchers Quantitative 187 A majority of students Brooke Hollister, Praveen Nair, Sloan Hill-Lindsay,
t in Online aimed to take a analysis of the undergraduate reported that they struggled Leanne Chukoskie. Engagement in Online Learning:
Learning: broad look at the survey data was students using with staying connected to Student Attitudes and Behaviour During Covid-19.
Student state of online conducted using various social their peers and instructors May 9, 2022
Attitudes learning at UCSD R, and visualized media channels. and managing the pace of

and as compared to with the Likert R coursework. Students have
Behaviour in-person package. positive impressions,
During learning before however, of their
Covid-19 the Covid-19 instructional staff. Majorities
pandemic. of the students felt more
comfortable asking and
answering questions in online
classes, suggesting that there
might be features of learning
online to which students are
receptive, and which may
benefit in-person classes.
Online As a high drop- A mixed Eight students The result indicated a high Bovermann, K., Weildlich, J. &Bastiaens, T. Online
learning out rate is methods were acceptance of the learning readiness and attitude towards gaming in
readiness associated with approach was interviewed and implemented gamification gamified online learning – a mixed methods case
and distance chosen and 32 participated concept using badges and study. Int J Educ Tecnol High Educ 15, 27 (2018)
attitude learning, in deemed to be in an online progress bars. Students
towards particular with suitable since survey. largely showed that they
gaming in students often the integration were motivated and satisfied
gamified struggling to of both within the gamified learning
online engage with the quantitative and environment. Attitudes
learning – a material, the qualitative data towards online and computer
mixed implementation was expected to games showed a significant
methods of gamification reveal a more correlation with study-
case study may support and comprehensive satisfaction in the dimension
enhance more and complete of coping.
successful online picture in
learning. interpreting the
problem.
The Covid- During the Covid- This study use 332 In this study, the researchers Fengjiao Zheng, Sabir Hussain. The Covid- 19
19 19 pandemic, the online survey respondents, found out that the proactive Pandemic and Digital Higher Education: Exploring
Pandemic influence of tools to collect including personality of students the impact of proactive personality on social
and Digital personality data. students and strengthened their social capital through internet self-efficacy and online

Higher factors on teachers from capital through online interaction quality. Volume 119. 105694.
Education: student social Islamabad. interaction quality during the December 2020.
Exploring networks seems Covid-19 pandemic.
the impact to be an
of overlooked area
proactive of research. The
personality researchers aim
on social to explore the
capital relationship
through between
internet proactive
self- personality and
efficacy social capital
and online through
interaction underlying
quality mechanisms
especially to
obtain data
during the peak
of the Covid-19
pandemic.
Exploring This study aims Data was This study Findings revealed that cost- Elham Hussein, Rawand Badawi. Exploring
undergrad to investigate the collected trough consists of 45 and-time effectiveness, undergraduate students attitudes towards
uate attitudes of semi-guided students who safety, convenience and emergency online learning during COVID-19: A
students undergraduate essays asking were selected improve participation were case from the UAE. Volume 119. December 2020
attitudes students towards students to through the most frequently cited
towards their experience reflect on their convenience positive aspects of
emergency with emergency experiences sampling from a emergency online experience
online online learning with online pool of 83 while distraction and reduced
learning during the first learning during students. focus, heavy workload,
during few weeks of the the pandemic. problems with technology
COVID-19: mandatory shift and the internet, and
A case to online learning insufficient support from

from the caused by Covid- instructors and colleagues
UAE 19. were the most recurrent
negative aspects.
Students The present The study Students in Our findings show that Angelova, M. (2020). Students’ attitude to the
attitude to paper tracks the presents data different stages students define online online University Course of Management in the
the online attitudes of the and analysis of of their tertiary lectures with the same Context of COVID-19. v4 n4 p283-292.
University Bulgarian results from an education in quality as traditional lectures
Course of students towards empirical survey Bachelor in auditoriums. Major part of
Manageme online education conducted in Degree. responded students claims
nt in the provided by the April 2020. that they manage to focus
Context of Universities better in online lecture.
COVID-19 during the Students are convinced that
quarantine in online environment, they
period due to the can work easier in individual
pandemic task but not in team works.
situation caused
by Covid-19.
B. Teacher and Student Interaction

