OUR HERITAGE FROM INDIA,

PHILIPPINES is in Asia and has an

CHINA AND ARABIA

Asian heritage. This means that our
country plays a role in the history of Asia
and has close relations with other Asian
nations.

REPORTER: SOFIA DOMINIQUE S. CORPUZ

SHAHANA A. COROTAN
OUR HERITAGE FROM INDIA,
PHILIPPINES is in Asia and has an

CHINA AND ARABIA

Asian heritage. This means that our
country plays a role in the history of Asia
and has close relations with other Asian
nations.

REPORTER: SOFIA DOMINIQUE S. CORPUZ

SHAHANA A. COROTAN
 EARLY RELATIONS
WITH
Hindus INDIA
from the Asian
mainland and nearby
islands came
to the Philippines as early as
900 AD.
1. GOLD IMAGE OF AGUSAN
HINDU
2. COPPER IMAGE OF GANESHA 3. GOLD PENDANT OF GARUDA

ANTIQUES
 OTHER HINDU
HERITAGE
The Hindu heritage of the
Philippines is religious, social,
and economic. Traces of Hindu
culture is found in our: (1)
religion, (2) jobs. (3) writing, A
language, (5) customs, and (6)
race.
 The laguna copperplate
inscription
In January 1990 the National Museum in Manila has given a very valuable Philippine relic a small
copperplate about 20 x30 cm. with ten lines of ancient writing. It was discovered at Lumbang
River, Laguna about 150 km east of Manila. The Laguna copperplate inscription was dated to
900 A.D. This made it the earliest written record in Philippine history. It showed that as far back
as 900 A.D. the ancient Filipinos were already writing down important business records. It also
showed that there were international business contacts in the Philippines even before the
Westerners came.
 Early relations with china
In 982 AD, Filipinos from Mindoro sailed to Canton, South China in an Arab ship. They sold their
goods to the Chinese and then went home. This was the earliest date in our contact with China.
Pretty soon, our trade with China boomed. This time, it was the Chinese merchants from south
China who sailed in their junks (Chinese sailing ships) to the Philippines. They did business
around Lingayen Gulf, Manila Bay, Mindoro, and Sulu. The Filipinos welcomed them and
exchanged goods with them.
 Filipino visitors to
The largest group of china
early Filipino tourists in China
arrived at Beijing, the capital of China, in 1417. They
were more than 340 men and women, including three
datus (kings) of Mindanao. They visited the Chinese
emperor and gave him many gifts of gold, pearls and
turtle shells. In return, the Chinese emperor gave them
hundreds of silk cloths and Chinese money.
 Our Chinese heritage
Our Chinese heritage is economic and social. Traces of
Chinese influence are found in our:
1. Jobs
2. Costumes
3. Food
4. Customs
5. Language
6. Blood
 Our Chinese heritage
From the Chinese the Filipinos learned how:
• to make gunpowder
• to mine for gold
• to work with metal
• to use porcelain, gongs and metals
• to make kites
 Our Chinese heritage
In jobs, certain occupations like the following came from the Chinese:
Blacksmithing Track gardening Jewelry work
 Our Chinese heritage
In costumes, the Chinese gave us the early Filipino jackets and
loose trousers, slippers, wooden shoes (bakya), fans, and
umbrellas. The use of white clothes for mourning the dead came
from the Chinese.
 Our Chinese heritage
In food, China improved the culinary art and diet of
the Filipinos. We learn:
• How to roast pigs
• Brew tea for drinking
• Prepare dishes as lumpiya, mami, pansit, and
ukoy
 Our Chinese heritage
Many social customs came from the Chinese. Among them were:
• respect for elders
• arranged marriages
• worship of dead ancestors
 Our Chinese heritage
Unfortunately, some terrible vices also came from
the Chinese. These vices were:
• the use of firecrackers at New Year
• the tong (fee) for owners of gambling dens
• gambling with jueteng, cards and
• mah-jong
 Our Chinese heritage
In language, about 1500 words in the Tagalog
vocabulary came from the Chinese. Some
examples of these Chinese words are:
• ate (elder sister) ------------------------- a-chi
• gunting (scissors) ------------------------ kau-ting
• susi (key) ----------------------------------- sosi
• tiani (tweezers) --------------------------- tiah-ming
 Our Chinese heritage
In blood, Many Chinese married Filipina women and lived in the
Philippines. Today, many rich and famous Filipino families are of
Chinese origin, for example President Corazon Cojuangco
Aquino. Other Chinese names are:
• Chua
• Lim
• Sy
• Wang
• Yap
• Uy
 EARLY RELATIONS WITH
Philippines.
ARABIA
In ancient times, Arab missionaries and traders came to the

