Design of Steel Elements

D29SE

Prof. Malcolm Chrisp (Edinburgh Campus)

Dr. Mustafa Batikha (Dubai Campus)
Dr. Teo Wee (Malaysia Campus)

Course Leaders…Who we are?

Edinburgh Campus Dubai Campus

 Instructor: Prof. Malcolm Chrisp  Instructor: Dr Mustafa Batikha

 Room: WA 3.13  Room: F57
 Phone: 3595  Phone: 8785
 E-mail: t.m.chrisp@hw.ac.uk  E-mail:m.batikha@hw.ac.uk

1
 Contents
 Introduction
Introduction to Structural Steel
 Principles of steel design
 Structural Design – Tension Members
 Structural Design - Compression Members
 Design - Flexural Members (Beams)
 Design- Combined axial compression and bending moment
 Design of Joints

Introduction

2
 Course structure

11 weeks

4-hour Weekly

Course assessment

Final Test Design studio sessions

Date: End of semester working in groups

Individual submission
Marks: 100%

For more details, you may read: Good Pass Fail

 Graduate Attributes D29SE.
 Developing the Qualities of a Professional Engineer in Student. 0 Final
 Course assessment process. test
 Red Email received from industry

References
 Chrisp M. “Notes- Design of steel elements”, School of Energy, Geoscience,
Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt university, Edinburgh.

 BS EN1993-1-1:2005. “Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1:

General rules and rules for buildings”, BSI, London.
Recommended References
 Arya C. (2009). “Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry
and Timber Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes”, CRC Press, 3rd Edition,
London.

 Publication P.387 (2011). “Steel Building Design: Worked examples for students”,
the steel construction institute, SCI, UK.

 Davison B. and Owens G.W. (2012). “Steel Designers’ Manual”, John Willy & Sons,
7th Edition, UK.

 Trahair N.S., Bradford M.A., Nethercot D.A. and Gardner L.. (2008). “The Behaviour
and Design of Steel Structures to EC3”, Taylor & Francis, 4th Edition, USA.

 Way A.G.J. and Salter P.R. (2003). “Introduction to steelwork design to BS5950-
1:2000”, The Steel Construction Institute, SCI , UK.

3
 Structural System
Structural System = Loads (Actions) + Structural Elements + Supports

Structural Element
=
Material
+
Dimensions

The Common load applied to the building: Eurocode 1

Live load, Imposed Load Dead load (DL)

Seismic load (S) Wind load (LL)
(WL)
Cladding Self weight

EN1991-1-1:2002 EN1991-1-1:2002
Snow: EN 1991-1-3:2003

EN 1991-1-4:2005

EN 1998-1:2004 Crane EN 1991-3:2006

4
 Types of elements

Linear Element

3D Element 2D Element

Beams and Columns

5
Arches

Trusses

6
 Membrane shells

Types of supports

x=y=0, z≠0

Rx original
z

deformed shape
Mz x=y=z=0
Ry
Rx original
deformed shape
x

original Ry


deformed shape
Ry

y=0, z≠0, x≠0

Important Note: Reaction= Restrained degree of freedom

7
 Equilibrium Equations

Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0

3-D
Mx=0, My=0, Mz=0

Fx=0, Fy=0
2-D (X,Y)
Mz=0

W1=W2
Fy=0, Mz=0
L1=L2

W1=W2
Fy=0, Mz≠0
L1≠L2

Failure
W1≠W2
Fy=0, Mz≠0
L1=L2

8
 Types of Joints

The internal resisting forces within the structural element

(Stress Resultants)

Torsion moment Shear force Bending moment Axial force

9
Beam Example

Frame Example

10
Truss Example

Elastic Cross Section properties

11
The concept of stress

Axial stresses

P
Direct Stress   
A

Direct Strain   
L

PL

EA

Hook’s Law

  E E = Modulus of Elasticity
(Young’s Modulus)

12
 Bending stress

M M I
 top  ytop  : Zt 
I Zt ytop
M M I
 bottom  ybottom  : Zb 
I Zb ybottom

Z : Elastic Section Modulus

I
Z
ymax

M
 y
I

Shear stress

From shear force

V s
v 
I b
S =First moment of area

From Torsion (e.g. circular section)

MT
T  r
J
J =Torsion constant.

