Avogadro’s number or Avogadro’s constant- The number of units in one mole of any substance

Molecules - a particle which has multiple atoms and usually made up of nonmetals
Law of conservation of mass = states that in a chemical reaction mass is neither created nor
destroyed
Law of conservation of energy = states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed only
converted from one form of energy to another
Energy – capacity to do work, unlike matter it cannot be seen
Work – directed energy change resulting from a process (forms of energy: kinetic, thermal, chemical,
potential)
Heat – transfer of thermal energy between 2 bodies with different temperature
Thermochemistry – study of heat change in chemical reactions
System – specific part of universe that is of interest to us
Surroundings – rest of the universe outside the system
Three Types of System
 Open system – can exchange mass and energy
 Closed system – allows transfer of energy but not mass
 Isolated system - does not allow transfer of either mass or energy
Exothermic process – any process that gives off heat or energy (release) (-)
 heat FROM the system TO the surroundings
Endothermic process – heat has to be supplied to the system by the surroundings (absorb) (+)
 heat FROM the surroundings TO the system
Calorimeter – closed container designed to measure heat changes
Calorimetry – measurement of heat changes
Specific heat – amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram by 1 deg cel
Heat capacity – amount of heat require to raise the temperature of a given quantity by 1 deg cel
Heat combustion – measured by placing a known mass of compound in a steel container called
constant-volume bomb calorimeter
Constant-pressure calorimeter (coffee cup) – used to determine changes for non-combustion
reactions.
Expansion – when there is a net increase
Compression – if more gas molecules are consumed than produced
Thermochemical equations – shows the enthalpy change as well as mass relationships and
essential to specify a balanced equation
Thermodynamics – deals with the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy
Spontaneous reaction – reaction that occur under the given set of conditions (continuous on its
own))
Nonspontaneous reaction – does not occur under specified conditions (needs continuous input of
energy)
Entropy (S or DeltaS) – best indicator of spontaneity, a measure of how spread our or dispersed the
energy of a system is
Microstate – a measure of potential disorder of the system, arrangement of energy of each molecule
State function - depend on the initial and final state

Electrochemical energy – energy which converts electrical energy to chemical energy and vice
versa, study of electricity
Electrochemistry – study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move
Galvanic cell or voltaic cell – apparatus for producing electricity through spontaneous reaction =
Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta
Anode = is the electrode which oxidation occurs
Cathode = is the electrode which reduction occurs
Cell voltage – voltage across electrodes of galvanic cell called cell potential (electromotive force of
emf) a measure of voltage not force
Cell diagram – conventional notation for representing galvanic cells
E cell – potential difference
E degree – standard reduction potential