➢ In 1380, the first Arab visitor named Mukdum came to Sulu

from Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He spread Islam, the Muslim religion
and built the first mosque (Muslim church) at Simunul, Sulu.
➢ In 1450, another Arab missionary named Abu Bakr went to
Jolo. He married the princess of Jolo and founded the sultanate
of Sulu.
➢ In 1475, an Arab trader named Kabungsuwan landed at
Cotabato and conquered that valley. He also married the local
princess and founded the sultanate of Maguindanao
 OUR ARABIC HERITAGE
Arabic culture has influenced our:
1. Religion
2. Politics
3. Social life
Our Arabic heritage is mostly seen among Muslim Filipinos in the
south.
The Arabs gave the Muslim Filipinos the religion of Islam. Today,
there are about 1,600,000 Muslims in the Philippines. They live
mostly in Mindanao and Sulu.
 OUR ARABIC HERITAGE
In politics, the Arabs introduced the sultanate form of
government and laws. The title of came from the Arabs
• Sultan (king)
• Raha (heir)
• Dayang (princess)
• Kali (judge)
Some examples of Muslim customs are:
• Polygamy
• Divorce
• The Pilgrimage to Mecca
 OUR ARABIC HERITAGE
In our social life, the Muslim Filipinos follow the Muslim way of
life. Their calendar and holidays are Muslim – for example, they
celebrate Ramadam. This is the Muslim holy festival of fasting
and prayer. Some famous Filipino epic poems, tales and plays
are of Muslim origin – for example, the “moro-moro” play of the
Tagalogs and the epic poem Darangan of Maranao. The “singkil”
is a royal Muslim dance of the Maranao.
And some Tagalog words have Arabic origin. Examples of these
are:
• Alak (wine) --------------------- arak
• Pilat (scar) ---------------------- pirat
• Salamat (thanks) ------------- salam
 OUR ARABIC HERITAGE
Many Filipinos are Muslim or have Muslim blood. About 2% of
Filipinos have Arab blood from their ancestors. Some Filipino
names are Arabic in origin:
• Mohamed
• Abdul
• Fatima
• Jamil
• Leila
• Hassan
• Zaide
 EARLY RELATIONS WITH
Our early ancestors also OTHER ASIAN
had contacts with:
• Borneo
• Malaya
• Malacca
• Thailand (Siam)
• Kampuchea (Cambodia)
• Indonesia
 HISTORICAL VALUES
1. The Filipinos have a rich heritage from Asian nations like India, China,
Arabia, and others countries. Our Asian heritage is seen in our religion,
politics, economics, and social life.
2. The Filipinos also influenced these other Asian nations. Some Filipinos
spread Islam to east China. Filipinos traded in Malaysia, Indonesia, China,
and Thailand. Filipino products were very in demand in other Asian
countries.
3. We could have been a Muslim country if the Spaniards had not spread
Christianity in the Philippines.
4. The early Filipinos were independent. They were never conquered by the
empires of India, China, and Arabia. This was to our benefit because we
became Christians more easily than the other Asian nations that were
colonized by India, China, and Arabia.
❑ IN THE 16th century, the
Philippines was invaded by the
Spaniards. They made our
country into a colony of Spain.
❑ A colony
- is a country that is ruled by
foreigners from another land.
❑ Through Spain we became
Catholic in religion. We also got
a new and more advanced
culture from Europe and
Mexico. But, for the first time in
our history, we lost our freedom
and independence to
foreigners.
❑ It took 300 years before we could

have our freedom back again.

