0Sandia National Laboratories This paper describes objective technical results and analysis.

objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expresseditFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program
in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government.

SAND2019-13059C

Liquid hydrogen vent stack dispersion measurements using

laser diagnostics

Ethan S. Hecht, Bikram Roy Chowdhury

Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar and Energy Exposition, Long Beach CA
November 5-7, 2019

Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and EngMeering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Separation distances for liquid hydrogen are onerous and lack

detailed scientif- • /Mb •In /Ma MM. MIN Ann MI.

gaseous H2 storage -
75'
pill! I 00

MINIUM
1201

vs. Iiquid H storage

I X XI X X XIX X X XIXIXIXIXI XI X
[111[1[1r1

DOE goal: By September 30, 2022, identify ways to reduce the siting burdens
that prohibit expansion of hydrogen fueling stations, through hydrogen
research and development that enables a 40% reduction in station footprint,
compared to the 2016 baseline of 18,000 square feet
E":1 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

NFPA 2 code committee has identified high priority scenarios that

impact separation distances, and venting LH2 is a regular occurrence
Objective: validate CoIdPLUME model (for the dispersion of ultra-cold hydrogen)
— Why?
• Trailer venting excess pressure after normal LH2 delivery
• Pressure relief if tank underutilized
• Burst disk rupture
• A (small) liquid Ieak vaporizes rapidly, forming a cold gas
— Outcomes
• Are vent stacks appropriately designed?
• Are separation distance from air intakes and overhead utilities appropriate?
• Quantitative risk assessment for leaks of non-pooling LH2
Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

In the lab, we have used planar laser Raman imaging and particle
imaging velocimetry to measure dispersion

• Large Raman shift enables use of high

Nd:YAG(Raman)
laser(532;mn)
610nm. optical density filters to remove
—(10nrn.FWEIM)
NV laser— & 532nm,math unwanted Mie scatter (off of entrained
intensified camera
(nitrogen) moisture)
=intensified
• (hydrogen)
— 10 nm FWHM bandpass filters at
----P1V camera wavelengths of interest
/sheet forming and — OD of 12 @ all wavelengths
beam combining optic
bandpass
(10 nm FWHM) — OD of 18 @ 532 nm
& 532nm notch
• Simultaneously imaged scatter off of
release point
laser sheet moisture to perform particle imaging
beam dump velocimetry (PIV)

>. Enables simultaneous measurement of concentration and temperature in 2D

 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Lab scale experiments have been used to validate the CoIdPLUME

mndpl

Jet
initial entrain me, flow
and heath% establishment

• Experimental results shown by

shading and thick, dashed lines
• CoIdPLUME model results are
thin, solid Iines 50

-10

➢ Model accurately simulates mole fraction, temperature, and velocity - can be used as a predictive tool
 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Upcoming tests will verify the model's accuracy for larger (vent stack)
releases

E>
z 1 mm orifice, z 0.5 g/s z 50 mm orifice, z. 15 g/s
• Working with colleagues at LLNL to measure dispersion from LH2 vent stacks
• Will test the effect of
— wind (channeling or improved mixing?)
— air temperature
— humidity
 Sandia National Laboratories tt,FCHydragen and Fuel Cells Program

There were many challenges and considerations in scaling up the

diagnostic
release point

illumination source
(laser or diode array)

6nm bandpass
& 355nm notch
—.mom." 1
large collection opti s
(telescope rnirror or fast lens)—
spectral filter and/or
ded apertu
or (carn

• Spontaneous Raman scattering generates a • Outdoor operation

small signal - Ambient light suppression
— Fast collection optics Hazards associated with laser
— Rastered illumination rather than volumetric • Equipment mobility
— Improved signal for UV illumination — No water cooling for laser
 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

We developed a mobile laser scanning system

rel se point

scanning mirrors laser scanner

laser
cainera-meth
ning filte
laser
beam •aths

projected yz plane

50 ,11

30 e

ntrol elect nics 10

0
20

0,4,10 30 _1°
505 is
zo 0
- 0 -is -io =s 0 i
y
50 a3
xy plane at z= 30
15 -

\o'ctedi
as -
• Self-contained cart only requires electrical power 30.
10 •

5.

• Beam-blocks to protect personnel from exposure to laser 20 -

10 -
-15.

