LA PATRIA COLLEGE Santiago City

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN NSTP 011

National Service Training Program 1 (CWTS)

MODULE 7: CHAPTER VII. DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: HEALTH AWARENESS

A. Communicable Diseases
• Dengue, Malaria, Cholera, Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), H1H1, Typhoid Fever
B. Non-communicable Diseases
• Hypertension, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Cancer
• Classification of Cancer
• Signs of Symptoms of Cancer
• Prevention of Cancer

WEEK: 7

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3 Hours

OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this module, the students shall be able to differentiate appropriately communicable and
non-communicable diseases, describe correctly the signs and symptoms of the various diseases and
enumerate ways to avoid and alleviate different diseases being discussed.

LEARNING CONTENT:

DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: HEALTH AWARENESS

Introduction

This chapter deals with some common communicable and non-communicable diseases and their causes,
symptoms, and prevention.

The triangular model of a disease has three components: agent, host, and environment. Disease occurs
when an external agent meets a susceptible host in an environment that allows the agent and host to
interact.

Discussion

A. Communicable Diseases

Dengue

Hawker mention in their book that dengue fever is a febrile disease caused by one of four closely
related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Each serotype is sufficiently different that
there is no cross-protection, and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur.
Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito that are found in the tropics.

Signs and Symptoms of Dengue

Dengue is manifested by a sudden onset of high fever with severe headache and muscle and joint
pains, myalgia and arthralgia. It is also called breakbone fever or bonecrusher disease. The patient may
develop dengue rashes that are characteristically bright red petechiae. These usually appear first on the
lower limbs and chest and spread to cover most of the body. The patient may suffer from gastritis, abdominal
pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.

Mild cases of dengue, where no rash is present, can be misdiagnosed as flu or other viral infection.
Patients can pass on the infection through mosquitos or blood products while they are still febrile.
 Figure 1. Signs and Symptoms of Dengue

Prevention of Dengue

The best way of prevention is to avoid being bitten by mosquitos. Take note of the following tips:
1. Use mosquito net and insect repellant.
2. Put screens on doors and windows.
3. Refrain from going outdoors during time of the day when mosquito are most active.
4. Remove stagnant water. Cover water containers and change water in flower vases
frequently.

Malaria

Malaria is vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions,
including Philippines. It is “commonly associated with poverty but also an effect of poverty and a major
hindrance to economic development” (Engelkirk, 2007).

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The most serious forms of the
disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, but other related species can also
infect humans. They are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitos.

Signs and Symptoms of Malaria

The parasites multiply within the red blood cells and cause anemia, high fever, chills, nausea, headache,
diarrhea, and in severe cases, coma and death.

Figure 2. Signs and Symptoms of Malaria

Prevention of Malaria

Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect
repellent, spraying insecticides, and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs.

No vaccine is currently available for malaria. Preventive drugs must be taken continuously to reduce
the risk of infection.

Cholera

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the
bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period lasting from less than one day to five days. It
also produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, and watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to
severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients.

The incubation period of cholera according to Hawker is from six (6) to forty-eight (48) hours, but
there are reported cases of people being infected during the period of diarrhea and up to seven (7) days
after.

Signs and Symptoms of Cholera

Aside from diarrhea, the patient may also experience nausea, vomiting fever, and muscle clamps.

Figure 3. Signs and Symptoms of Cholera

Prevention of Cholera

Follow these precautions to reduce the risk of contracting cholera:

1. Wash hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly.
2. Drink safe water only.
3. Eat food that is completely cooked.
4. Avoid raw food, street food, and any food from suspicious source.
5. Observe proper hygiene and sanitation at all times.

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Avian influenza is an infection caused by avian influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds, but infections
can occur in humans. The risk is generally low to most people because the viruses do not usually infect
humans. However, confirmed cases of human infections have been reported since 1997. Most case of avian
influenza infection in human could have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or contaminated
surfaces. H5N1 is a particularly deadly strain of bird flu that can infect human and other mammals.

Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza

Symptoms of avian flu in humans include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. Some people
may also experience nausea, vomiting, pneumonia, diarrhea, and others severe and life-threatening
complications, depending on which virus has caused the infection.
Prevention of Avian Influenza

Consider these precautionary measures to prevent infection:

1. Wash hands or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer to avoid infection of all kinds.
2. Stay away from farms and live animal markets.
3. Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Cook chicken thoroughly. Don not eat raw eggs.
5. Avoid cross-contamination. Do not use the same utensils for both raw meat and other
kinds of food.

Figure 4. Signs, symptoms and preventions of Avian Influenza

H1N1

H1N1 is a flu virus that is also known as the swine flu. Scientist call the H1N1 virus a “quadruple reassortant”
virus because it contains two genes found in flu viruses which circulate among pigs and two genes found in
flu viruses which circulate among birds. The H1N1 virus is passed from person to person just like other flu
strains. But not only eating pork.
What set the H1N1 virus apart from other seasonal flu viruses is that studies have shown it to cause more
severe symptoms in people younger than 25 years of age while people over 60 years old have some
immunity against it.

Most cases of flu caused by H1N1 are mild. However, there have been case of severe complications in
people with other medical conditions such as pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, and
asthma.

Important Facts about Swine Flu

1. Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract
of pigs and result in nasal secretions, barking cough, decreased appetite, and listless behavior.
2. Swine flu viruses may mutate (change), so that they are easily transmissible among humans.
3. The 2009 swine flu outbreak was due to the H1N1 virus and was first observed in Mexico.
4. Two antiviral agents, zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu), have been reported to
help prevent or reduce the effects of swine flu if taken within 48 hours at the onset of symptoms.

Signs and Symptoms of Swine Flu

Symptoms of swine flu to humans are similar to those of ordinary flu: fever, cough, sore throat, runny
or stuffy nose, body aches, headaches, chills, and fatigue. Some people may experience vomiting and
diarrhea.
 Figure 5. Signs and Symptoms of Swine Flu

Prevention of H1N1

The best way to avoid influenza infections is through vaccination. Almost all vaccines have some side
effects. Common side effects of H1N1 vaccines are typical of flu vaccines.

They are as follows:

1. Flu Shot: Soreness, redness, minor swelling at the shot site, muscle aches, lowgrade fever,
and nausea. These do not usually last for more than 24 hours.
2. Nasal Spray: Runny nose, low-grade fever, vomiting, headache, wheezing, cough, and sore
throat.