The Spaniards came to the
Philippines and Asia because of
these reasons:

❑ (1) God.

❑ (2) Gold,
❑ and (3) Glory.
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese
explorer, really planned and
wanted to find the Philippines
because he heard that it was a
very rich land. He then asked the
Portuguese king, King Manuel to
support his voyage. However, the
king told Magellan to go away.
❑ Magellan traveled to Spain and

talked the King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabel of Spain into
supporting his expedition to Asia.
❑ King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel
ordered an expedition to
accompany the brave Magellan on
his historic voyage.
❑ His fleet consisted of five ships and
265 men.
September 20, 1517
❑ the expedition of Magellan left
Spain for the East.
❑ Here they crossed the secret
passage that was now called the
Strait of Magellan.
❑ Then they crossed the Pacific
Ocean and hopped from island to
island until they reached the
Philippines.
❑ Westerners trumpeted
Magellan’s landing in the
Philippines as its “discovery”
by Spain. Of course. This was
not true because our country
was known to Asians long
before the white Europeans
came.
 Historical controversy about the correct date of the landing
of Magellan in the Philippines

March 16, 1521

❑ Those who use this date follows
the original dates used in the
actual records written by the
survivors of Magellan’s expedition,
for example the diary of Pigafetta,
his right-hand man, the logbook,
the interview with the survivors,
etc.
❑ Those who use March 17, 1521 add
one day because they claim that when
Magellan crossed the International
Date Line, he should have added one
day to his logbook. This is why the
survivors of his expedition were
surprised that when they returned to
Spain it was one day behind already.
 Why did Spain advertise its
landing in the Philippines as a
“discovery”?

❑ It had to do this in order to

keep away the other rival
European powers from
grabbing its new colony.
❑ The Big Powers Spain, Portugal,
England, France, and the
Netherlands-competed with each
other to be the first to “discover or
find countries not yet known to the
others.
COLONIALISM

❑ Political race to grab new lands

around the world was called
“colonialism.” Colonialism was
popular in the 16th to 19th
centuries among the European
powers.
❑ Sometimes, colonialism is also
called “imperialism.”

❑ Spain, Portugal, England,

France, and the Netherlands
became great empires because
of their many colonies then.
They became bitter rivals for
these colonies.
❑ In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued four
papal bulls (decrees). One of the papal
bulls divided the world between Spain
and Portugal.

❑ The next year, in 1494, the two

countries made an agreement (Treaty of
Tordesillas) shifting the demarcation line
(division) made by the pope.
❑ In 1529, they quarreled again
over ownership of the Moluccas
(Spice Islands). So they made a
new agreement (Treaty of
Zaragoza) to fix a new
demarcation line.

❑ The Spanish king sold his rights

to the Moluccas to the
Portuguese king. But this was a
big mistake for Portugal.
❑ In 1512, a Portuguese explorer named
Fran cisco Serrano was stranded on
the coast of Mindanao. Later he wrote
about it to his cousin Magellan.

