CONVERSATION I

MAKALAH

Oleh:

KELVIN ADITYA

POLITEKNIK UNGGUL LP3M

MEDAN, SUMATERA UTARA
SEPTEMBER, 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise be to Allah SWT because of His grace and will the writer has
completed this paper. Shalawat and greetings are extended to the Prophet
Muhammad SAW who has changed the paradigm of mankind.
The author realizes that there are still shortcomings in this writing,
because constructive criticism and suggestions are expected. I hope this article

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover ................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement............................................................................................ ii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background .............................................................................. 1
1.2. Problem Formulation ............................................................... 1
1.3. Significances............................................................................ 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1. Conversational Analysis .......................................................... 3
2.2. Pauses, Overlaps, and Backchannels ....................................... 4
2.3. Conversational Style ................................................................ 5
2.4. Adjacency Pairs ....................................................................... 6
2.5. Preference Structure ................................................................ 9

BAB III PENUTUPAN

3.1. Conclusion............................................................................... 11
3.2. Suggestion ............................................................................... 11

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
We certainly so often heard the sentence which reads”'Think twice before
speak ”. The meaning of that phrase is that we must be careful in speaking because
of what we could be a weapon or a boomerang effect is not good to our own. In the
association in the community of course, we can’t be separated from the activity of
interaction that we call conversation or conversations. Conversation is an activity
that we do exchange information with others. In conversation of course frequent
errors or miscommunication so that the message intended by the speaker or speakers
is not effectively conveyed to the listener or hearer that the speaker also gave a vivid
response resulted in a process of communication or follow the language is not
smooth or obstacles. This has become a problem in every conversation. This
problem arises because we are not proficient in the language. In terms of the main
elements in the conversation is a good use of language. We are required to use either
language so that it can control the process of the conversation in the direction
expected. But what often happens is that the deviations that cause the effect of 'bad'
for both sides, which the speaker and hearer. Proficiency using language that both
can be obtained based learning activities and habituation to use language
appropriate to the needs. This proficiency covers some important aspects, namely
about how to open and close conversation and the development of language in
conversation.

These aspects are things we need to consider for the conversations that we
do can succeed as much as possible. Therefore, the authors felt it was important
prepare this paper which aims to widen the horizon for the reader to be more adept
at using language in conversation in particular.

1.2. Problem Formulation

1. What is Conversation Analysis?
2. How is Pause, Overlaps, and Backchannels?
3. How is Conversational Style?

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 4. How is Adjacency Pairs?
5. How is Preference Structure?

1.3. Significances
The writers certainly aimed to clarify or explain these points according to
the knowledge we have, from the book and other sources:
1. To know what is Conversation Analysis
2. To know How is Pause, Overlaps, and Backchannels
3. To know How is Conversational Style
4. To understand How is Adjacency Pair
5. To know How is Preference Structure

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Conversational Analysis

Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA ) is an approach to
the study of social interaction , embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in
situations of everyday life. As its name implies, CA began with a focus on casual
conversation, but its methods were subsequently adapted to embrace more task- and
institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices, courts,
law enforcement, helplines, educational settings, and the mass media. As a
consequence, the term 'conversation analysis' has become something of a
misnomer, but it has continued as a term for a distinctive and successful approach
to the analysis of social interactions.
Floor : people have the right to speak when they get communication or
interaction
Turn: having control
Turn-Taking: anyone can attempt to get control, Turn-taking
It operates in social action and accordance with local management system
(which is conventionally known by members of a social group).
Conversation: change – of – turn à TRP 1
When speakers do taking turn at holding the floor in communication, they
cooperate and share equally. It can also be used to described those conversation
where speakers seem to be in competition, fighting to keep the floor and
preventing others to getting it, they are difference from one social group
The local management system is essentially a set of conventions for getting
turns, keeping them, or giving them away. This system is needed most at those
points where there is a possible change in who has the turn. Any possible change
of turn point is called a Transition Relevance Place, or TRP. Within any social
group, there will be features of talk (absence of talk) typically associated with
a TRP.

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2.2. Pauses, Overlaps, And Backchannels
1.Pauses

A speaker is silence (2.5-3 seconds) at the time of speaking.