The nasal spray vaccine contains live virus that has been altered to hinder its ability to replicate in
human tissue. People with a suppressed immune system should not get vaccinated with the nasal spray.
Also most vaccine that contain flu viral particles are cultivated in eggs, so individuals with an allergy to eggs
should not get the vaccine unless tested and advised by their doctor that they are cleared to obtain it.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is an acute illness most often caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria
or the Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually leads to a less severe infection. The bacteria
are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are spread to other people in the area.

Typhoid is common worldwide and has received various names such as gastric fever, abdominal typhus,
infatile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever, or pythogenic fever. Typhoid means “resembling typhus”.

Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

People with typhoid fever usually have a sustained high fever. Chest congestion develops in many
patients, and abdominal pain and discomfort are common. The fever becomes constant. Other symptoms
include poor appetite, headache, body aches, and lethargy. Improvement occurs in the third and fourth
weeks for those who do not experience complications. About 10 percent of patients have recurrent symptoms
(relapse) after feeling better for one to two weeks. Relapses are actually more common in individuals treated
with antibiotics.
 Figure 6. Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

Prevention and Treatment of Typhoid Fever

Typhoid Fever can be prevented by drinking safe water only, improving sanitation, and eating well-
cooked food while it is still hot. Washing hands often and keeping the surroundings clean will help stop the
spread of infection.

Two vaccines, one injected and the other given orally are available. These are recommended especially to
people in high-risk areas. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics that kill the salmonella bacteria.
B. Non-communicable Diseases

Hypertension

Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is one
of the body’s vital signs.

The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and
veins. Blood pressure generally refers to arterial pressure, i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, the
arteries being the blood vessels which take blood away from the heart.

Blood pressure consists of two numbers: the systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and the diastolic
pressure (when the heart relaxes). The systolic pressure is the number above the diastolic pressure.

1. Normal Blood Pressure

Blood pressure reading 120/80 or lower is considered normal.

2. High Blood Pressure

Blood pressure reading 140/90 or higher is considered high. If one or both numbers are
usually high, you have high blood pressure of hypertension.

3. Low Blood Pressure

Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension

General signs of high blood pressure include headache, dizziness, pounding in ears, and nosebleed. These
symptoms typically do not occur until high blood pressure has reached an advanced and even a possibly
life-threatening stage.
 Figure 7. Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
Prevention of Hypertension

Changing your diet and lifestyle can do so much in managing blood pressure:

1. Quit smoking
2. Limit the intake of alcoholic beverages
3. Lose weight if you are overweight
4. Exercise and eat well-balanced, nutritious meals that are low in fat, salt, and
cholesterol but high in fiber.

Cardiovascular Diseases

High blood pressure increases the risk of coronary artery disease, also called atherosclerosis.

Other causes of cardiovascular disease are as follows:

1. Smoking 6. Lack of exercise

2. Diabetes 7. Age
3. Overweight 8. Too much drinking
4. Diet high in saturated fat and salt 9. High blood pressure
5. Family history 10. Having high cholesterol level

Figure 8. Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Diseases

Heart Attack

A heart attack causes permanent damage to the heart muscle due to loss of blood flow to the heart. Some
heart attacks are sudden and intense; however, most heart attacks start slowly with mild pain and
discomfort.
Stroke

The brain requires unobstructed blood flow to function. Very high, sustained blood pressure will eventually
cause blood vessels to weaken. Over time, these weakened vessels could break, and blood could leak into
the brain. The area of the brain that is being fed by these broken vessels start to die and this will cause a
stroke. In addition, if a clot blocks a narrowed artery, blood ceases to flow and a stroke will occur.

Symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the
body, confusion, trouble in speaking, poor vision and sudden severe headache.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

1. Quit smoking
2. Control diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol level
3. Exercise regularly
4. Eat a diet that is rich in fiber and low in salt and saturated fat
5. Maintain a healthy weight
6. Manage stress

Diabetes

Diabetes, also referred as diabetes mellitus, describes as a group of metabolic diseases in which the person
has high blood glucose or blood sugar, either because insulin production is inadequate, or the cells in his/her
body do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar typically experience frequent
urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and increased appetite (polyphagia).

Two Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

The body does not produce insulin. This type is also referred to as insulindependent diabetes, juvenile
diabetes, or early-onset diabetes. People develop type 1 diabetes before their 40 th year, often in
early adulthood or teenage years.

Type 2 Diabetes

The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react properly
to insulin (insulin resistance). Approximately 90 percent of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this
type.

Figure 9. Signs and Symptoms of Two Types of Diabetes

Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 types of cancer,
and each is classifies by the type of cell that is initially affected.
 Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called
tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell
division in the bloodstream).

More dangerous or malignant tumors form when two things occur:

1. A cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems,
destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion.

2. A cancerous cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a
process called angiogenesis.

When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other
healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a
serious condition that is very difficult to treat. Physicians and researchers who specialize in the study,
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.

Figure 10. Four Basic Stages of Cancer

There are five broad groups of cancer, namely:

1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such
as lung, breast and colon.

2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in the bone, cartilage, fat, connective
tissue, muscle and other supportive tissues.

3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues.

4. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the
bloodstream.

5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and other
glandular tissues.

Prevention of Cancer

1. Quit smoking and drinking to significantly lower the risk of several types of cancer, most
notably in the lung, throat, mouth and liver.

2. Stay in the shade and protect yourself with a hat, shirt, and sunscreen when under the sun,
to prevent skin cancer.

3. Diet is an important part of cancer prevention since what we eat has been linked to the
disease.
 Figure 11. Prevention of Cancer

Summary

A person can only take proper precautions regarding communicable and noncommunicable diseases
if he/she is aware about them.

His/her familiarity with the said diseases will enable his/her to adopt certain lifestyle modifications,
like avoidance of alcoholic beverages, to avoid diseases and stay healthy as he/she performs his/her various
functions in life.

Health is wealth and a person’s good health is crucial to his/her being a successful person who has
the opportunity to maximize his/her potentials in order to achieve all his/her goals in life.