Objectives
Teacher- As the modern By conducting a The participants The majority of firstand Makarova, E. (2021). Teacher-student interaction
student academic survey. The were 38 first- second-year students in the in the context of higher education. SHS Web of
interaction environment survey and second-year study experienced negative Conferences. https://www.shs-conf
in the demands contained 13 Russian tension or anxiety while in erences.org/articles/ shsconf/pdf/2021/10
context of innovative questions, 6 of students, aged class. In an academic setting, /shsconf_dihelt2021 _01041.pd
higher approaches to which belonged 18 and 19, who about 10% of responders
education teaching and to the category major in frequently find themselves in
learning, the of open-ended economics and stressful situations. The
topic of questions, the management. majority of respondents are
relationships rest being close- not hesitant to ask their
between ended ones professors questions about
university the subject, indicating that
lecturers and teacher-student interaction is
students in the not a source of worry for
context of higher students.
education
requires
additional
development.
Teacher - To investigate Was conducted Fifty teachers The study's overall findings Pervin M. , Ferdowsh N., et al. (2021). TEACHER-
Student the link between following cross- and 50 students revealed that there is a STUDE NT INTERACTIONS AND ACADEMIC
Interaction student-teacher sectional survey (N=100) were statistically significant link PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol.
s and interactions and design. This purposively between teacher-student Sci. 30(1): 87-93. https://www.banglaj
Academic academic design indicates selected from interactions and academic ol.info/index.php/D UJBS/article/view/5
Performanc performance. To that all data four secondary success. More research is 1812/37005
e of determine were collected schools under needed to bridge the gap
Students whether at a single point the South Dhaka between encouraging
students and in time. City students and identifying the
teachers have Standard data Corporation. factors that influence their
different collection The students academic achievement.
perspectives on procedure was were chosen

teacher-student followed in the from grade IX
interactions. present study. and grade X.
Before The age of the
administering student and
the teacher
questionnaire, respondents
participants ranged from 13
were informed to 15 and 30 to
about the 52, respectively
general purpose
of the study and
their response
to the
questionnaire
would be kept
confidential.
Teacher- To examine Qualitative 591 The students reported Sason, Hava and Kellerman, Avichai. (2021).
Student which types of textual content undergraduate different types of interaction Teacher Student Interaction in Distance Learning in
Interaction teacher-student analysis was students from with the teachers during Emergency Situations. Journal of Information
in Distance interactions performed on different COVID-19 period. The most Technology Education: Research. Volume 20, pp.
Learning in found in previous student’s departments in common form of interaction 479-501
Emergency studies by Kang answers to a teaching was instructional
Situations (2009) and Kang open-ended college communication (Q & A) via
and Im (2013) questions about email, though students
during distance the nature of would have preferred
learning in their interaction WhatsApp. The least
routine with the common form of interaction
situations, and teachers. A was social intimacy. Students
whether these survey and with high level of self-
interactions questionnaire regulation were more likely
differed between are used to report on interaction with
students with the teacher, and to take
regard to the more responsibility for

extent and whether or not interaction
nature of each occurred.
type of
interaction
The To explore the This study A random The study found that (1) The Hai-Long Sun, Ting Sun, et al. (16, March 2022).
Influence influence of employed a sample of level of teacher–student The Influence of Teacher-Student Interaction On
of Teacher- teacher–student questionnaire students of contact had a beneficial the Effects of Online Learning: Based on a Serial
Student interaction on survey but different grades,impact on students' learning Mediating Model. frontiers in psychology. doi:
Interaction learning effects questionnaires majors, places effects. (2) With a mediating 10.3389/fpsyg.2022 . 779217
On the in online with more than of origin, and effect value of 0.1248, the
Effects of education as well three standard types of schools psychological climate
Online as the mediating deviations were who had mediated the beneficial
Learning: role of excluded. participated in effect of the level of teacher–
Based on a psychological online student interaction on
Serial atmosphere and education at the learning effects. (3) With a
Mediating learning undergraduate mediating effect value of
Mode engagement level or above 0.1539, learning engagement
was included as mediated the favourable
participants effect of teacher–student
contact on learning effects.
(4) In the mechanism of
teacher–student interaction
affecting.
Influence Along with the A questionnaire 500 high school Results show that teacher- Zhang, P., & Chang, X. (2022). The Influence of
of Online increasing investigating the students, taking student interaction has Online Teaching Interactive Behaviors on Sustained
Teaching maturity of influence of online classes significant positive effects on Learning Results of Learners. International Journal
Interactive mobile online (WUHAN ,CHINA sustained learning results, of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET),
Behaviour information instructional ) whereas student-student 17(10), pp. 173–185.
on technology, interaction level interaction has significant https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i10.30941
Sustained mobile-based on sustained positive effects on sustained
Learning online learning learning results learning results. Self-efficacy
Results on has become one was designed completely mediates the role
Learners of the main and distributed. of teacher-student