❑ In 1516, another Portuguese named

Duarte Barbosa wrote about Sulu in a
book of his voyages. Later he became
Magellan’s brother-in-law.
❑ Fortunately, Portugal never
claimed the Philippines. If we
had been a colony of Portugal,
the Dutch would have taken over
our country. The Dutch took over
Portuguese colonies in the
Moluccas in the early 17th
century.
❑ Magellan and his men saw the
heights of Samar on March 16,
1521. This date is celebrated as
the European “discovery” of the
International dateline.
❑ After seeing Samar, the
Spaniards landed at the island of
Homonhon in Leyte Gulf on
March 17. Here they saw their
first Filipinos who brought them
food. Magellan and his men had
been starving until then.
❑ From Homonhon they were
driven by a storm to Masao,
Butuan in Agusan del Norte,
reaching it on March 28.
❑ There they found a rich Filipino
kingdom with plenty of food, gold,
forests, rice fields and
mountains.
❑ At Butuan, two kings-Raha
Kolambu and Raha Siagu met
Magellan. In the finest tradition of
Filipino hospitality, they welcomed
the Spaniards. The foreign visitors
were generously fed with lots of rice,
chickens, pigs, and fruits, all served
on the finest Chinese porcelain.
 SANDUGO
❑ To seal their new friendship,
Kolambu and Magellan made the
traditional blood compact, known
as “sandugo.”
❑ It was the local custom of
becoming friends then. This was
the first blood compact by a Filipino
with a white man.
❑ According to Father Pedro de
Valderama, the Spanish chaplain
The first mass was held on the
shore of Masao, Butuan on
Easter morning, March 31, 1521.
 SANDUGO
❑ To seal their new friendship,
Kolambu and Magellan made the
traditional blood compact, known
as “sandugo.”
❑ It was the local custom of
becoming friends then. This was
the first blood compact by a Filipino
with a white man.
❑ According to Father Pedro de
Valderama, the Spanish chaplain
The first mass was held on the
shore of Masao, Butuan on
Easter morning, March 31, 1521.
❑ The Filipino kings and their men
attended the mass, along with Magellan
and his men.
❑ After the mass, the Filipinos were
treated to a fencing exhibition by the
Spaniards.
❑ Then, at sunset of the same day,
Magellan planted a huge wooden cross
on the top of a hill overlooking the sea.
❑ Magellan claimed our country for
the king of Spain.
❑ He called it the “Archi pelago of
San Lazaro,” because he came
here on the feast day of that saint.
Historical
Discovery:
Where Was the First Mass?
These are some of the reasons for Limasawa
& those for Butuan:
Pro-Limasawa
1. Limasawa was the place given by
the American historians and some
Spanish historians who wrote famous
books later.
2. The place is described as an
“island”, and Butuan is not an Island.
3. The latitude position is given as
9^2/3^o and that is closer to
Limasawa than to Butuan, which lies
at 9^o latitude only.
4. Magellan was sailing to unknown
seas & bumped into Limasawa after
Homonhon.
Pro-Masao, Butuan
1. The name of the place in the
original records of Magellan’s
expedition was only 3 syllables –
Masao, Masana, Mazzana.
2. Butuan is a delta-like Island
surrounded by a bay and rivers. It
could have appeared as an island at
the time.
3. The latitude position is given as 9^o
exact in 2 original records of the
journey.
4. Magellan had a map and was
looking for an “island” at 9^o latitude
that the map said had much gold
 Where Was the First Mass?

• The National Historical Commission of the

Philippines (NHCP) has affirmed Limasawa as
the site of the 1521 Easter Sunday mass in
the Philippines.
The Spaniards Go to Cebu
• Cebu on Sunday, April 7, 1521
• King of Cebu, Raha Humabon
• King Kolambu (Raha’s friend)
• China, Thailand, the Moluccas..
• King Humabon & Magellan
made a blood compact.
• April 14,1521, a mass was held
on the shore.
• 800 Cebuanos was baptized,
including Humabon, his wife &
Son.
• Queen Jouana – Child Jesus
(Santo Niño)
Lapulapu Defeats Magellan &
Lapulapu as the First Filipino Hero