REFERENCES:
1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Lee, S. (2013). National Service Training Program CWTS I. Manila, Philippines: C&E
Publishing, Inc.
3. Padilla, R. (2006). Civic Welfare Training Service Volume II. Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore.
4. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
5. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2 0Module.pdf
 MODULE 8: CHAPTER VIII. DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: FIRST AID EDUCATION
A. First Aid
B. First Aider
C. Characteristics of a Good First Aider
D. Basic Life Support
E. Chain of Survival F. What is an Emergency?
G. Emergency Action Principles

WEEK: 8

OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this module, the students shall be able to explain comprehensively the meaning and
principles of first aid education and apply first aid skills during emergency situations .

LEARNING CONTENT:

DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: FIRST AID EDUCATION

Introduction

This chapter discusses first aid education and how the basic steps of first aid are carried out by
people who are knowledgeable of and trained in it.

Discussion

A. First Aid

First Aid is the immediate treatment using available facilities or materials and given to an injured
or ill person while waiting for medical assistance to arrive. It includes either emergency measures for life-
threatening conditions which require further medical attention or care for less serious injuries which may
be adequately treated on the spot. As an urgent care to an injured or unexpectedly ill person, first aid
also involves home care and self-care if medical assistance is delayed or not available.

B. First Aider
First Aider deals with the whole situation involving the patient and the injury or illness. The
Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) is a voluntary humanitarian organization that conducts training for
people who like to become first aiders. If interested parties are physically and mentally fit, they can go
to their local PNRC chapter and register for free. The one-week training focuses on basic first aid and
provides the need medical kit.

C. Characteristics of a Good First Aider

A good first aider must be gentle, resourceful, observant, tactful, sympathetic, consoling, and respectful.
He/She should maximize the use of materials at hand, know how to improvise and how to assess the
situation and the victim properly, and exhibit professionalism. Moreover, he/she must not cause further
harm by making the victim panic.

The roles and responsibilities of a first aider are as follows:

1. Since the first aider does not perform the functions of a doctor or compete with the
latter, he/she immediately transfers the medical task and care of the victim to a qualified
physician who comes to the rescue.
2. He/She ensures the safety of bystanders.
3. He/She assesses the condition of the victim.
4. He/She identifies the risks or threats to the victim’s life.
5. He/She calls for medical assistance as needed.
6. He/She provides the immediate and necessary care.
7. He/She assists the medical personnel.
8. He/She records the situations, care given, etc.

General Directions for First Aid

• A first aider may encounter various problem situations.

1. His/Her decisions and actions depend on the circumstances that cause the accident or
sudden illness
2. The number of persons involved
3. The immediate environment
4. The availability of medical assistance, emergency equipment, and help from others.
5. Need to adapt to the situation at hand and improvise as necessary

• A first aider should keep two fundamental things in mind

 1. He/She must determine the best way of rescue such as removing the victim from
water, fire, or a place filled with carbon monoxide or smoke.
2. He/She must ensure that the victim has an open airway and must administer mouth-
to-mouth or mouth-to-nose artificial respiration if necessary, including controlling severe
bleeding.
Unless it is safe to do so, the victim should not be moved at once. He/She should be kept in the
position best suited to his/her condition or injury. The victim should not be allowed to get up or
walk around.

• The first aider, in turn, is not expected to explain the victim’s probable condition to bystanders
or even to reporters. He/She is expected, however, to remain in charge until the victim can be
placed in the care of qualified persons, for example, a physician, an ambulance crew, a squad, or
a police officer; the victim can take care of himself/herself; or the victim can be taken care of by
relatives. Above all, the first aider should know the limits of his/her capabilities. He/She must
make minimal effort to avoid further to the victim in his/her attempt to provide the best possible
emergency first aid care.

• Proper first aid measures should include standard and specific techniques that have been
taught and in view of circumstances that appear to be necessary.

D. Basic Life Support

Life support is a series of emergency life-saving procedures that are carried out to prolong the life of a
victim. It is classified under three types:

1. Basic life support is an emergency procedure that consists of recognizing respiratory

or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced cardiac life support can be administered.
2. Advanced cardiac life support is the use of special equipment to maintain the breathing
and blood circulation of the victim.
3. Prolonged life support is the post-resuscitation and long-term resuscitation.

E. Chain of Survival

1. The first link or early access is initiated immediately after the patient collapses. It
entails calling the local emergency number as quickly as possible and giving the hotline as
much vital information as you can about the emergency.
2. The second link or early CPR is initiated while waiting for the arrival of emergency
medical services (EMS) personnel who are trained to provide care. The probability of survival
approximately doubles when it is done before the arrival of the EMS.
3. The third link or early defibrillation is most likely to improve survival. It is the key
intervention to increase the chance of survival of the patient outside without hospital care.
4. The fourth link or early advance care is provided by highly trained EMS personnel and
paramedics who monitor the patient closely on the way to the hospital.

Note that the immediate aims of the first aider are to ease the pain, prevent further harm or
danger, and extend the life of the victim. Furthermore, the first aider must eradicate the hindrances in
giving the initial intervention such as the surroundings, curious and unruly crowd, the victim’s relatives,
panic, pressure, etc. it must be remembered that the safety percentage for the first aider is 80% and
that for the victim is 20%.

Figure 1. Chain of Survival

F. What is an Emergency?

Emergency is the sudden onset of medical or surgical severity that, in the absence if immediate
medical attention, could reasonably and expectedly result in serious danger to health or impairment of
bodily functions.
G. Emergency Action Principles

The scene must be surveyed entirely. Is the scene safe? What happened? How many were injured? Are
there bystanders who can help? The first aider must get the consent to give care; check for
responsiveness such as alertness, verbal response, pain stimuli, and unresponsiveness; and protect the
spine, if necessary. To activate medical assistance, the first aider can do care first or call first, especially
in cardio-related problem-adult and care first, and in respiratory problem – child and infant. A bystander
can be requested to call a physician. Take note of the following in activating medical assistance:
1. Situation of the person injured
2. Location of the accident
3. Number of person injured
4. Extent of injury and first aid given
5. Telephone number from where you are calling
6. Identity of the person who activates the medical assistance

For primary survey, check the airway for breathing for five seconds and blood circulation for ten
seconds. Secondary survey includes interviewing the victim; knowing his/her name; background
intervention about the accident; assessing sample medical history of the victim illness, last oral intake,
and event prior to the incident. To check the vital signs, the first aider must determine radial or carotid
pulse; breathing; and the examination must be conducted. This will enable the first aider to see if there
is deformity, contusion, abrasion, puncture, burn/bleeding, tenderness, laceration, or swelling (DCAP-
BTLS). Emergency rescue is the quick transfer of a patient from an unsafe place to a safe place. The
indications for emergency rescue are:
1. Danger of fire or explosion
2. Risk of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen
3. Serious traffic hazards
4. Risk of drowning
5. Danger of electrocution
6. Danger of collapsing walls

a. Methods of Rescue
1. For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the victim.
2. Most of the drags/carries/ lifts and other transfer methods can be used as methods of
rescue.