teaching interaction and student-
methods that all student interaction in
kinds of schools effectively and significantly
should adapt improving sustained learning
themselves to results. The duration of
during the online learning has a
COVID-19 significant effect on sustained
pandemic. learning results. Conclusions
However, online provide an important
education reference for enriching the
physically learning activity design
isolates teachers principles of instructional
from their interaction level.
students, hence
weakening their
interactions.
Teaching To examine the Through an Participants Findings indicated that Murat Turk, Benjamin C. Heddy, and Robert W.
and Social hypothesized online survey were enrolled in perceived teaching presence Danielson. 2022. Teaching and social presences
Presences relationships and the survey online courses was a significant positive supporting basic needs satisfaction in online
Supporting between data (N = 462) at universities in predictor of the basic learning environments: How can presences and
Basic perceived were analyzed the United psychological needs for basic needs happily meet online? Comput. Educ.
Needs teaching using three States autonomy, competence, and 180, C (Apr 2022).
Satisfaction presence and hierarchical relatedness, with greater https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104432
in Online social presence multiple contribution than social
Learning accounting for regressions. presence to the perceived
Environme social-contextual satisfaction of the need for
nt: How factors in online competence. Social presence
can learning was also a significant positive
Presences environments predictor of the three basic
and Basic and online psychological needs, with
Needs students' basic greater contributions than
Happily psychological teaching presence to the
Meet needs perceived satisfaction of the

online? satisfaction needs for autonomy and
relatedness. These results
point to the significance of
both teaching presence and
social presence as two key
online presences that can
positively influence students'
basic psychological needs
satisfaction, which is known
to be crucial to higher-quality
self-determined motivation
and engagement. Our
findings have implications for
CoI theory development and
practical implications for
online teaching and learning.
Interaction, This case study The Research The Findings were organized into Turly, C. (n.d.). Interaction, Student Satisfaction,
Student explores questions respondents in four areas related to the and Teacher Time Investment in Online High
Satisfaction differences investigated in this study were research question (a)student School Courses.
, and between two this study were: high school perceptions of course quality, https://Files.Eric.Ed .GOV/ Full text/EJ1229415
Teacher online course 1.What students (b) student satisfaction,(c)
Time models by differences exist enrolled in course completion, and
Investment investigating the between secondary level (d)teacher time investment
in Online results of a correspondence math and
High School student and of- model and a English online
Courses course teacher led courses
evaluation model of K-
survey and 12online
teacher learning based
communication upon examining
logs in two online the student and
high school of course
courses. The two evaluation

course models survey and the
were designed teacher
with different communication
types and levels log? 2. How
of interaction, does interaction
one with high affect a
levels of student- student’s
content perception,
interaction, the satisfaction, and
second with high completion time
levels of student in an online
content and course?
student teacher
interaction.
Developme This research This research This study was The Findings showed that the Abuhassna…,H. (2020 October2). Development of
nt of a new aims to explore utilized a conducted on students’ background, new model on utilizing online learning platforms to
model on and investigate quantitative 243 students experience, collaborations, improve student’s achievement and satisfaction.
utilizing potential factors research using online interactions, and autonomy http://educational technology journal.spring
online influencing method. The learning positively affected students’ open.com/articles/1 0118 6/s41239-020-0021
learning students’ model of this platforms in satisfaction. Moreover,
platforms academic research higher effects of the students'
to improve achievements illustrates education application, remembering,
students’ and satisfaction eleven factors understanding, analyzing,
academic with us in online on using online and satisfaction was
achieveme learning learning positively aligned with
nts and platforms. This platforms to students' academic
satisfaction Study was improve achievements. Consequently,
. constructed students' the empirical findings
based on academic present a strong support to
Transactional achievements the integrative association
Distance Theory and satisfaction between TDT and BTT
(TDT) and theories in relation to using
Bloom’s online learning platforms to

Taxonomy improve students’ academic
Theory (BTT) achievement and
satisfaction, which could help
decision makers in
universities and higher
education and colleges to
plan, evaluate, and
implement online learning
platforms in their institution.
Student Online learning The method Several schools Several studies have Gultom, Adelina & Suhartini, Suhartini. (2021).
Interaction, should not used is a in Indonesia to documented students' desire Student Interaction, Teacher Competence, and
Teacher reduce the methodical respond the for interpersonal Technology in Online Learning: Does it Create a
Competenc quality of literature Covid-19 communication and that less Meaningful Learning?. 1 0.2 9 9 1 / a s s e h r.k.2 1
e, and meaningful review, which is pandemic student interaction can lead 0 3 2 6.0 2 4.
Technology learning that a literature effect. to higher levels of attrition.
in Online everyone wants. review method Some researches show this
Learning: The question is, that identifies, communication has little or
Does it has the online evaluates and no great effect on student
Create a learning interprets all happiness while others
Meaningful implemented finding on report that research helps
Learning? have made research topic improve achievement.
meaningful to solve Interaction needs will differ
learning happen? formerly in every online lesson
Are there good determined depending to the type of
interactions research student, teacher personality.
between questions Based on the findings,
students and (Kitchenham & effective online education
teachers in Charters, 2017). relies on 1) well-designed
online learning? The search for course content, encouraged
Is the teacher’s articles was interactions between
ability to done online by infrastructure and students,
implement using the search well-organized and totally
strategies and words “online supported instructors; 2)