• The King of Mactan – Lapulapu

• Other King of Mactan - Zula
• April 27, 1521
• Magellan attacked Lapu-lapu with only 60
men
 The Spaniards Go Home
• Duarte Barbosa maltreated Enrique
• King Humabo
• May 1, 1521
• Many were killed, including Duarte
Barbosa & Juan Serrano
• San Lucar, Spain
• September 6, 1522
• 18 survivors.
Results of Magellan’s Voyage

1. It was the first voyage around the world by

sea. It proved that the earth was not flat.
2. It added to the knowledge about geography.
3. It made Spain interested in colonizing the
Philippines.
 HISTORICAL DISCOVERY:
Famous Firsts Around the World
1. Enrique – The Filipino slave of Magellan, a Cebuano.
2. Ferdinand Magellan – The Portuguese explorer who
planned & led the expedition that sailed around the
world.
3. Sebastian de Elcano – The Spanish ship captain who
brought the Victoria & her survivors back to Spain.
 Other Spanish Expeditions
From 1525 to 1564 there were 5 expeditions, namely:

The Loaisa The Cabot The Cabot The The Legazpi

Expedition Expedition Expedition Saavedra Expedition
(1525) (1526) (1526) Expedition (1564)
(1542) - was the
only
successful
THANK YOU
 The Legazpi Expedition

● In 1564, the new Spanish king, Philip II ordered a new expedition to the
Philippines. He was the King of whom the Philippines was named.
● The new expedition was fitted in Mexico. The commander of the expedition
was the noble and wise Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, he had 4 ships and 380
men, most of them Mexicans. The Legazpi expedition sailed from Navidad,
Mexico on November 21, 1564.
● They reached the Philippines on February 3, 1565, They explored Samar,
Leyte and the other islands.
• In Bohol, Legazpi made a blood
compact with Katuna (Sikatuna)
and King Gala (Sigala). This event
became subject of a famous
painting by Juan Luna.

Blood Compact between Katuna and Legazpi, 1565

Painting by Juan Luna
Cebu Becomes the First Spanish City
• From Bohol, Legazpi sailed to Cebu, arriving there on April 27, 1565. Raha
Tupas, the son of Humabon, fought the Spanish invaders but did not win the
battle
• To win the Filipinos back, Legazpi adopted a policy of attraction. This policy is
friendly and peaceful. So, King Tupas became friend of Spain instead of an
enemy.
• The Spanish missionaries converted many Filipinos to Christianity, King Tupas
and his family were baptized.
• In 1565, Legazpi made Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. He
named the town “City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus” in honor of the Child
Jesus.
 Conquest of the Other Islands

● Legazpi moved to Panay in 1569. Legazpi and the Spanish won them over
wisdom and friendship. Panay became the next Spanish military base in the
Philippines.
● In 1569, Masbate, Ticao and Burias were captures by the Spaniards. They also
penetrated as fas as Albay in the Bicol Region.
● In 1570, the Filipino and Muslim(Moro) villages and forts at Mindor and the
neaby islets of Ilim and Lubang were destroyed. The fail of Mindoro brought
the invaders closer to Manila
 The Battle For Manila

• At that time, Manilas was a rich Muslim Kingdom. The Spaniards decided to conquer
this important outpost. It took two battles - in 1570 and 1571 to capture Manila.
• At first, Filipino Moro king of Manila, Raha Sulayman, resisted the Spanish invaders.
• It was led by Marshal Martin de Goiti in May 1570. He led 120 Spaniards and 600
Visayam warriors. After a fierce battle, Goiti won against Sulayman.
• However, Goiti could not hold the place and returned to Panay to regroup.
• 1571, another Spanish invasion of Manila was personally led by Legazpi
himself, Sulayman want to fight the invaders again. But his old uncle,
Lakan Dula of Tondo, persuaded him to befriend them instead. Sulayman
and Lakan Dula decided to accept Spanish Rule.
• However, some Filipinos rulers of Hagonoy, Macabebe, and nearby
barangays did not want to give up easily. They met at Navotas and they
were led by Bambolito, a stubborn Macabebe warrior.
• June 3, 1571. Bambolito led his fleet of war boats to fight the Spanish navy.
The battle happened at Bangkusay Channel, near the Tondo Shore. This
was really the first battle of Manila Bay.
The battle at Manila was fierce and bloody. The Spaniards led by Marshal
Goiti, won the battle: The Filipinos lost because of three reasons:
• Lakan Dula and Sulayman did not help the other Filipinos;
• The Spaniards had the superiors weapons and discipline; and
• About 600 Cebuano archers helped the Spaniards in the battle. About 500
Filipinos were taken prisoner that day. After the Battle, the Spaniards took
over Manila.
 Manila Becomes the Capital