Transfer is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid. The factors to consider
in choosing the transfer method are as follows:
1. Nature and severity of the injury
2. Size of the victim
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider
4. Number of personnel and equipment available
5. Nature of evacuation route
6. Distance to be covered
7. Gender of the victim

The following guidelines must be followed during transfer:

1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct position.
4. The victim’s condition is regularly checked.
5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable, and as speedy as circumstances permit.
7. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
8. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the victim.
9. First aiders/ bearers must observe ergonomics in lifting and moving the patient.

b. Methods of Transfer
1. One-man assist/ carries/ drags such as assist to walk , carry in arms, carry in a pack-
strap method, carry in fireman’s way, blanket drag, armpit/ shoulder drag, cloth drag, feet
drag, and inclined drag (head first in passing a stairway).
2. Two-man assist such as assist to walk, four-hand seat, hands as a litter, carry by
extremities, and fireman’s carry with assistance.
3. Three-man assists such as bearers alongside (for narrow alleys) and hammock carry.

c. Cloth Material Commonly Used in First Aid

1. Dressing is any germ-free fabric material used to plaster wound.
2. Bandage is any clean or sterilized fabric material that holds the dressing in place.
Summary

It is imperative that first aid or the immediate treatment of an ill or injured person be learned by
everyone since accident happens anytime. Serious attention and readiness must be demonstrated by any
individual who wishes to learn the rudiments of first aid. A first aider may encounter different problems
in the performance of his/her duty. He/she must remember that his/her decision and active participation
depend on the circumstances that cause the injury or the sudden illness, the number of persons involved,
the immediate environment, and the availability of medical assistance, emergency equipment, and help
from others.

The first aider needs to adapt to the situations at hand and improvise as necessary. He/she should also
know the limits of his/her capabilities and should apply minimal effort to avoid further damage or injury
to the victim. A good first aider must have a strong desire to help the victim. He/she should act tactfully
and make quick and wise decisions depending on the condition of the injured person.

REFERENCES:

1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Lee, S. (2013). National Service Training Program CWTS I. Manila, Philippines: C&E
Publishing, Inc.
3. Padilla, R. (2006). Civic Welfare Training Service Volume II. Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore.
4. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
5. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2
0Module.pdf
 MODULE 9: CHAPTER VII. DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: FIRST AID EDUCATION
(Continuation)
G. Bandages and Bandaging Techniques
• Bandaging Upper and Lower Extremities
• Elbow Bandage
• Hand Bandage
• Leg (Upper and Lower) Bandage
• Knee Bandage
• Foot Bandage

WEEK NUMBER: 9

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3 Hours

OBJECTIVE/LEARNING OUTCOME:
By the end of this module, the students shall be able to explain comprehensively the meaning and
principles of first aid education, apply first aid skills during emergency situations and participate actively in
the delivery of first aid services.

LEARNING CONTENT:

DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: FIRST AID EDUCATION (Continuation)

Introduction

This chapter discusses first aid education and how the basic steps of first aid are carried out by people
who are knowledgeable of and trained in it.

Discussion

G. Bandages and bandaging techniques

Bandages and dressing are both used to wound or fracture management. A bandage is a piece of
cloth or other material used to bind or wrap a diseased, injured, or fractured part of the body. Usually
shaped as strip or pad, bandages are either placed directly against the wound or used to bind a fracture of
the body.

The following are bandages and bandaging techniques adapted from survive outdoors
(jalic inc. n.d.)

Bandaging upper and lower extremities

Shoulder bandages

To apply bandage attached to the field first aid dressing

1.Take one bandage across chest and the other across the back and under the arm opposite
the injured shoulder.
2.Tie the ends with a non-slip knot (Figure 2).

To apply a cravat bandage to the shoulder or armpit

1.Make an extended cravat bandage by using two triangular bandages (Figure 3A). Then, place
the end of the first triangular bandage along the base of the second one (Figure 3B).
2.Fold the two bandages into a single extended bandage (Figure 3C).
3.Fold the extended bandage into single cravat bandage (Figure 3D). After folding, secure the
thicker part (overlap) with two or more safety pins (Figure 3E).
4.Place the middle of the cravat bandage under the armpit so that the front end is longer than
the back end and safety pins are on the outside (Figure 3F).
5.Cross the ends on top the shoulder (Figure 3G).
6.Take one end across the back and under the arm on the opposite side and the other end
across the chest. Tie the end (Figure 3H).
 Figure 3 Extended cravat bandage applied to shoulder (or armpit)

Be sure to place sufficient wadding in the armpit. DO NOT tie the cravat bandage too tightly. Avoid
compressing the major blood vessels in the armpit.

• Elbow bandage

To apply a cravat bandage to the elbow.

1.Bend the arm at the elbow and place the middle of the cravat at the point of the elbow bringing
the ends upward (Figure 4A).
2.Bring the ends across, extending both downward (Figure 4B).
3.Take both ends around the arm and tie them with non-slip at the front of the elbow (Figure
4C).

If an elbow fracture is suspected, DO NOT bend the elbow; bandage it in an extended position.

• Hand Bandage

To apply a triangular bandage to the hand

1.Place the hand in the middle of the triangular bandage with the wrist at the base of the
bandage (Figure 5A). Ensure that the fingers do not come in contact with the absorbent material
to prevent chafing and irritation of the skin.
2.Place the apex over the fingers and tuck any excess material into the pleats on each side of
the hand (Figure 5B)
3.Cross the ends on top the hand, take them around the wrist, and tie them (Figure 5C, 5D,
and 5E) with a non-slip knot.
To apply a cravat bandage to the palm of the hand

1.Lay the middle of the cravat over the palm of the hand with the ends hanging down on each
side (Figure 6A).
2.Take the end of the cravat at the little finger across the back of the hand, extending it upward
over the base of the thumbs. Then, bring it downward across the palm (Figure 6B).
3.Take the end under the thumb and across the back of the hand, over the palm, and through
the hollow between the thumb and palm (Figure 6C).
4.Take the ends to back of the hand and across them; then, bring them over the wrist and
across them again (figure 6D).
5.Bring both ends down and tie them with a non-slip knot on top of the wrist (Figure 6E and
6F).