learning learning”, and creating a sense of e-learning
approaches and “meaningful community; and 3) rapid
operate learning”. The technological development.
technology in method used is It is hoped that it will
online learning the preferred encourage continuing
maximized reporting item discussion about efficient
already? Does for systematic strategies that can enhance
the technology review and the success school in the
used in online meta-analytic transition to e-learning of
learning meet method. teaching. That can help
the learning increase higher education as
needs well as student enrolment
appropriately? and retention.
Have student-
teacher
interactions,
teacher
competence and
technology
manifested
meaningful
learning?
Interaction This study The study used All the The student level, learner Zhang, Y. & Lin, C. -H. (2019). Student interaction
and the utilized online online survey participants content interaction was the and the role of the instructor in a virtual high
Role of the learning and was carried we’re enrolled only type of interaction that school: What predicts online learning satisfaction?
Teacher in satisfaction as an out at a state in Midwestern significantly predicted Technology, Pedagogy, and Education, 1-20
a State outcome virtual school in United States satisfaction; and that at the Advanced online publication.
Virtual indicator for the the Midwesterm with high-school teacher level, the doi: 10.1080/1475939X.2019.1694061
High success of online United States. level world- pedagogical role was a
School: learning. language significant and positive
What courses with a predictor of student
predicts total of 1,593 satisfaction.
Online students who

Learning were taking
Satisfaction Chinese, French,
German,
Japanese,
Spanish, or Latin
from 38
teachers.
A study on The study aims at The analysis was The The study reveals that Kulal A. and Nayak, A. (2020), "A study on
perception analyzing the carried out demographic students are comfortable perception of teachers and students toward online
of teachers perception of using the data details of both with online classes and are classes in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi District",
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toward online classes. separate collected to believe that online classes 08/AAOUJ-07-2020 -0047
online The work tries to structured know their will replace traditional
classes in explain the questionnaires background like classroom teaching. It also
Dakshina opinions of for students and gender, finds that teachers are facing
Kannada students as teachers in education, difficulties in conducting
and Udupi regards the Dakshina number of years online classes due to a lack of
District impact of online Kannada and of offline and proper training and
courses, their Udupi District in online teaching development for doing online
comfortability in Karnataka. Data experience of classes. Technical issues are
its usage, and the were recorded teachers and the major problem for the
support received in SPSS and gender, course effectiveness of the online
from teachers in analyzed by pursuing, classes.
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(3) explain the chooses 6 involves producing, receiving, 04(03), 101-108
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and female newest edition in Regarding the Resource Book for Student. New York:
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relevant which consist of an activity in communicating
maxims, 8 male and 8 someone‘s thought, ideas, or
(4) explain the female. The feeling which is done in an
way of the male data are about interactive process that
and female the violation and presupposes the ability to
participants flouting of process information and
violate and flout cooperative language. In applying this
manner maxims, principles which research result in teaching

and (5) explain resulted speaking, teacher may use
how the conversational some of the utterances which
application of implicature were violated and flouted by
analysis results uttered by the participants as the examples
towards the participants. for teaching speaking,
English spoken especially for the beginner of
teaching English Department students.
The a This study aims The researcher The teachers The findings of this research Yusro, A., Sutopo, I., Yuliasri, I. Englsih Education
Application to analyze the applied and students are presented in accordance Journal. The Application of Cooperative Principles
of EFL classroom descriptive not only of the problems statement of in EFL Classroom Interaction: The case of SMAN 4
Cooperativ interaction in qualitative observed the the research. The data were Pekalongan.10 (2) (2020).
e Principle order to explain method to gather maxim but also analyzed based on Grice's
in EFI the way and analyze data. violate the theory of Cooperative
Classroom cooperative The maxim but also Principle which is divided into
interaction principles are trustworthiness Case of SMA 4 the observed and Non-
s the CASE applied, to in this study is Pekalongan. observed. The results of this
OF SMA 4 explain the way supported by study among others: The
PEKALONG participants data violating maxim the most or
AN violate the triangulation to often violated by students is
cooperative produce rigorous violating maxim quantity with
principles and to and a total 37 of 53 dialogues or
analyze the comprehensive it is 69.8%.
most frequent analyses.
violated Research
conversational instrument is
main that tools, device or
occurs. facility used by
the researcher to
collect the data
of the research
accurately,
completely, and
systematically. In

