DECLARATION This report is based on the summer training I have undergone in the premises of Uttar Pradesh power transmission corporation limited A unit of power plant sub Station. I obtained the knowledge of Carriage Wagon through the selfless efforts of the Employee arranged to me by the Sub- Stations administrations. The experience of the training was good and i learned lots of things. I was successfully able to complete the training.‘Serial No. Table of Content ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR: “TANDEM ISOLATORS RELAY ROOM 1 CONCLUSION REFERENCES Content Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 5 : : 6 | $ 7 — __| SUB-STATION 7 [CVT | 10 oo) METERING AND 10 - - INDICATING INSTRUMENT 6. TRANSFORMER ul 7. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM _| 13 (SLD) 8. INSULATORS 7 8.1 PROPERTIES OF 18 | INSULATING MATERIAL | 8.2 TYPES OF INSULATING __ | 18 MATERIALS 83 TYPES OF INSULATORS _| 19 | 9. CIRCUIT BREAKER & 23 ISOLATOR 91 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF | 23 CIRCUIT BREAKER: | 92 TYPES OF CIRCUIT | 24 | BREAKER 03 | OPERATION OF | 28 -TRODUCTIO: The present day electrical power system is A.C. ic. electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. ‘The electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many’ place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g, Voltage, AC to DC, frequency, power factor, ete.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (LIKV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric power. Similarly near the consumer's localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to zation level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. 2: ABOUT THE SUBSTATION 1. Definition of sub-station: “The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage AC to DC Freq. P-F. etc) of Electric supply is called sub-station” 2. Sub-Station: 1. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. 2, Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. 3, Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or m large Industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control, be owned by a 4. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmissions Voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid 5. Acentral generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead ofusing their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subs station. 220KV Sub-St ‘Network. ation forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient Transmission ~_ Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply. A Sub-Station Is constructed near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center. 3: SELECTION OF SITE Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows: 1. The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible. 2. It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments. 3. Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost. 4, Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required for various construction activities (especially civil works), Earthing and for drinking purposes ete. 5. The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of Public places, acrodromes, and Military / police installations. 6. The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation Equipments, building, staff quarters, space for storage of materia ds etc, with roads and space for future expansi , such as store Yards and store s1 7. Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force. 8. While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. Land over private land. 9. The land should not have water logging problem.4: EQUIPMENT IN A 220K V SUB-STATION The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 220K\V EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipments: BU AR: When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, busbar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X- Section) and operate at constant voltage. The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault. . INSULATORS: The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (ie. pine type, suspension type ete.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement. Isolating Switch In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general m and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. fenance An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a eireuit under no toad, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first. ircuit breake: A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station,Itis so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition Fig: Circuit Breaker There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are (a) SF6 circuit breakers (b) Spring circuit breakers For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B, are used for voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used. The use of SP6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are havi input, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force ic. under high pressure. When if the as gets decreases there is a motor connected to the civeuit breaker, The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SE6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings. Protective relay: A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective clement from the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormalcondition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of CB, Instrument Transformer: The line in Sub-station operates at high voltage and carries current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and Protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines, There are two types of instrument transformer- Current Transformer: A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more tum of thick wire connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with line having large number of tum of fine wire and provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current in the line. Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to lamp. This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. Fig: Current ‘iransivrmerveorclUur"r OOS The main use of his transformer is: (a) Distance Protection (b) Backup Protection (c) Measurement Potential Transformer: It is essentially a step — down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The Primary of these transformer consist of a large number of tum of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary way consist of a few tums and provides for measuring instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage. 5: CVT: A capacit voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor (C2), and hence the secondary terminals. There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Volt-meters, ‘nergy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit ‘ant ies. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for sati quant operation:jent in a Substation : ii) Carrier-current equipment iii) Sub-Station auxiliary supplies 6: Transformer: ‘There are four transformers in the incoming feeders 50 thatthe four lines are step down atthe same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used, While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used Auto transformer. Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided by the manufacture diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth. Auto transformer: Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. niques to be used for the Design, Censtruction ‘As the system voltage goes up, the t Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years.Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided by the manufacture. Basic principles ; is based on two principles: firstly, that an Electric current can produce a magnetic field (clectromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary c: tis a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors- the transformer's coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically - coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction. Ifa load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the number of turns in the primary as follows : By appropriate selection of the ratio of tums, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making N(s) less than N(p). Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical. Pole -mounted single-phase transformer with center-tapped secondary. Note use of the grounded conductor as one leg of the primary feeder. 12Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned work. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning. They are as follows in the single line diagram: «Lightening arrestors e CVT Isolators with earth switch © Circuit breaker * BUS Potential transformer with a bus isolator ¢ Isolator © Current transformer © A capacitor bank attached to the bus Fig : Line Diagram The line diagram of the substationTRANSFORMER Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage into low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. Fig: 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer TYPES OF TRANSFORMER: Power Transformer Instrument Transformer Auto TransformerA power transformer is a passive electromagnetic device that transfers energy from one cireuit to another circuit by means of inductive coupling, Power transformers differ from other transformer types in that they are designed to comply with regulatory requirements for mains power interfacing, Working at mains voltage. Fig: 220 KV transformer INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS, Current transformers are used so that ammeters and the current coils of other instruments and relays need not be connected directly to high-current lines, Fig: Instrument TransformerAuto Transformer: An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in the way the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. Primary POWER TRANSFORMER: Single phase transformer * Three phase transformer INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: * Current transformer Potential transformer AUTO TRANSFORMER: Single phase transformer * Three phase transformer On the basis of working: * Step down: convert HIGH VOLTAGE into LOW VOLTAGE * Step up: convert LOW VOLTAGE into HIGH VOLTAGE On the basis of structure: * Core Type * Shell Type Core type Shell type8. INSULATORS An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors. A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground. INSULATING MATERIAL Fig : Insulating Material ‘The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line and earth during abnormal over voltage in the system.During the flash over, the huge heat produced by a ing, causes puncher in insulator body For successful utilization, below: > > crial should have some specific properties as listed It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High Voltage system. It must possessed high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities. It should not be porous. vvv v There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that the moisture or gases can enter in it. > There physical as well as electrical properties must be less affected by changing temperature. 8.2; TYPES OF INSULATING MATER! ‘Two types of insulating material are mainly used: a. Porcelain insulator b. Glass insulator Porcelain insulator: Porcelain in most commonly used material for over head insulator in present days. The porcelain is aluminum silicate. The aluminum silicate is mixed with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain final hard and glazed porcelain insulator material. The surface of the insulator should be glazed enough so that water should not be traced on it. insulator Fig: porcelai Glass insulator: Now-a-days, glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution system, Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose. 18Fig; glass insulator Advantages of Glass Insulator: Ithas very high dielectric strength compared to porcelain. Its resistivity is also very high. Ithas low coefficient of thermal expansion. Ithas higher tensile strength compared to porcelain insulator. s transparent in nature this not heated up in sunlight as porcelain. The impurities and air bubble can be easily detected inside the glass insulator body because of its transparency. vvvVvVvV > Glass has very long service life as because mechanical and electrical properties of glass do not be affected by ageing. > After all, glass is cheaper than porcelain. Disadvantages of Glass Insulator: > Moisture can easily condensed on glass surface and hence air dust will be deposited o the wed glass surface which will provide path to the leakage current of the system. > For higher voltage glass can’t be cast in irregular shapes since due to irregular cooling internal cooling internal strains are caused. 83 : TYPES OF INSULATORS: There are five types of insulators: 1. Pin type insulator 2, Suspension type insulator 3. Strain type insulator 4. Shackle type insulator 5. Stay type insulatorPin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still popularly used in power network up to 33 KV system. Pin type insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts type, depending upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally use one part type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece of properly shaped porcelain or glass. As the leakage path of insulator is through its surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical length of the insulator surface area for lengthening leakage path, Fig: pin type insulator 2. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR: In higher voltage, beyond 33K, it becomes uneconomical to use pin insulator because size, weight of the insulator become more. Handling and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are quite difficult task. For overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed. In suspension insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to form a string and the line conductor is carried by the bottom most insulator. Each insulator ofa suspension string is calied disc insulator because of their disc like shape. FIG: SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR, 203. STRAIN TYP INSULATOR: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor it is referred ing insulator. When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating properties. FIG: STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR 4. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATO! The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low voltage distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The use of such insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground cable for distribution purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire. ——SS= 21STAY TYPE INSULATOR: For low voltage Tines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a height. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not fall to the ground. / / FIG: STAY TYPE INSULATOR 29: CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR BRERA BREAKER & ISOLATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER: A circuit breaker is the equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. Itis so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition, A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault. 9.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: The Circuit Breaker mainly consist of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “no” condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker which is realized if switching signal is given to the breaker. The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by deformi ing, by compressed air or by hydraulic pressure. 23ere OF CIRCUIT BREAKE 92 TEES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: According to their are quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as: Oil circuit breaker Air blast circuit breaker SF6 circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breaker OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to. dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high Pressure produced a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a re-strike of the arc. The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases of oil vacuum. FIG: OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER 24“AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER: Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto re-closure, unit type multi break constructions, simple assembly and modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast circuit breakers. The compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railway and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breaker is used for interconnected lines where rapid operation is desired. FIG: AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/cm? stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double are extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chamber to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire are extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators. “> SFG CIRCUIT BREAKER: In such circuit breaker, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. ‘The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KY, power rating 10MVA. It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards 25ere eaere the are interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes. A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units. Each unit is capable of interrupting currents up t0 60 KA and voltage in the range 50-80 KV. A number of units are connected in series according to system voltage. SF6 breakers are developed for voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and power of 1OMVA rating and with interrupting time of 3 cycles and less, FIG: SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input KV input, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line, The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings. The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small KV stations. The spring here reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for step down side of 132K to 33KV also in 33KV to TIKV and so on, They are only used in low distribution side. 26VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKE Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers are literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surge and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective. CIRCUIT BREAKER ISOLATORS: Isolator is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. a ‘This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. - ‘An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no toad, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load, For example, consider thatthe isolator are connected on both side of a ire breaker, ifthe isolators are to be opened, the C:B. must be opened firs, “An Ieclator or a dis-connector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements. An isolator is capable of opening and closing a circuit when either negligible current is broken/made or when no sioniffcant change in the voltage across the terminals of cach of the poles of isolator occurs. It is also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified time, current under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.” 27Fig: ISOLATOR 9.3 OPERATI OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR: An isolator is a mechanical switch that is manually operated. Depending on the requirement of a given system, there are different types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any open circuit physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical observation can be made. Since no technique for are quenching exists in isolators, the operation of electrical isolators should only be carried out when no possible current is flowing through a circuit. An isolator should not be used to open a completely closed live circuit. Additionally, live circuits should not be completed and closed using an isolator. This is to avoid large amounts of arcing from taking place at the isolator contacts. Hence isolators should only be opened after a circuit breaker is open and should be closed before closing a circuit breaker. Electrical isolators can be operated using a motorized mechanism as well as by hand. Hand operation happens to be cheaper, compared to a motorized arrangement. As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no chance of current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or opened by isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator to avoid huge areing in between isolator contacts. That is why isolator must be open after circuit breaker is open and circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally hanism from remote position. Motorized operation arrangement costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken before choosing an isolator for the system whether hand operated or motor operated economically optimum for the system, For voltage up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolator are used. these must be closed before as well as by motorized mec! 28ee FIG: ISOLATOR 9.4 TANDEM ISOLATORS: Tandem isolator, often called split breaker or double breakers, provides two separate circuits in the space of rectangular sized breaker opening. Every circuit breaker panel has a limited number of circuits available. The problem is that when the openings are all used up and you still need to add another circuit, what do you do you? You could change the electrical panel or double up circuits on a breaker, but this could place to much load on a particular circuit. So what then? The answer that many have found is tandem breaker. This type of breaker is the same size as any other breaker, but it has its difference. FIG: TANDEM ISOLATOR 299,5 CONTROL & REL ROC The control room has various control panels which shows the information like incoming power, outgoing power, frequency, time common to all sub-stations, status of various lines(healthy, faulted, under outage or maintenance), status of various protective instruments like isolators. circuit breaker, temperature of various instruments, working tap of transformer ete. The DAS (Data Acquisition System) is used to accumulate the data received from various sources. The protection system is so fast that it can detect a fault within 30 ms and hence the circuit breaker can be operated within as less as 80 ms. For 400KV side C.B., one time auto re- closure is allowed in order to clear the faults automatically. BATTERY ROOM: The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply of 110 V. The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept in a separate room called battery room. The batteries used in this sub-station are Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. These batteries are used due to their advantages like low maintenance, longer life (15-20 years) etc. Each cell is of 2 V and 300 Ah Capacity Fig: BATTERIES at SUB-STATION 30Used Of Battery In Sub-Station: Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of electrical equipments: To open and close the switch gear For indication and control Emergency lighting Relay and interlocking equipments For working of alarm circuit. 