• Leg (Upper and Lower) Bandage

To apply a cravat bandage to the leg-

1.Place the center of the cravat over the dressing (Figure 7A).
2.Take one end around and up the leg in a spiral motion and the other end around and down
the leg in a spiral motion, overlapping in each preceding turn (Figure 7B).
3.Bring both together and tie them (Figure 7C) with a non-slip knot.

• Knee bandage

In applying a cravat bandage to the knee as illustrated in Figure 8, use the same technique in
bandaging the elbow. The same caution for the elbow also applies to the knee.

• Foot Bandage

To apply a triangular bandage to the foot-

1.Place the foot in the middle of the triangular bandage with the heel well forward to the base
(Figure 9A). Ensure that the toes do not come in contact with the absorbent materials to prevent
chafing and irritation of the skin.
2.Place the apex over the top of the foot and tuck any excess material into the pleats on each
side of the foot (Figure 9B).
3.Cross the ends on the top of the foot, take them around the ankle, and tie them at the front
of the ankle (Figures 9C, 9D, and 9E).
Supplementary Video:

Watch this educational video on YouTube to guide you for the proper procedure in bandaging techniques.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCo4XXzZIE

(10 Different Types of Bandaging Using Triangular Bandage)

Summary

It is imperative that first aid or the immediate treatment of an ill or injured person be learned by
everyone since accident happens anytime. Serious attention and readiness must be demonstrated by any
individual who wishes to learn the rudiments of first aid. A first aider may encounter different problems in
the performance of his/her duty. He/she must remember that his/her decision and active participation
depend on the circumstances that cause the injury or the sudden illness, the number of persons involved,
the immediate environment, and the availability of medical assistance, emergency equipment, and help
from others.

The first aider needs to adapt to the situations at hand and improvise as necessary. He/she should also
know the limits of his/her capabilities and should apply minimal effort to avoid further damage or injury to
the victim. A good first aider must have a strong desire to help the victim. He/she should act tactfully and
make quick and wise decisions depending on the condition of the injured person.

REFERENCES:

1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Lee, S. (2013). National Service Training Program CWTS I. Manila, Philippines: C&E
Publishing, Inc.
3. Padilla, R. (2006). Civic Welfare Training Service Volume II. Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore.
4. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
5. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2 0Module.pdf
 MODULE 10: CHAPTER X. DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: ENTREPRENEURSHIP
A. Entrepreneurship
B. Entrepreneur
C. Social Entrepreneur
D. Service Type of Entrepreneurial Activity
E. Social Responsibility of Entrepreneurs
F. Philanthropists
G. Activists
H. Companies with a Foundation
I. Developing a Business Plan
J. Criteria for Business Planning

WEEK NUMBER: 10

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3 Hours

OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this module, the students shall be able to explain correctly the meaning of
entrepreneurship, recognize the different sustainable entrepreneurial activities and describe what a social
entrepreneur is and is not.

LEARNING CONTENT:

DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Introduction

This chapter presents the fundamental concepts and theories of entrepreneurs and social
entrepreneurships. It also discusses small and medium sized businesses (SMBs), especially small scale
entrepreneurship that promotes, develops and assists the small and medium size enterprise (SMEs).

The key concept of entrepreneurship is innovation. Fajardo (2009) defines entrepreneurship as the
new or different way of doing things using technology, marketing, human relations, and management it also
means an economical and faster method of distributing goods. Such application in entrepreneurial activities
generate more jobs, income and good and services and ultimately, create a better economy and a higher
standard of living for the people.

Discussion

A. Entrepreneurship

Fajardo (2009) stresses that entrepreneurship is the effective and efficient way of managing the business
capacity and quality of an individual toward customer satisfaction. Coloma (2004) sees it as all kinds of
opportunities in business which can help reach target market.

B. Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is someone who thinks creatively plans strategically and projects clear realistic, and
objective plans. He/she efficiently organizes, manages and face the risks in a business. Moreover, is a
member of the society, is confident and believes in the possibility of change.

An entrepreneur, according to lee and lee (2008), should be:

1. An administrator
2. A planner
3. A leader
4. A negotiator
5. A communicator
6. A decision-maker
7. A good follower

How does one develop his/her abilities as an entrepreneur? One can…

1. Get interested in creating something useful to the society/community

2. Use his/her creative capacities to the fullest by being sensitive to what is beautiful and to the
day-to-day needs of the society/community
3. Rely on oneself instead of being dependent on others.
4. Be conscious and aware of his/her society/community’s sources of income

C. Social Entrepreneur

According to www.sbs.ox.ac.uk, social entrepreneur are pioneers of innovations that benefit humanity.
They are drivers of change. Together with institutions, networks, and communities, social entrepreneurs
create solution there are efficient, sustainable, transparent, and have measurable impact. When people start
a business, they tend to see profitability as the ultimate goal. Eleuterio (2000) finds theses nations of
business as myopic. He states that a social entrepreneur must be visionary. He/she sees opportunities
around him/her. As a results-oriented individual, he/she develops all avenues of potential business growth
through education, health, security, housing, services, and a myriad of other social/community needs.
Drucker add that “social entrepreneurs are hunter-gatherers of our culture. They look around, see where
the food is, and go to get it. They will give up almost anything to have the right to make their own choices,
decisions, and opportunities” they also learn how to deal with mistakes to achieve potential economic
growth. They do not change themselves to fit their environment. They use the environment to meet their
needs.

Advantages of managing one’s business

1. Personal relationships with customer and employees

2. Flexibility in management
3. Government incentives
4. Knowledge of record-keeping techniques
5. Independence

Disadvantage of managing one’s own business

1. Difficulty in raising capital

2. Risk of failure
3. Limited managing skills
4. Lack of opportunities for employees
Retailing

Retailing is concerned with selling certain goods that usually satisfy potential and existing customers.
It extends beyond more selling and involves the following services:

1. Storekeeping
2. Pricing
3. Advertising
4. Record-keeping
5. Maintaining inventory

D. Service Types of Entrepreneurial Activity

Although potential business are plenty, the following are the common forms of profitable
entrepreneurial ventures:

1. Food services
2. Lodging services
3. Financial services
4. Recreation and tourism services
5. Transportation services
6. Personal services
7. Repair and maintenances services
8. Rental services

E. Social Responsibility of Entrepreneurs

1. Adopt a mission to create and sustain social (not just commercial) value.
2. Recognize and relentlessly pursue new opportunities to serve that mission; engage in a
process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning; and act boldly even with limited
resource currently at hand.
3. Exhibit a heightened sense of accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes
created.