this research, I
applied the
observation and
documentation
method to collect
the data.
A The purpose of The method that The researcher The findings reveal that most Al- Saedi, H. T. J, A PGMATIC STUDY OF THE
PRAGMATI this study is to the researcher has observed of the time, Lowry made the COOPETIVE PRINCIPLE AND GRICE'S MAXIMS IN
C STUDY examine the will use to that Lowry characters disobey Grice’s LOIS LOWRY'S THE GIVER. November 2013.
OF THE language of analyze the data violates a maxims and the Cooperative
COOPETI literary texts is a qualitative maxim more Principle .Observance of the
VE based on the research method. than one time at maxims was less than failure
PRINCIPLE pragmatic The researcher the same time. to observe the maxims.
AND theories; will read all the On pages 24-25, Lowry had her characters fail
GRICE'S Cooperative twenty three Lowry violates to observe the maxims for
MAXIMS Principle and chapters and the maxim of specific purposes such as
IN LOIS Grice’s maxims. then, he will quantity and generating new implicatures,
LOWRY'S analyze them relation at the hiding the truth for a period,
THE GIVER based on the same time: The or persuading and convincing
Cooperative study focuses the readers about a message
Principle by Grice on the Lowry wanted to convey.
(1975). The observance and
analysis will non-observance
include the four of the maxims in
Grice’s maxims fictional texts.
and see if the
novelist breaks
the maxims and
how they serve
the readers to
get the message
that the author
tries to convey

through her
fictional work;
The Giver.
The The problems of In this research, After collecting the data, the Creswell, John W.2007. Qualitative Inquiry
Flouting of this study is the researcher data were analyzed based on Research Design : Choosing among five
Cooperativ identified as will apply the Grice’s theory named approaches. California: Sage Publications.
e Principle being related descriptive Cooperative Principle and Retrieved on 3 January,2014. Dawson, Catherine.
Maxim in to : 1. the types qualitative classified by its types flouting Practical Research Methods: A user-friendly guide
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Movie flouting in Inside analyze the data. There are four types of Oxford: How To Books. Retrived on 12 May,2013
Out movie, 2. This method will maxim. They are Maxim of Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversion . In P. Cole
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3. the reason utterances that types of maxims were Pragmatics”. London: Longman. Mahsun.2018.
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in Inside Out methods as Manner 10 utterances Pragmatics. London : Longman. Tupan A.H. &
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HUMOR Based on the This chapter This section is conducted to
STYLE AND background of presents a present the results of the Amianna J. N. & Putranti, A. (2017). Humorous
THE the study, method that is data analysis. This section situation created by violations and floutings of
APPLICATI research used by the focuses on two points. The conversational maxims in a situation comedy
ON OF problems are researcher for first point is the humor style entitled How I Meet Your Mother. Journal of
FLOUTING formulated as collecting and used by James Corden in the Language and Literature, 17(1), 97- 107.
MAXIM follows: (1) analyzing the honest headline of The Late
USED BY Which style of data. It includes Late Show that is based on
JAMES humor did research design, the humor style by Martin
CORDEN IN James Corden data collection, (2003). The second point is
HONEST use in The Late and data the flouting maxim James
HEADLINE Show? analysis. Corden used for delivering
SEGMENT This study the humor./ This section
OF THE employed a focuses on the discussions of
LATE qualitative the findings from the data
SHOW approach. obtained. In this study, the
Qualitative researcher focuses on humor
research is style and flouting maxim
always used by James Corden in the
descriptive in honest headline segment.
that the data Affiliative humor is the most
collected are in prominent humor
word form or
pictures rather
than numbers.
THE This research This research The result if the research Austin, J. (1962). How to do Things with Words.
FLOUTING focused on used qualitative showed that what types of London: Oxford University Press.Cutting, J. (2008).
OF MAXIM analyzing research method. maxim were flouted to flout Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for

IN THE flouting of The data of the the maxims. There are four Students. New York: Routledge.
SE7EN maxims that research were in flouting of maxims in the Fatmawati, S. N. (2015). A Pragmatic Analysis of
MOVIE were flouted by the form of Se7en movie script; they are Flouting Maxim Performed by Solomon Northup in
SCRIP the characters utterances that maxim of quantity maxim of 12 Years A Slave Movie. Undergraduate Thesis.
in the Se7en contained quality, maxim of relevance, Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta State University.Fraenkel,
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the motivation maxim. The data there are three motivations Evaluate Research in Education. New York: Beth
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Qualitative Data Analysis: An Exp
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Reasons of with the both qualitative method is maxims analysis shows that Age of Adaline. http://www.nytimes.
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the conducted to research quantitative is maxims. The utterances that
Utterances achieve focuses on the used to count flouts the Maxim consist of 1
of Adaline the goals understanding the number of sentence Flouting the
in the Age mentioned as and meaning each flouted Maxim of Quality, 16
of Adaline follows, they through verbal maxim. sentences Flouting the
Movie are: narratives and Maxim of Quantity, 11
Subtitle 1. To find out observation sentence Flouting the
the type of rather than Maxim of Relation and 25
maxims being through sentences Flouting the
flouted by the numbers, while Maxim of Manner. Whereas
main character quantitative there are 3 sentences that
in The Age of research flout double Maxims which
Adaline movie. emphasize are Maxim of Manner and