● June 24, 1571, Legazpi proclaimed Mani as the new capital of the colony. He
rebuilt it from a Moro Kingdom to a Spanish City. King Philip II gave it a new
name coat-of-arms and a new name : “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”
(Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad).
● But the old name of Manila continued to be used, Manila means “a place
where there are nilad plants”.
● Today, Manila is the Capital of the Philippines. June 24th is celebrated as the
founding day of the city.
 Conquest of Luzon

● From Manila, Spanish rule spread to other parts of Luzon.

● In Cainta and Taytay, the Filipinos refused to surrender to the Spanish at first.
“Come and fight”, they answered the Spanish challenge, “let us see who is
stronger - your Christian God or our ancestral gods.”
● As the Spanish troops approached the barangay fort at Cainta, a Filipino
warrior on top of a tall tree shouted to them “Castillas! What did my
ancestors do to you that you should come to plunder us?” Again the fighting
was very bloody. They had 100 soldiers and three big guns. About 400
Filipinos, including women, were killed in the battle of Cainta.
• The news of the fall of Cainta spread like wildfire to all the nearby
barangays. Taytay, Bay, and Liliw surrendered without a flight.
• The rulers of Nagcarlan and Majayjay however resisted the invaders. But
they too fell to the Spaniards. Captain Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi’s
Grandson, captured Laguna, Ilocos, Bicol, and Catanduanes. Marshall Goiti
captured Pampanga.
• By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish invaders had effectivelu
conquered Luzon and Visayas. Only Mindanao, Sulu, and the interior
mountain regions remained under the control of the Filipinos.
• But practically speaking, battle for the Philippines was over - the Spaniards
had won.
 Why the Philippines Fell to Spain

Our country had a total population of around 1,500,000 people. The Spaniards, led by
Legazpi, brought only from 300 to 1,700 soldiers. The reasons why the Philippines fell to
Spain are as follows:
1. The Filipinos at the time of the arrival of Legazpi were not united. For example, The
Cebuano archers helped the Spaniards win the battle of Bangkusay.
2. The Spanish invaders had a great commander in Legazpi.
3. Although the Filipinos were brave and tenacious, they could not win against the
superior military arms and know how of the Spaniards. The Spanish conquistadors had
the advanced technology of the West at the time.
4. The Filipinos were won over by the Spanish missionaries who taught them a better
religion that the barbaric paganism of their ancestors. Truly, the Cross did more than
the sword to win the easy conquest of the Philippines.
 Historical Value

1. A brave and determined hero can change the history of the world. Magellan sailed
on in spite of many troubles during his voyage. Lapulapu defied Magellan. His
heroism delayed the Spanish conquest for nearly 50 years.
2. The Philippines could not avoid being a colony because the European powers were
building their empires by grabbing colonies in other countries. Fortunately, we fell
to the Spaniards who brought Christianity to us.
3. If the Portugese or Dutch had colonized the Philippines, we would have had a
harder time. They were more cruel than the Spaniards to their colonies.
4. The Filipinos lost to Spain because thet were not united. The Spaniards had
superior weapons and knowhow. The early Spanish rulers and priests treated the
Filipinos well and spread the Christian religion.
 No
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