F. Philanthropists

A successful businessperson is one who also helps the less privileged in the society. He/she donates
a considerable amount of money to a foundation that, for instance, supports early childhood education or
sets up hospitals in poverty-stricken areas although philanthropists are critically important in the society
and many of them help finance social entrepreneurial activities, they should not be confused social
entrepreneurs.

G. Activists

Activists, who are putting pressure on policymakers and the public to stop a specific practice, are not
social entrepreneurs.
H. Companies with a Foundation

The priority of a company is to make money for its shareholders. It is not an example of social
entrepreneurship practice which subsumes value appropriation at the service of transforming social and
environmental conditions.
I. Developing a Business Plan
a. What to do
b. How to do it
c. When to do it
d. What to expect in the future

Planning should always be geared toward customer satisfaction. It should be:

1. Realistic. It must be based on available human, financial, and physical resources

2. Based on felt needs. The objectives of an entrepreneur should be based on the needs of the
community.
3. Flexible. Planning should adjust to the trends and consumer’s tastes.
4. Starting with simple projects. In the Philippines, many people are poor and have no business
experiences. The simplicity of a project refers to the micro type of business which requires simple
management and technology.

J. Criteria for Business Planning

1. Clarity of objectives
2. Satisfactory accomplishment of objectives in terms of quantity, quality, time, and cost
3. Provision of guidelines to attain objectives
4. Identification of departments/units involves
5. A set time frame or duration
6. Specified resource and corresponding costs
7. Designated and accountable officers/executives

Summary

Change is the only permanent thing in this world. People should not be afraid of innovation especially if this
will help improve or correct the system or way of doing things or if it will provide solutions to existing
problems.

Entrepreneurship helps people become more creative, confident, bolder, and responsible in their actions to
achieve the desired goals.

Through social entrepreneurship, business people are inspired and motivated to come up with significant
ideas that can provide positive changes in the way people in general lead their lives in the society where
they live.

REFERENCES:

1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
3. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2 0Module.pdf
 MODULE 11: CHAPTER XI. THE SOCIAL MENACE OF DRUG ADDICTION
A. Addiction
B. Classification of Dangerous Drugs
C. Common Drug Types

WEEK NUMBER: 11

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3 Hours

OBJECTIVE/LEARNING OUTCOME:
By the end of this module, the students shall be able to define properly drugs and drug addiction
enumerate some common illegal substance and their adverse effects on the users and express commitment
to the prevention and fight against drug addiction.

LEARNING CONTENT:

THE SOCIAL MENACE OF DRUG ADDICTION

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the social problem called drug addiction. People have always been curious
about world and experiment with anything and everything to make been curious about the world and
experiment with anything and everything to make life better and more comfortable. Scientists have
discovered remedies that can treat pain and illness and promote good health and longer life. In ancient
Egypt, physicians prescribed berries like figs and dates mixed with castor oil as laxatives while the Chinese
and Greeks used opium for its pain relieving properties. The Hindus resorted to cannabis and henbane leaves
as anesthetic. In modern society, society, drugs treat medical and psychological disorders. To determine
whether a substance is a drug is to know its uses. For example, alcohol is a beverage, but is also considered
a drug used for relaxation, to remove inhibitions, or stimulate appetite.

Discussion

A. Addiction

An addiction is not having control over doing, taking, or using something, until it becomes harmful.
Commonly, there are dependencies on alcohol or drugs, but you can also become addicted to everything
from gambling to chocolates. Being addicted to something means having a difficult time without it during
the day.

Coloma (2004) states that drug dependence is the overuse of a drug without due regard to accepted medical
practice resulting in the individual’s physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment.

Drug is defined as follows according to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA):

1. Clinical definition
Drug is a therapeutic substance other than food used in the prevention, diagnosis,
alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease in humans or animals.

2. General Definition
Drug is a substance aside from food intended to affect the structure or function of a
physiological system like the human body.

3. Popular Definition
Drug refers mainly to chemical or plant-derived substances that affect the body’s
psychological, behavioral, or physical functions and leads to varying degrees of dependence or
addiction.

Drug addiction pertains to dependency on drug. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms appear

unless the person is taking the substance. Additive drugs make a person crave for or make
him/her feel an overwhelming urge to continue taking the drug, even after withdrawal symptoms
have disappeared.

Drugs change the way the body and the brain function. Sometimes, the results are
pleasant as in the case of prescription medications that are used to treat various conditions and
diseases. However, there are also times when the results are terrible and cause great harm to
one’s body and well-being.

Thus, it is wise to know that not all drugs are harmful or are always safe. It is more
important, however, to recognize if you are addicted to drugs. Serious consequences can result
from the use of both illegal drugs and prescription medications.
B. Classification of Dangerous Drugs

According to the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, there are two classes of dangerous drugs:

1. Prohibited drugs which include all the drugs that produce psychological effects of narcotics or
those that relieve pain and induce sleep (cocaine, LSD, marijuana, opium and its derivatives,
etc.).

2. Regulated drugs which include self-inducing sedatives like barbiturates, amphetamines, or

other hypnotic drugs or compounds producing the same physiological effects.

Drug abuse does not only involve illegal substances. Any drug can be abused, whether it is bought
on a street corner or obtained from a pharmacy.

There is no dividing line between prescription drugs and the so-called recreational drugs because both often
include the same or similar ingredients but in different dosages.

C. Common Drug types

There are different types of drugs. Some are prescribed. Others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal
substance, and designer drugs.

Marijuana
Marijuana is the term used to describe all that comes from the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) like leaves,
tops, stems, flowers, and roots. There are dried and prepared for smoking or taken orally as “brownies”.

Marijuana has psychoactive effects. It is taken into the body in the form of smoke or vapor and can
also be consumed and mixed into food or steeped in tea. It is believed to act as the “gateway” to other more
serious substances.

According to PDEA, a marijuana or Indian hemp embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant
Cannabis sativa L. including but not limited to, Cannabis Americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and
ganjab. It also includes every kind class, and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering,
flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or portion of the plant and seed thereof, and all its geographic varieties,
whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.