2. To reveal the numbers, Maxim of Quantity. The
implied meaning measurement, result shows that the most
of the flouted deductive logic, flouted Maxim in “The Age of
maxims uttered control, and Adaline” movie is Maxim of
by the main experiments” Manner with percentage 45
character in The (McMillan, 1992, % or 25 utterances.
Age of Adaline p. 9).
movie.
Flouting The aim of this The aim of this By studying In this study, 142 instances of D.Alan.2000. Meaning inlanguage: An introduction
the paper is to find study is to find segments of flouting were identified in to semantics and pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford
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scripted maxims are maxims and his the television television series Firefly.
speech: flouted the co-operation science-fiction Although many of the flouts
An analysis most in the principle can be series Firefly in were used for similar effects,
of television series used to analyse detail, I intend there was a large variety in
flouting Firefly and and explain how to find instances the types of flouts used and
the analyse what certain effects in of flouting and the implicatures that they
maxims of the effects of scripted dialogue determine their created. The maxim of
conversati these flouts are are achieved. implicatures and quality was flouted the most
on in Previous their function in and had a total of 54
the research has depicting. instances, which was twice as
television found that many the maxim of quantity
series flouting can be with 27 instances. The maxim
Firefly used to a large of relation was flouted 33
extent when times and the maxim of
creating comedy. manner was flouted 28
times.

E. Politeness Model
Title Problem/Objectives Methods Respondents Results/Findings References

Speech Act and In everyday life, we This research is a — pre - service This study found that http://
politeness Strategy can see how speech qualitative teachers when teaching in ojs.uhnsugriwa.ac.id/
used by Pre-service act and politeness descriptive study. online classes, the index.php/YB/
Teacher in Online strategy are carried The researcher's first pre-service teacher article/download/
Learning in SMA LAB out in communication step is to observe use five types of 540/326
UNDISKSHA (2021) activities. This how pre-service speech acts:
research is expected teachers use speech representative,
to provide an act and politeness directive,
overview of how strategies in online commissive,
speech acts and classes. Then the expressive, and
politeness strategies researcher will declarative. This
can affect educational conduct interviews study also found that
activities. with research pre-service teachers
subjects or pre- used four types of
service teachers to politeness strategies
verify the data that when teaching. They
has been observed. are bald-on-record,
This study also uses positive politeness,
the triangulation negative politeness,
method in analyzing and off-record.
the data. This study
uses two types of
triangulation, namely
investigator

triangulation and
triangulation theory.
Learning Process of Researchers' This type of — Lecturers The Lecturer used http://
Online Class by observations during descriptive research the six types of www.journal.scadind
— Students
Using Language online learning was used to maxims of politeness ependent.org/
Politeness Principles activities through the describe the result principles. The six index.php/
(2018) zoom application, of data collection types of the maxims jipeuradeun/article/
Google classroom, carried out by are tact maxim, view/699
and Whatsapp are researchers. The generosity maxim,
still found in the use researchers chose appreciation maxim,
of language that this type of modesty maxim,
ignores politeness, descriptive research agreement maxim,
both communicating because it could and sympathy
with others, lecturers, accurately describe maxim. It means that
and during discussion individuals, the learning process
activities. This is quite language conditions, includes every maxim
often found during symptoms, or based on Leech. The
online learning. One specific groups. The tact maxim or
example is when data in this research maxim of wisdom
students conduct were in the form of becomes the
discussion activities a written text highest conversation
through Google based on an audio used in the class
classroom, "your recorder, such as interaction as many
explanation cannot words, phrases, as 5 times with the
be understood...” this clauses, and percentage 22,7%,
example can illustrate sentences that the and the second, the
that the choice of Lecturer and the third and the fourth
words and the use of students uttered. places are the
language styles are The instrument of maxims of
critical even though this study was the appreciation,

learning activities are researchers agreement and
carried out online. themselves as the sympathy as many
primary because the as 4 times with the
This study aimed to
presence of the same percentage of
find out the language
researchers was 18,2%. And, the fifth
politeness used in
needed to obtain the place is the maxim of
that class. Then, this
required data. The generosity as many
study focused on the
presence of the as 3 times with the
Lecturer's utterances
researchers here percentage of 13,6%.
to the students.
was in some For the last place, it
aspects, namely as is the maxim of
planners, collecting modesty as many as
data, interpreting 2 times with the
data and reporting percentage of 9, 1%.
research results.
Politeness Strategies By transcribing, -This study applies Students and This part of the study ejurnal.methodist.ac.
in Online Learning selecting, and qualitative research lecturers presented the extract id
Interaction: interpreting the method by screenshots of
Exploring Politeness WhattsApp Text describing the comments which
in WhatsApp Text Messaging of the phenomenon of the show that students
Messages During students when giving language. applied politeness
Covid-19 Pandemic comments to the strategies in
-The descriptive
lecture’s instruction, WhatsApp Group
qualitative research
it is found that there Application. Then,
is the method
are some expressions the politeness
applied in this study.
such as greetings, expressions were
It describes the
Address terms, portrayed in the
phenomena of the
Thanks, andApologies forms of Greetings,
language in society.
applied by students in Thanks, Address
Having the natural
WhatsApp Text Terms, Apologies,