13
 Combined stresses

N Mx My
Normal stress    y x
A Ix Iy

Shear stress    v2   T2

Example
xc=50mm, yc=85mm, A=3200mm2, Ix=15066667mm4
Iy=1673067mm4, rx=68mm, ry=23mm, u=250Mpa,u=150Mpa

N=-100kN, Mx=+30kN.m, Q=50kN

N Mx My QS
   y x ,  
A Ix Iy I b

100  10 3 30 10 6
   31.25Mpa    85  169Mpa
3200 15066667 33

200
2.65
42

138

30  10 6
  85  169Mpa
15066667

14
 Types of Slabs

Loading path

The concept of primary element and secondary element

15
 Introduction to Structural Steel

Requirements of steelwork design

Construction Aesthetics Ductile failure Economic

easy erection acceptable warning in case effective cost
and minimum appearance of overloading and maintenance
technology
usage on site

Requirements of structural design

Stability Stiffness Strength

Elements have No much The material
sufficient support deformation does not distress
and restrains
against the
applied load

16
Steel structures- Frames

17
Steel structures-Trusses

18
 Steel Structures-continued

Single-story building

19
 Steel Sections

Cold formed section

Steel Sections-EC3-Fig.1.1(p.21)

20
Principles of steel design

Properties of Materials

P
Direct Stress   
A

Direct Strain   
L

21
   E

Concrete, Brittle material

Steel, Ductile material

Steel-confined concrete
Reinforced-Concrete

Secant Modulus(Es) is to describe

the material resistance to
deformation in the inelastic region

Es is expressed as a percentage
of E, e.g. Es=75%-70% E

Tangent Modulus (Et) is the slope

at a point beyond the elastic limit

Et is to be used in buckling
analysis in the inelastic region

22
 Location and orientation of samples and pieces for tests

( LFailure  L0 )
Elongation 
L0

Stress-strain
relationship for
structural steel

Steel Materials Properties to EN 1993-1-1:2005

fu
Design Strength (3.2.2) Elastic analysis fy   u  15 y
1.1
Nominal Strengths fu
fy and fu Plastic analysis fy   u  20 y
1.15
Table 3.1
E=210GPa Density
Elastic Properties G=E/[2(1+)]=81GPa =7850kg/m3
(3.2.6) =0.3
=12x10-6/cº

23
Basis for design

24
 Basis for design-continued

1 n 1 n
Mean strength fm   fi
n i 1
sD  
n  1 i 1
 f i  f m 2 Standard
Deviation

f ck  f m
Characteristic
strength
f ck  f m  z  S D Z
SD Decimal
1  1  f  f 2 
A( z )  exp   ck m
 
2 S D  2  S D  
 
Normal (Gaussian)
distribution

The concept of Limit State (Sec.6)

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

The point beyond which the The point beyond which the
specific service criteria are structure would be unsafe
no longer met
FF  R/M
6.1 & NA .2.15

M Partial factor for a

material property

(6.1)

Dead Load: G=1.35 F Partial factor

Imposed load: Q=1.5 for actions

25
Structural Design – Tension Members

Examples of steel members under pure tension

Truss structure Braced Frame

26
 Failure possibilities of steel tension members
Block shear rupture
Shear failure of bolt

Bearing failure of plate Tension failure of plate

Bearing failure
of bolt

Tension Design (6.2.3 page 49)

At fasteners(Fracture)

N t , Rd  min( N net , Rd , N u , Rd )
Fig .6.1 Fig .6.2

d  27 mm  d 0  d  2mm
d  27 mm  d 0  d  3mm

27
Eccentrically and locally connected tension members (EN1993-1-8:2005, 3.10.3)

At fasteners(Fracture)

Tension design summary

fy , fu (Table 3.1)
Eccentric tension Concentric tension

At fasteners(Fracture) welded angles

(EN1993-1-8,4.13)

Anet=Aeff

Connected by Connected
smaller leg by larger leg

Aeff=Ag(as equal Aeff=Ag

angle of small leg

N t , Rd  min( N net , Rd , N u , Rd )