The mind-altering component of marijuana is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is concentrated

in the resin.

Smoked cannabis produces a dreamy state of consciousness in which ideas seem disconnected,
unanticipated, and free-flowing. Time, color, and spatial perceptions may be altered. In general, a feeling
of well-being and relaxation is experienced. Panic reactions usually occur, particularly to new users.

Figure 1. Example of Marijuana

Adverse Effects
1. Impairment of memory and short-term cognitive functioning, particularly mathematical,
reading, and verbal comprehension skills.
2. Impairment of motor skills, which may lead to accidents and respiratory problems such as
bronchitis or lung cancer.
3. Premature babies, low birth weight, abortion, or still birth (neonatal death).
4. Panic or state of anxiety, sometimes accompanied by paranoia.
5. Motivational syndrome as the regular use of marijuana dulls the mind of the smoker, blunts
enthusiasm, and takes away drive or urge.
6. Burnout as the user can become dull, slow-moving, inattentive, and unaware of his/her
surroundings.
7. Susceptibility to infections.
8. Deceased sperm production and altered sperm shape and mobility.
 9. Decreased testosterone level, so that pre-teenagers are at an increased risk of temporary
loss of fertility.
10. Symptoms of mental illness.

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

Methamphetamine HCL is a type of amphetamine also known as “poor man’s cocaine”. Its other names are
shabu, ubas, siopao, sha, and ice. Shabu is a white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter,
numbing taste.

Abusers known to take this drug by ingestion: inhalation (chasing the dragon) sniffing (snorting), or
injection. Amphetamines are regularly absorbed orally and are associated with a rapid onset of action,
usually within one hour. If taken intravenously or through injection, they have an almost immediate effect.

Figure 2. Example of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

Adverse Effect
1. Anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness, and loss of selfcontrol.
2. Loss of appetite and inability to sleep.
3. Euphoria, elation
4. Acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior, and recklessness that may result
in accidents.

Figure 3. Adverse effect of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

Physiological Effects

These include chest pains; irregularity of heartbeat; elevated or lowered blood pressure, evidence of weight
loss, convulsion, and death from cardiac arrest.

Long-term Effects

Psychiatric consequences are the major feature of chronic “shabu” abuse and dependency. Prolonged use
and even a single exposure, especially if administered intravenously, can lead to the manifestation of a full-
blown psychosis which is similar to a schizophrenia characterized by the presence of paranoid delusions and
auditory and visual hallucinations. The paranoia may lead to violent and aggressive behavior.

Some chronic users have difficulty in concentrating and remembering things. Diminished ability to cope
with problems and difficulties in facing reality is common. Loss of interest in sex, ambition, or motivation
may also result from using shabu.
 Chronic shabu from snorters may suffer from severe irritation of the nasal septum, so that they become
prone to frequent nosebleed. Renal damage, heart disease, and stroke have likewise been documented
among chronic abusers.

Injecting shabu from contaminated needles may lead to poisoning (septicemia) and AIDS which can lead
to death.

Inhalants

Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substance that contains psychoactive
(mind/mood-altering) vapors causing a state of intoxication. Most inhalants are common household products
such as nail polish remover, glue, gasoline, household cleaners, and nitrous oxide. Inhalants also include
fluorinated hydrocarbons found in aerosols such as hairspray, spray paint, and household cleaners.

As the name suggests, inhalants refer to a group of drugs that are inhaled in the form of a gas or solvent.

Figure 4. Examples of Inhalant

Immediate Effects

1. Confusion
2. Distorted perception of time and distance
3. Aggressive behaviour/violence
4. Hallucinations
5. Illusions
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Drowsiness

Delayed Effects

1. Loss of memory
2. Inability to think
3. Muscle cramps and weakness
4. Numbness of limbs
5. Abdominal pains
6. Damage to the central nervous system, kidney, liver, and possibility, the bone marrow.

Figure 5. Adverse effect of Inhalant

Ecstasy
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) commonly known as “Ectasy”, X-TC,”
“Adam”, and “Eden Tablet, refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers
or derivatives in any form.

Ecstasy is the term used for a group of “designer” drugs closely related in chemical form to the amphetamine
family of illicit drugs. Demand for this drug caused its price to soar up P 2,000 today.

MDMA was first developed as an appetite suppressant in 1914 by the German company, Merck. In the
1970s, U.S. therapists, led by biochemist Alexander Shulgin, used the drug to help patients explore their
feelings.

Figure 6. Example of Ecstasy

Adverse Effects

1. Fatigue and perhaps, depression after the drug is stopped

2. Restlessness, anxiety, and pronounced visual and auditory hallucinations at large doses.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Rise in blood pressure and heart rate, or death from heart failure or stroke
5. Prolonged regular use can lead to the same long-term effects as those of synthetic stimulants,
including a potential for neurotoxicity and brain and liver damage.

Figure 7. Adverse Effects of Ecstasy

Opiates/Narcotics
Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used medically to relieve pain but have
a high potential for abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seed pod of the Asian poppy.
Opiates that are commonly abused are opium, morphine, codeine, and synthesized or manufactured opiates.

Opium refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and embraces every
kind, class, and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic
preparations in which opium, morphine, or any alkaloid of opium is used as an ingredient; opium poppy;
poppy straw; and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.

Opium poppy refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver setigerum DC,
Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas which include the seeds, straws, branches,
leaves, or any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral;, decorative, and culinary
purposes.
 Figure 8. Example of Opiates

Cocaine

Cocaine is a drug from the leaves of the Erythoxylon coca plant, a shrub that originated from South America.
This drug affects the central nervous system as stimulant.

Cocaine exaggerates changes caused by at least two brain chemicals-noradrenaline and dopamine-
increasing alertness and causing euphoria. Pure cocaine was produced in 1860 and was hailed as a cure-all.
Doctors used it to treat anxiety and depression until they realized it was addictive. Dentists also used cocaine
to numb their patients’ gums, but because it damaged living tissues, it was replaced by drugs like lignocaine.

Figure 9. Example of Cocaine

Sedatives

Sedative-hypnotics such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and sedatives are drugs which depress or slow down
body functions. These drugs can be dangerous when taken without a physician’s prescription or instructions.