Messaging. Those setting as a direct and Code Mixing. For
expressions belong to source of data, and detail analysis are
positive and negative the researcher is the explained.
politeness strategies. principal instrument
The positive are the
politeness strategies characteristics of this
are dominantly qualitative research.
applied by students
and how it may affect
to theory relationship
with the professors.
The Students’ This study aims to fill This study employed -Lecturers This study presents http://
Strategies in Online the gap of politeness the descriptive the transcripts of ojs.journal.unilak.ac.i
-Students
Learning Interaction: between students qualitative research comments d/index.php/elsya
Exploring Politeness and educators in in order to describe screenshots which
in Google Classroom online learning, the phenomenon of showcases the
during Covid-19 specifically in the politeness in the politeness strategies
Pandemic (2021). sessions of one of the Google Classroom that students employ
staple and most used language use and in their Google
educational platforms interaction. Classroom
during the Covid-19 interaction with their
pandemic, namely teacher. The
Google Classroom. politeness strategies
portrayed included
greeting, gratitude,
address terms,
apology, and
vernacular language.
Implementation of This research aims to The research Lecturers and The results indicate https://journal-

Linguistic Politeness investigate the methodology used is students that the center.litpam.com/
throughout Online implementation of descriptive communication of index.php/e-
Lectures via politeness in the qualitative with a lecturers to students Saintika/article/
WhatsApp during language of lecturers focus on research, and students to download/484/329
the Covid-19 and students as well namely the students based on
Pandemic (2021) as students and fulfilment and the WhatsApp social
students through violations of the network still pays
online lectures at the principles of attention to the
Faculty of Teacher politeness in the principles of linguistic
Training and language contained politeness in
Education, Universitas in online lecture communication
Sembilanbelas conversations on discourse.Based on
November Kolaka on WhatsApp. Also this the WhatsApp social
the WhatsApp research is research- network, students
application. based on a and lecturers can
qualitative paradigm, meet the principles
with content analysis of linguistic
techniques and politeness, including
inductive maxim of wisdom,
procedures. This generosity,
research was appreciation,
conducted on the simplicity,
USN Kolaka at the compatibility, and
Faculty of Teacher sympathy. However,
Training and there were also still
Education with data some violations of
collection techniques the principle of
using politeness.
documentation.
Politeness Strategies One of the emerging The politeness Teachers and The research focuses https://

in Teacher-Student issues with the use of strategies are used Students on secondary EFL files.eric.ed.gov/
WhatsApp text messaging via the by two groups which teacher-student fulltext/
Communication WhatsApp application sought to examine WhatsAppp EJ1226910.pdf
(2019) among teachers and the current study of communication as
students is the strategies. A well as an
impoliteness. In substantial body of examination of
communicating online literature contends politeness strategies
or any application like that students are less gleaned from a total
WhatsApp, it is polite when sending of 200 WhatsApp
inevitable to have any text messages to messages. The
misunderstanding for their teachers. investigation of
we have different Specifically, it aimed Brown and his
tones in to examine whether colleagues were the
communication or not there is a inspiration for one of
online and that differs significant difference the politeness
from how we between English as a strategies Levinson's
communicate face to Foreign Language (1987) framework for
face. This study is (EFL) teachers and politeness. According
expected to elaborate students in the use to the findings of the
and clear the issues of of politeness study; students used
the use of WhatsApp strategies in sending more politeness
application among text messages to strategies than their
teachers and each other. teachers' strategies.
students. The emphasis is on
age and social
standing, Indonesian
EFL students perceive
educators to come
from a higher social
class than their
student were must

be held in high
regard.
Politeness and However, politeness Politeness theory is Online University They found https://
University Student is a facet of language derived from the Student synchronous www.researchgate.n
Online use which is often concept of discussions were et/publication/
Communication difficult to master dramaturgy, a term characterized by 317167828_Politene
because it is Erving Goffman more information ss_and_University_St
dependent on the adapted from the seeking and sharing udent_Online_Comm
relationship between theatre to explain his and more social unication
the interactants and observations about comments. The
is culturally and human interaction. asynchronous
contextually bound Goffman’s key discussions were
(Haugh, 2007). observation was the more ‘serious’ and
Modern university concept of face, showed more
students are expected which he defined as discussion
to participate in “the positive social generating,
online discussions as value a person experience sharing
part of their course effectively claims for and idea explanation.
work as well as write himself by the line More politeness
emails to professors others assume he strategies were used
requesting meetings has taken during a in messages with
and explaining late particular contact” positive evaluation.
paper submissions. (Goffman, 1967, p. Functions and group
These online written 5). conversation
interactions require management and
students to fewer with social,
demonstrate discussion
advanced written generation, negative
pragmatic evaluation functions.
competence in Negative politeness