• Concentrations measured along a series of lines 0

-20 -10
20
-20 -10
Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

After many iterations, we finalized our light collection optics

Raman signal overlaid on
laboratory scene
1000

tWn0 pKDO.13qnS pU
o

• Uniquely fast optics enable collection of small Raman signal

• Time and spectral gating effectively suppresses ambient light
• Accumulation used to collect a 2D snapshot with rastered illumination
• Imaged hydrogen from 40 foot standoff distance in the laboratory
• Demonstrated acceptable signal to noise for large-scale diagnostic
• Observed nearly 30 degree field of view (20 ft scene from 40 ft distance)
 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Experimental campaign at LLNL LH2 test pad to commence soon

• Replacing bull-horn with single outlet to

>. Heaters and pump enable a wide range
enable model comparisons
of flow rates and temperatures at vent
• Variations in temperature, flow-rate, and 1 stack
external conditions (e.g. wind) in experiments )• Proximity to SNL enables experiments to
• Comparison to NREL sensor approach for
some tests
1 be run on short notice (when weather is
right — for a range of conditions)
Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

NFPA 2 has identified other scenarios driving LH2 separation distances

requiring additional experiments
Additional experiments/modeling andfrequency data needed
CI Release from pipe containing liquid H 2
— Why?
• Thermal cycles of line leading from tank to vaporizer or vaporizer itself causes leak
• Ice falling from vaporizer shears line
— Outcomes — ability to model
• Flashing
• Pooling
• Evaporation from pools
• Heat flux from a subsequent fire
• QRA for large, pooling leaks
 Sandia National Laboratories tSFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

We are currently planning other large-scale experiments using ow111111

diagnostic to study pooling, vaporization and pool-fires

1111.4111111111L. '

lk

LNG fires on water at Sandia Albuquerque Large scale indoor facilities at Sandia Albuquerque

SRI Corral Hollow remote test site (near Livermore) ➢ Opportunities for collaborations
..m--,
Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Wir
Summary

- Separation distances for liquid hydrogen are onerous and lack detailed scientific justification
• Lab scale experiments have been used to validate the CoIdPLUME model
• Upcoming tests will verify the model's accuracy for larger (vent stack) releases, testing the
effects of
— wind (channeling or improved mixing?)
— air temperature
— humidity
• Diagnostic ready — testing to commence in the near future
— Rastered illumination
— Stationary light collection able to build up a 3-D picture of cryogenic hydrogen dispersion
• Future experiments to study pooling, evaporation from pools, the heat flux from a subsequent
fire enabling QRA for large, pooling leaks
• Use models and analysis to advise NFPA 2 code committee on hazards and harm for high priority
scenarios (to inform 2022 edition of NFPA 2)
IR Sandia National laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks for funding support from:

• United States Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency &Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, Safety, Codes,
and Standards subprogram managed by Laura Hill
• Industry support including the OEM Group at the California Fuel Cell Partnership, Linde, and Shell
• Air Liquide and partners
And thanks to the hydrogen research team at Sandia including:
• Jon Zimmerman(H2 program manager), Chris LaFleur (Risk, Codes & Standards),Alice Muna (Risk), Brian Ehrhart(H2FIRST), Gaby
Bran-Anleu (H2FIRST), Scott Bisson (optics), Tony McDaniel (experiments), Rad Bozinoski (modeling), Myra Blaylock (CFD), Chris San
Marchi (materials/metal interactions with H2), Joe Ronevich(materials/metal interactions with H2), John Reynolds(HyRAM), Nalini
Menon (polymer interactions with H2)
• Previous researchers: Pratikash Panda, Joe Pratt, Katrina Groth, Isaac Ekoto, Adam Ruggles, Bob Schefer, Bill Houf, Greg Evans, Bill
Winters
 Sandia National Laboratories itFCHydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

Experiments coordinated by the CGA G-5.5 testing task force will

determine the radiant fraction from hydrogen vent stack flames
• Intended to inform CGA G-5.5
specifications for truck vent stacks
• Vertical flames from LH2 vent stack
similar to truck vent

1
• Variations in flow rate and wind 0. )
I "di
conditions 11111•11111111111141filia71111:11
11111111iith.111111116111T
• Radiant fraction for hydrogen much lower PI IPIPMPIIII in ,
1";0
than other gases (no carbon that makes
soot)
• Sandia providing hardware and data 114-01-14 MEN111111 01)

analysis support 1.013 10 HE

Tcap

radiant heat flux oc (radiant fraction)(mass flow)(heat of combustion)(transmissivity)