Figure 10. Example of Sedatives

Steroids

Anabolic steroids are not the same as the kind used in medicine for the reduction of inflammation. Rather,
these substances are used to build muscle mass and strength. They typically consist of male sex hormones
and can be very damaging when used without a medical prescription.
 Figure 11. Example of Steroids

Tobacco

Tobacco is often smoked in the form of cigarettes or cigars or chewed. It contains nicotine which is stimulant
and a highly addictive substance than has been known to cause cancer and other diseases.

Figure 12. Example of Tobacco

Nicotine

Tobacco was introduced in America in the late 5 th century. When tobacco smoke is inhaled, nicotine is
absorbed through the lungs and reaches the brain in about seven seconds. Nicotine works by mimicking the
actions of a naturally occurring brain chemical-acetylcholineby docking with its special receptor molecules.
Some of these nicotine receptors in the brain activate part of the “pleasure center”, which could be
responsible for nicotine’s euphoric effects.

Nine out of ten smokers say they like to quit smoking but cannot. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include
irritability, anxiety, loss of concentration, and sleeplessness. Cigarette smoke contains a handful of other
harmful substances, including carbon monoxide and tar.

Supplementary Video:

Watch this educational video on YouTube for more information about Drug Abuse, Causes,
Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6Dte96WdqM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shtRXgefI9U

Summary

There are several reasons why a person takes prohibited drugs. The probability of becoming too much
dependent on these illegal substances leads a person to manifest behaviour, mental reasoning, and habits
that are negatively affecting the way he/she treats his/her family, other people around him/her, the society
where he/she lives, and most especially himself/herself.

Drug dependency is extremely hazardous to a person’s health, the people who care for him/her and to
his/her future as well.
A drug dependent can still be saved from his/her present situation as long as there are people who are
willing to listen, understand and help him/her until full recovery is achieved.

REFERENCES:

1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
3. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2 0Module.pdf
 MODULE 12: CHAPTER XII. THE SOCIAL MENACE OF DRUG ADDICTION (Continuation)
D. Reasons behind Drug Abuse
E. Signs of Drug Dependency
F. How Can You Stay Away from Drugs
G. Youths in Drug Abuse Prevention

WEEK NUMBER: 12

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3 Hours

OBJECTIVE/LEARNING OUTCOME:
By the end of this module, the students shall be able to define properly drugs and drug addiction
enumerate some common illegal substance and their adverse effects on the users and express commitment
to the prevention and fight against drug addiction.

LEARNING CONTENT:

THE SOCIAL MENACE OF DRUG ADDICTION

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the social problem called drug addiction. People have always been curious
about world and experiment with anything and everything to make been curious about the world and
experiment with anything and everything to make life better and more comfortable. Scientists have
discovered remedies that can treat pain and illness and promote good health and longer life. In ancient
Egypt, physicians prescribed berries like figs and dates mixed with castor oil as laxatives while the Chinese
and Greeks used opium for its pain relieving properties. The Hindus resorted to cannabis and henbane leaves
as anesthetic. In modern society, society, drugs treat medical and psychological disorders. To determine
whether a substance is a drug is to know its uses. For example, alcohol is a beverage, but is also considered
a drug used for relaxation, to remove inhibitions, or stimulate appetite.

DISCUSSION:

Reasons behind Drug Abuse

Some reasons behind addiction to substance, alcohol, and prohibited drugs include:

1. Curiosity
2. Social Influences (Peer Pressure)
3. New sensations, for example, the effects of ecstasy which include increased energy and
confidence
4. Rebellion and willingness to take risks especially when teenagers take illegal substances that
their parents strongly disapprove.
5. Escapism. Alcohol and other drugs are used as a means of avoiding problems associated with
family life, school or work frustrations, friendship and relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, and
depression.

E. Signs of Drug Dependency

1. Mood swings or explosive outbursts.

2. Staying out late or not coming home at night.
3. Frequent absences from work or school, or declining work or school performance.
4. Unexplained need for money or sudden loss of money and valuables.
5. Less extracurricular activities, social withdrawal, and minimal interaction with the family.
6. Sudden or noticeable change in friends.
7. Tiredness or changes in sleeping patterns.
8. Changes in eating patterns.
9. Impaired memory and poor concentration.
10. Blood-shot or glassy eyes.
11. Lethargy and loss of motivation.
12. Deterioration of physical appearance and grooming.

F. How Can You Stay Away from Drugs?

• Devote yourself to your studies and other productive activities at home or in school
• Stay away from people, places and events that promote drug use
• Learn to manage feelings and cope with stress without using drugs
• Develop a strong moral and spiritual foundation
• Educate yourself about the effects of drug abuse
• Always say NO
G. Youths in Drug Abuse Prevention

As drug abuse and addiction is prevalent in younger generation, it is imperative that the youth take
part in its prevention and rehabilitation efforts. Youth group or organizations can be a vehicle in which their
community can help alleviate or eradicate the possibility of drug abuse. Whether individually or as a group,
the youth is a good driving force that could shape the drug abuse prevention initiative of the country.

Here are some ways the youth can step up in this endeavor:

1. Understand. Know the concept and reality of drug abuse. Having a grasp of the addiction
can help in avoiding it and watching out for others.
2. Listen. Open yourself up in the knowledge of the experts and experiences of others that have
undergone the abuse. Hear the stories and get their lessons to heart.
3. Share. Share your knowledge and network in aiding others towards being informed and
recognizing their role in drug prevention.
4. Encourage. Give your peers and family members a good push in the right direction whether
its prevention or rehabilitation.
5. Support. Take part in activities beneficial in the drug abuse prevention initiative. Add your
presence to the growing force tackling this issue.
6. Organize. Great minds think alike. Having a mutual goal, it is more purposeful to combine
efforts and sources to create a bigger impact about the concern.
7. Inform. Approached appropriate government agencies regarding incidents and cases of drug
abuse.

Supplementary Video:

Watch this educational video about Drug Awareness and Prevention on YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFqP-XQc-KA

REFERENCES:

1. Bustria, M. (2017). Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila, Philippines: Wiseman`s Books
Trading, Inc.
2. Villasoto, H.(2018). Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1,
Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.
3. Agas, J. et al. (2019). Civic Welfare Training Service (MAPUA-CWTS). Retrieved from
https://www.mapua.edu.ph/Campus%20Life/SOCIP/Assets/CWTS/NSTP%202019%2

Prepared by: Checked/Reviewed by:

REICA MAE G. CATOLOS, LPT, MAEd GILBERT N. BERSOLA, LPT, MAEd

Instructor Coordinator, General Education Courses