R.R.

INSTITUTE OF MODERN POLYTECHNIC

BAKSHI KA TALAB
LUCKNOW
Presentation
From
Workshop N.E. Railway, Gorakhpur

Presented by: Submitted to:

Abhay Dhar Dubey Mr. Mahtabul Haque

E. No:E21271437800004 ( HOD-EE)
CONTENTS

 Introduction on railway
 Locomotive
 Electric Locomotive
 Pentagraph
 Circuit Breaker
 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
 Rectifier
 Transformer
 3-phase AC motor
Introduction Of Railway
A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832,
but no further steps were taken for more than a decade. In
1844, the Governor-General of India Lord Hardinge allowed
private entrepreneurs to set up a rail system in India. Two new
railway companies were created and the East India Company
 was asked to assist them. Interest from investors in the UK led
to the rapid creation of a rail system over the next few years.
The first train in India became operational on 1851- 12-22, and
was used for the hauling of construction material in Roorkee. A
year and a half later, on 1853- 04-16, the first passenger train
service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder, Bombay
and Thana. Covering a distance of 34 km (21 miles), it was
hauled by three locomotives, Sahib, Sindh and Sultan. This was
the formal birth of railways in India.
 Locomotive
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that
provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is
capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred
to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car;
the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly
common for passenger trains, but rare for freight (see 
Cargo Sprinter). Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains
from the front. However, push-pull operation has become
common, where the train may have a locomotive (or
locomotives) at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Most
recently railroads have begun adopting DPU or
distributed power. The front may have one or two
locomotives followed by a mid-train locomotive that is
controlled remotely from the lead unit.
 Electrical Locomotive
 
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837
by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen, and it was
powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Davidson later
built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at
the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841.
The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive 
reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on
iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle,
and simple commutators. It hauled a load of six tons at
four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a
distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It
was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in
September of the following year, but the limited power
from batteries prevented its general use. It was
destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to
their job security
Pentagraph
A pantograph (or "pan" or "panto") is an
apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, 
tram or electric bus[1] to collect power through
contact with an overhead line. By contrast, 
battery electric buses and trains are charged at 
charging stations. The pantograph is a common type
of current collector; typically, a single or double
wire is used, with the return current running through
the rails. The term stems from the resemblance of
some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for
copying handwriting and drawings.
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by an overcurrent or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow to protect
equipment and to prevent the risk of fire. Unlike a fuse
, which operates once and then must be replaced, a
circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small
devices that protect low-current circuits or individual
household appliances, to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The
generic function of a circuit breaker, or fuse, as an
automatic means of removing power from a faulty
system, is often abbreviated as OCPD (Over Current
Protection .
Air Blast Circuit Breaker

Air blast circuit breaker used compressed air or gas as

the arc interrupting medium. In the air blast, circuit
breaker compressed air is stored in a tank and released
through a nozzle to produce a high-velocity jet; this is
used to extinguish the arc. Air blast circuit breakers are
used for indoor services in the medium high voltage
field and medium rupturing capacity. Generally, up to
voltages of 15 KV and rupturing capacities of 2500
MVA. The air blast circuit breaker is now employed in
high voltage circuits in the outdoors switch yard for
220 KV lines. Though gasses such as carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, freon or hydrogen are used as the arc
interrupting medium, compressed air is the accepted
circuit breaking medium for gas blast circuit breakers
Rectifier
Rectifier is an electrical device which converts an
alternating current (A.C.) int a direct current
(D.C.) by allowing a current t flow through it in
one direction only. The process is known
as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction
of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of
forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet
chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of
copper and selenium oxide plates, 
semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers
 and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Historically, even synchronous electromechanical
switches and motor-generator sets have been used.
Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "
cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of 
galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact
rectifier or "crystal detector".
Transformer
A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that
transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly
used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage
 levels between circuits.
The working principle of a transformer is very simple.
Mutual induction between two or more windings (also known
as coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred between
circuits. This principle is explained in further detail below.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there
will be an EMF induced in the second winding. If the circuit of
this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow
through it. This is the basic working principle of a
transformer.
A transformer that increases voltage between the primary to
secondary windings is defined as a step-up transformer.
Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between the
primary to secondary windings is defined as a
step-down transformer.
3-Phase AC motor

Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy,

Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth
century. Italy was the major user, from 1901 until 1976,
although lines through two tunnels also used the system; the
Simplon Tunnel between Switzerland and Italy from 1906 to
1930 (but not connected to the Italian system), and the
Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United
States from 1909 to 1939. The first standard gauge line was
in Switzerland, from Burgdorf to Thun (40 km or 25 mi),
from 1899 to 1933.[1][2]