N Ed
1
N t , Rd
with linear interpol in between

28
Structural Design- Compression Members

Examples of steel members under compression

Truss structure Frame building

29
 The concept of Buckling

Buckling of columns

Lateral Torsional buckling of beams

30
Buckling of Frames

Buckling of plates and shells

31
 Concept of Bifurcation Buckling

Concept of Snap-Through Buckling

32
 Buckling of an Euler strut
P
M  P. y
M P P
y"    y"  y  0  y"  K2 y  0: K2 
EI EI EI
General solution for
the deflected shape
y  A cos kx  B sin kx

P
x  0  y  0  A  0  y  B sin kx
Using the Boundary Conditions
x  L  y  0  B sin kL  0
If KL≠0 » B=0 » always y=0 »No Buckling » wrong assumption » KL=0 or KL=n
n 2 2 P n 2 2 EI
kL  0  k  0  Always y  0  kL  n  k 2 L2  n 2 2    P 
L2 L2
E
EI

 2 EI
For smallest load (Critical load )  n  1  PE 
L2

The concept of restraints

Column types

Tension Nrestraint=1% Ncompression member

Nr=3
M u  90% M r : M r  p y S r

No directional restraint
k r  (0.2  1 / N r ) 0.5

33
 Critical buckling load of different deflection modes

n 2 2 EI
Pcr 
L2

Columns under other boundary conditions and the concept of

the effective length

M  P. y
M P P
y"    y"  y  0  y"  K2 y  0: K2 
EI EI EI

General solution for

the deflected shape
y  A cos kx  B sin kx

x  0  y  0  A  0  y  B sin kx
dy
xl  0  BK cos kL  0
dx
 2 n 2 2 P n 2 2 EI
B  0, k  0  cos kL  0  kL  n  k 2 L2  n 2  2
  Pcr 
2 4 4L EI (2 L) 2

Note: The critical buckling load of a cantilever length L is as the critical load
of simply-supported ends of 2L

34
 The Effective Length, Lcr

n 2 2 EI
Pcr  2
Lcr=Ke.L Lcr

Major and Minor axis of buckling

n 2 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI  2 Er 2  2 E
Pcr   n  1  P       2
2 2
L2cr A L2cr 
cr cr
Lcr Lcr

 2E L
 cr  : Slenderness  cr
 2
rz  ry  I z  I y r

z is the minor axis

y is the major axis

Buckling about z-axis is more critical than buckling about y-axis for the
same length because the smallest radii of gyration is about z

35
 Euler stress-slenderness curve

Empirical buckling of a perfect column (Rankine)

36
 The effect of material non-linearity on buckling load

The non-linearity of material causes

the drop in results between Euler theory
and experiment data for intermediate
columns

Tangent modulus theory is the

simple safe estimate of buckling
strength in Elastic-Plastic region

 2 ET L ET
  Modified slenderness at position x    cr  
 2
r 

37
 Buckling of a imperfect column- Perry Formula (1886)

e0z
(E c )(y c ) Ec : 
r2
Ey y ( 1)E  2E
c  :  ,E 
  2 Ey 2 2

z: the distance of the extreme fiber from the neutral axis of buckling.
r : Radii of gyration

Perry Factor ,  a(  0 ) / 1000  0 : a is Robertson constant

0 is the limiting slenderness (short column)= 0.2(2E/py)0.5

38
 Classification of cross sections (5.5)

Local Buckling

Element geometry
Stress distribution
Support conditions
Yield strength

Element Geometry: c/t

Stress distribution :, 
Table 5.2
Yield strength : 
Element Type : Outstand element, Internal element

39
40
 Example
S275, UKC 203x203x60 under pure compression

235
UKC 203x203x60» tmax=14.2<40mm » Table3.1 » fy=275Mpa »    0.92
275
Outstand flange cf/tf=6.2 < 14
Not slender
Internal web cw/tw=17.1< 42

Effective Length (Buckling Length Lcr - 6.3.1.3)

Generally

Flexible

Rigid Semi-
Rigid

41
 Compressive strength, pc (6.3.1.2)

pc   f y  f y
 L
 Reduction Factor ≤ 1  :   cr , 1  93.9
1 i

Table 6.2

Table 6.2

Using Formulas (Eq. 6.49)

42
 Compression Design Summary

fy (Table 3.1)
Section classification (Table 5.2)