English to effectively strategies rose when
manage their writers engaged in
relationships and experience sharing,
studies at English idea explaining,
medium of instruction giving alternative
(EMI) universities. views, previewing
one’s message and
negative evaluating.
Improving Student This study aims to This research is Five high school The dynamics of https://
Polite Character in track and formulate based on qualitative teachers from three learning through attractivejournal.com
Online Learning in the strategies of descriptive research. different schools. online virtual spaces /index.php/bse/
the Covid-19 teachers in building led to various article/view/310/248
Pandemic Period students' ethical responses from
manners during the teachers. In several
online learning cases, we
process which tends photographed that
to decrease or even online learning from
disappear. one side has
advantages such as
flexibility, opening
up geographical
barriers, but even
so the challenges of
changing character
and how to monitor
so that the learning
objectives are
achieved become a
separate obstacle.

The Politeness The study pointed at It used qualitative 24 postgraduate The study found that
Strategies Utilized examining the designed. students at a State positive politeness is http://ejournal.unp.a
by Postgraduate politeness strategies University in North primarily used in the c.id/index.php/lingua
Students and utilized by students Bali discussion. The result didaktika/article/vie
Lecturers in and teachers in an showed that the w/112020/pdf
Asynchronous asynchronous online lecturers and
online-learning discussion. students had a great
Discussion awareness to apply
politeness strategies
in communication.
Students' Perception This research aims to The method used in The population of Based on the https://
of Language describe students’ this research was the research was all discussion, viewed ejournal.umpri.ac.id/
Politeness in an perception of qualitative undergraduate from a linguistic index.php/smart/
Online Learning language politeness in descriptive. students of General aspect such as article/download/
(2021) online learning. English subject in a politeness maxim, all 1671/961
private university in respondents had
east Jakarta. positive perceptions.
From 6 questions, all
questions responded
dominantly by polite
perception.
Exploring the According to existing The study identified 5,165 students and The findings revealed https://dl.acm.org/
Politeness of research, students instructional 116 qualified tutors that human tutors doi/abs/
Instructional prefer to work with strategies using a in 18,203 online employed both polite 10.1145/3506860.35
Strategies from tutors who express well-known dialogue tutoring sessions and impolite 06904
Human-Human themselves politely in act coding scheme, expressions in their
Online Tutoring online human-human used linguistic instructional
Dialogues (2022) tutoring, but politeness theory to strategies. Tutors
excessive polite analyze the were more likely to

expressions may politeness levels of express themselves
reduce tutoring the tutors' politely when
efficacy. There is, instructional providing positive
however, a lack of strategies, and used feedback, but less
understanding about Gradient Tree politely when
the use of politeness Boosting to assess providing negative
in online tutoring and the predictive power feedback and asking
the extent to which of these politeness questions to assess
politeness of levels in revealing students'
instructional students' problem- understanding.
strategies can solving performance.
contribute to
students'
achievement.
Greetings as a The current study And thus are more -MALE STUDENTS Contrary to https://
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-SUPERVISOR
in EFL Distance English as a Foreign of politeness least polite scholar?
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(CMC).
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with seven type’s
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semester English
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Department at
UNISMUH Makassar.
The purpose of this This study used a The information was The politeness of the https://e-
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Politeness of the role of the and a descriptive linguistic politeness implanting character index.php/JP-IPS/
Teacher Language In

teacher's politeness research method. in teaching and values to students is article/download/
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Character Values To development primary interaction between described by
The Primary School school kids with teachers and referring to the
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based learning politeness by Leech
activities. (1983) which
includes his six
maxims of politeness
principles as in the
aforementioned
section.
Teacher and This study aims to A descriptive This study was This study revealed https://
Students’ Politeness explore the use of qualitative research conducted at one that the teacher and files.eric.ed.gov/
Strategies in EFL politeness strategies design was used to state senior high the students used fulltext/
Classroom which occur in EFL find out the school in Magelang, three strategies of EJ1291632.pdf
Interactions (2020) classroom politeness strategies Indonesia in the politeness by Brown
interactions in a used in classroom academic year and Levinson (1987)
senior high school. interactions. 2018/2019. The in the classroom
participants were an interactions. Those
eleventh grade strategies were
English teacher and positive politeness,
30 students from the negative politeness,
eleventh grade which and bald-on-record
were selected strategy.
purposively.

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A.

Values, Attitudes and Motivation of Students

Title Problem/ Methods Respondents Results/Findings References

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

B. Teacher and Student Interaction

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

C. Speech and Speaking and Language

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

Al Zoubi, S. M. (2018). The impact of exposure to

Alrabai, F. (2014). A Model of Foreign Language

D. Cooperative Principle of Flouting Maxim

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994).

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

Title Problem/Objectives Methods Respondents Results/Findings References

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT

MENIE J. DAGALA, MAED -ELT