9.6 Protective Relaying Protective relays are used to detect defeetive lines or apparatus and to initiate the operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays are also used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those caused by defective equipment and either operates an alarm or initiate operation of circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays protect the electrical system by causing the defective apparatus or lines to to the rest of the be disconnected to minimize damage and maintain service continuity system. There are different types of relays: i, Over current relay ii, Distance relay iii, Differential relay iv. Directional over current relay i, Over current relay Fig: Over Current Relay 31The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified value. There are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating d static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by magnetic attraction when the current exceeds a specified value. In the rotating induction-disc type, which is a motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic induction when the current exceeds a specified value. Microprocessor relays convert the current to a digital signal. The digital signal can then be compared to the setting values input into the relay. With the microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-delay settings can be input to set the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to define the curve with points or calculations to determine the output characteristics. Distance relay Fig: Distance Relay Control Panel The Distance Relays as the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay operates instantaneously (within a few cycles) on a 60-cycle basis for values of impedance below the set value. When time delay is required, the relays energizes a separate time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output of this time-delay relay or function performing the desired output functions. The relay operates on the magnitude of impedance measured by the combination of restraint voltage and the operating current passing through it according to the settings applied to the relay. When the impedance is such that the impedance point is within the impedance characte ircle, the relay will trip. The relay is inherently directional. The line impedance typically corresponds to the diameter of the circle with the reach of the relay being the diameter of the circle. 32ifferential relay Fig. Differential Protection Relay at Rewa Road, Allahabad Sub-Station ‘The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the difference between two ‘or more device currents above a set value. The relay works on the basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out If the current does not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to operate and trip the circuit. ‘The differential relay is used to provide intemal fault protection to equipment such as transformers, generators, and buses. Relays are designed to permit differences in the input currents as a result of current transformer mismatch and applications where the input currents come from different system voltages, such as transformers. ‘A current differential relay provides restraint coils on the incoming current circuits. The restraint coils in combination with the operating coil provide an operation curve, above which the relay will operate. Differential relays are often used with a lockout relay to trip all power sources to the device and prevent the device from being automatically or remotely reenergized. These relays are very sensitive, The operation of the device usually means major problems with the protected equipment and the likely failure in re-energizing the equipment. 33Fig. Directional Over Current Relay A directional over current relay operates only for excessive current flow in a given direction, Directional over current relays are available in electromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An electromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a directional unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the directional unit has operated. The directional unit responds to the product of the magnitude of current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the product of two currents and the phase angle between them. The value of this product necessary to provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that it will not limit the sensitivity of the relay (such as an over current relay that it controls), In most cases, the directional element is mounted inside the same case as the relay it controls, For example, an over current relay and a directional element are mounted in the same case, and the combination is called a directional over current relay. Microprocessor ‘a choice as to the polarizing method that can be used in providing the fe sequence current or relays often provide direction of fault, such as applying residual current or voltage or negat Voltage polarizing functions to the relay. 3410: CONCLUSION Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz. generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly. Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must: - ¢ Ensure steady state and transient stability «Effective voltage control © Prevention of loss of synchronism Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points Fault analysis improvement in respective field « Establishment of economic load distribution 35REFERENCES «Steinberg, Neil. "Lights On but Nobody Home: Behind the Fake Buildings that Power oa : oe G. Fink, H. Wayne Beatty Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers a Edition, McGraw Hill 1978 ISBN 0-07-020974-X Chapter 17 Substation sign «Baker, Joseph W,. "Eliminating Hurricane Induced Storm Surge Damage To Electric Utilities via In-place Elevation Of Substation Structures And Equipment" (PDF). DISTRAN Packaged Substations. Crest Industries. Retrieved. * John, Alvin. "EE3ST - Substation Design and Layout". The University Of The West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago. * R.M.S. de Oliveira and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho (2009). "Computational Environment for Simulating Lightning Strokes in a Power Substation by Finite-Difference Time- Domain Method". IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 51 (4): 995— 1000. © doi:10.1109/TEMC.2009.2028879. * www.ieceexplorer.com 36