Lcr

Non-Slender section (Class 1 ,2 and 3 )

 L
 :   cr , 1  93.9
1 i
 Reduction Factor
Table 6.2
(Figure 6.4 or formula)

Af y
N b , Rd   N Ed
 M1

Design - Flexural Members (Beams)

43
 Plastic Section Modulus, Wpl

Fc=FT
Ac.py=ATpy » Ac=AT
Mp=pyWpl
1
W pl  A ( y c  yT )
2
Wpl: Plastic Modulus
W pl
Shape Factor f 
Wel
High Shape Factor

Early Yielding

Permanent Deformation

The concept of plastic hinge

Wp L 4M p
Mp   Wp 
4 L

Wp (L  Lp ) 4M y 4M p My
My   Wp    L p  L(1  )
4 ( L  Lp ) L Mp

1 W pl
L p  L(1  ): f 
f Wel
Examples

1
For rectangular section f  1.5  L p  L
3

For I section of f=1.13 f  1.13  L p  0.12 L

44
Classification of cross sections (Table 5.2)

45
 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

Lateral Torsional Buckling = Lateral

deflection + Twisting

46
 Resisting lateral buckling

6.3.5.2 (3)B

The restraint should resist a lateral tensile force more than: 2.5% Nf,Ed

Force in compression flange Nfc

Nfc=MEd/D

q=2.5% × Nfc/L

k r  (0.2  1 / N r ) 0.5

Nr=3

47
 In-plane bending of Beams-Summary
235

fy

EN 1993-1-5: 2006 (5)- 6.2.6 (6)

cw
 72 cw
 72
tw tw
Section Classifications Plate girder (EN 1993-1-5: 2006 )

Av (Shear area)(6.2.6)≈hxtw VEd

1
V pl , Rd
Av ( f y / 3 ) Shear verification
V pl , Rd 
M0
Elastic shear VEd S
 Ed 
Yes No
resistance I t
 Ed
To be continued Section fails in shear 1
f y /( 3 M 0 )

In-plane bending of Beams-Summary-Continued

Yes for shear 6.2.8(1)

VEd  0.5V pl , Rd VEd  0.5V pl , Rd

2
 2VEd 
High shear (6.2.8 -3)     1

 0 Low shear (6.2.5)
 V pl , Rd 

f y  (1   ) f y

Slender Semi-compact Plastic or Compact

Wel ,eff ,min f y W pl f y

Wel ,min f y M c , Rd 
M c , Rd  M c , Rd   Mo
 Mo  Mo
M Ed
1
M c , Rd

48
 Local buckling of web

Web bearing S1=S2=2.5x(Tf+r)

Sy=S1+S2
In case of edge support: S1 or S2 =0

Pbw  ( S s  S y ) t w p yw  R

Web buckling
b1=b2=Tf+hw/2

Beff=Ss+b1+b2

In case of edge support: b1 or b2 =0

Buckling of web restrained by flanges

 Lcr
 :  , 1  93.9
1 t w / 12

Px  b eff t w  p yw  R  from curve C as

compression design

49
 Elastic Deflection (Serviceability Limit State)

ML2
   Deflection Limit
EI

max is due to the

total unfactored M=Mg+MQ
load

2 is due to the
unfactored variable M=MQ
load only

Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

Lateral Torsional Buckling = Lateral deflection

+ Twisting

50
 For bending about y axis

d 2v
M 0   EI y
dx 2
For bending about z axis

d 2u
M 0    EI z
dx 2

From Torsion
du
M0 dx
M L dx d du
d  T  d   GJ  M0
GJ GJ dx dx
d 2 d 2u d 2 M 02
GJ 2
 M0 2  2   0
dx dx dx GJEI z
M 02
  A cos kx  B sin kx : k 2 
GJEI z

x  0    0  A  0, x  L    0  kL    M o ,cr 

GJEI z
L

Other load cases

1
M max,cr  .M 0,cr
f

51
 Lateral Torsional Buckling of an I beam

Buckling of flange

Iz
 2E( )
2   EI z , flange  P
2

Pcr  2 Euler , flange

L L2
bi ti3
J 
3
  2 h f EI z   2 EI w I z h 2f
M 0 , cr  ( GJEI z ) 2  ( )2  GJEI z (1  ) : Iw 
L L2 2 L L2 GJ 4

