1.

(a) Define and give examples of ‘the hydrosphere’ and ‘the lithosphere’ (4 marks)
(b) Define the term ‘Ecotone’. (1 mark)
(c) State three characteristics of ecotones. (3 marks)
Total 8 marks
2. (a) Identify the two types of competition that occurs in ecosystems (2 marks)
(b) which of the two types of competition identified in (a) is more intense? Explain your
answer. (4 marks)
Total 6 marks
3. Figure 1 represents the sequence of ecological succession on a terrestrial site.

(a) State the type of ecological succession that is represented in figure 1. (1 mark)
(b) From figure 1, identify the pioneer community and the climax community. (2 marks)
(c) Describe the role of the pioneer community in ecological succession. (4 marks)
Total 7 marks
4. Figure 2 below shows a food web for a marine ecosystem.

(a) Group the organisms in the food web in their respective trophic levels. (5 marks)
(b) Explain how energy become incorporated into this ecosystem. (5 marks)
(c) Only a small percentage of energy incorporated into the ecosystem is available to the
barracuda. Suggest TWO reasons for this. (4 marks)
(d) Explain how this community might be altered if the population of sea urchins died out. (6
marks)
Total 20 marks