The effect of load level ( the concept of Destabilizing load)

h 2f
Iw  Iz , IT  J
4

52
End Restraint to Beams

53
 Effective Length Lcr for beams

Lcr  D  k  L

Effective Length Lcr for canteliver

Lcr  D  k  L

54
 Unrestrained beam Design for Uniform members (6.3.2)
235

fy Section classification

Lcr (BS 5950-1:2000) for Normal or Destabilizing load

Lcr 
z    z  z : 1  93 .9
iz 1
U: section geometry parameter
 LT  kcUV z  w U=0.9.

V: slenderness parameter
V=1 (conservatively)

W:ratio of elastic to plastic moduli

w=1 (conservatively)

Kc: parameter dependant upon

the shape of the bending moment
diagram.
Kc=1 (conservatively)

Using Formulas (6.3.2.2)

M b , Rd   LT W pl f y /  M 1  M Ed

55
Design- Combined axial compression and
bending moment

Combined bending and axial force design

235
 Section classification
fy

For Class 1 and 2

I and H sections with

Equal flanges
Eq. 6.36

Buckling resistance

56
 Design of Joints

1. Design of Bolted Connections

57
58
 Moment connections

Moment connections-continued

59
Transferring loads in bolted connection

60
 Bolted connections – Spacing and edge distances

Analysis of direct loaded connections (Simple Connections)

Pure shear

P
Fs 
( No.Bolt )( No.Shear planes)

61
 Analysis of eccentric connections (Moment Connections)

Shear +Bending=Shear+Tension Shear +Torsion=Shear only

F1 F2 Fi F P1 P2 Pi P
   Fi  1 hi    Pi  1 ri
h1 h2 hi h1 r1 r2 ri r1
M .ri
M   Fi hi  Fti 
M .hi M   Pi ri  Pi 
 hi2  ri2
2
Q Q Q
Fsi  Fs     Pi 2  2 Pi cos 
n n n

Failure modes of bolted connections

Tension or Shear failure of bolt Bearing failure Bearing failure of plate

of bolt

Tension failure of plate Block shear rupture

62
 Shear capacity of one bolt
Shear Capacity

Bearing strength of Bearing strength of bolt Shear strength of bolt

connected parts pbb (Mpa) ps (Mpa)
pbs (Mpa)

Pbs  min( dt p pbs ,0.5et p pbs ) Pbb  dt p pbb Ps  p s As

Ps  min( Ps , Pbb , Pbs )  Fs ,one bolt

Block shear rupture

single line bolt-connection

two lines bolt-connection

63
 Connections – Combined shear and tension

Ps  min( Ps , Pbb , Pbs )  Fs ,one bolt

For simplicity
Q=0

Pnom  0.8 pt At  Ft ,one bolt

Fs ,one bolt Ft ,one bolt

 1
Ps 1.4 Pnom

2. Design of Welded Connections

64
 Welds Types

Butt Weld

Fillet weld

65
 Cracks and defects in welds

Requirement for Fillet Welds

End connections
Internal weld

le  l  2 s  max(4 s,40mm)

66
 Analysis direct loaded welded connections

(Throat Thickness)

Ft d 2 Q
Q1   Q2  Ft  Q1   w i  i
d1  d 2 lei a

60◦≤ Angle between welded members≤120◦

Analysis of eccentric welded connections

Shear +Bending Shear +Torsion

I p  Ix  Iy

P M
s  t  ymax : M  P.e
a  lei Ix
P MT
s  t  rmax
a  lei Ip
 w   s2   t2
 w   s2   t2  2 t s cos 

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 Weld Design

Butt Weld Fillet Weld

Butt weld should have Strength of fillet weld

pw=py for the
parent metal the tensile strength, Pw (Mpa)
yield strength and
elongation for the
 w  pw parent metal

 w  pw

Design of Base Plate

Effective area Ae of base

plate subject to compression

Fu
Ae 
0.6 f cu
C
2 2
wc t
p min 3w
M   f yp Z p min : Z p  , w  0.6 f cu  t p min  c
2 6 f yp
w = 0.6f cu

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