This interaction between a student and his friend’s father during their first
meeting.
Example:
Sisca : What’s your major Dave?
Lora : English- well I haven’t really decided yet.
(3 seconds)
Sisca : So- you want to be a teacher?
Lora : No-not really-well not if I can help it.
(2.5 seconds)
Sisca: Wha-// Where do you---go ahead
Lora : I mean it’s a – oh sorry // I em---
Based on the interaction above between Sisca and Lora, there is short pauses
(marked with a dash) are simply hesitations, but longer pauses becomes
silences.
2. Overlaps (//) double slash
Both speakers are trying to speak at the same time.
Example
Andy : Did you see him in the video?
Hardi: Yeah–the part of the beach.
Andy : Oh my good // he was so sexy.
Hardi: he was just being so cool.
Andy : And all the waves // crashing around him
Hardi: yeah that was really wild.
There are other kinds of overlap and they are interpreted differently. For many
speakers; overlapped talk appears to function like an expression of solidarity or
closeness in expressing similiar opinions or values. As shhown the conversation
above.
In example below overlap communicates competition.
Joe : What they were in// power las–wait CAN I FINISH!

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 Jerry : that’s my points I said–
This is a clear interruption and breaks the ‘rules’,

3. Backchannels
Including head nods, smiles and other facial expressions and gestures but most
common vocal indications.
The purpose à giving feedback
This is very significant such as:
in face – to – face, the listener with:
- holding agreement
- leading an inference of disagreement
in the telephone conversation
to determine that the listener is still there,

Example:
Sisca: Excuse me.. I am a new student here, could you tell me where is the
toilette?
Desti: Toilette? Just straight here...
Sisca: uh-uh
Desti: and then, turn right... and the last room there is toilette
Sisca: Mm.. Oh I See
Thank you
The signals (‘uh-uh’,’yeah’,’mmm’) provide feedback to the current speaker
that the message is being received. This indicates that the listener is following,
and not objecting to, what the speaker is saying.

2.3. CONVERSATIONAL STYLE

Some individuals expect that participation in conversation will be very
active, that speaking rate will relatively fast, with almost no pausing within turns,
and with some overlap or even completion of the other’s turn. This is one
conversation style. It has been called a high involvement style. It differs
substantially from another style in which speaker use a slower rate, expect longer

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pauses within turns, do not overlap, and avoid interruption or completion of the
other’s turn. This non-interrupting, non imposing style has been called a high
considerateness style. Instead, the more rapid-fire speaker may think the slower-
paced speaker just doesn’t have much to say, is shy, and perhaps boring or even
stupid. In return, he or she is likely to be viewed as noisy, pushy, domineering,
selfish, and even tiresome. Features on conversational style will often be interpreted
as personality traits.
There are two conversation styles that are a high involvement style and a
high considerateness style.
a. A high involvement style, where participation from some individuals in a
conversation will be very relatively fast, with almost no pausing between turns,
and with some overlap or even completion of the other’s turn.

b. A high considerateness style, in this style speakers use a slower rate, expect
longer pauses between turns, do not overlap, and avoid interruption or completion
of the other’s turn (non-interrupting, non-imposing style)

2.4. Adjacency Pairs

Adjacency pairs refer to 'conversational sequences' in which an utterance by one
speaker depends upon an utterance made by another speaker. It is a sequence of two
related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always the
response to the first. It is known as ' a tied pair' also known as 'illocutionary force'.
Definition - adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are
1. Adjacent.
2. Produced by different speakers.
3. Ordered as first part and a second part.
4. Typed, so that a particular first part requires a particular second part.
There is a rule governing the adjacency pairs. 'Having produced a first part of the
same pair the current speaker must stop speaking and the next speaker must produce
it that point a second part of the same pair'.
Examples of adjacency pairs
Question and answers-
A. Where the book I bought this morning?
B. On the table.

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Invitation and acceptance-
A. I am having some people to dinner Saturday.
And I would really like you to come.
B. Sure.
Request for favor and granting-
A. Would you open the window?
B. Sure
Apology and acceptance-
A. I am sorry to disturb you.
B. That's all right what can I do for you?
Complaint - denial-
A. You left the light on.
B. It was not me.
Other examples of adjacency pairs are:
Complaint-apology ,Greeting-greeting, blame-denial, summons-acknowledgment.
Etc.
Structure of adjacency pairs
Three characteristics of adjacency pairs can be noted.
1. The two parts are contiguous and are uttered by different speakers. A speaker
who makes a statement before answering a question sounds strange because the
parts of the adjacency pairs are non consecutive.
2. The two parts are ordered. The answer to a question cannot precede the question
in ordinary conversation one cannot accept an invitation before it has been offered
and an apology cannot be accepted before uttered.
3. The first and second parts must be appropriately matched to avoid add exchanges.
In other words it is called sequential organization.
Sequential organization
Adjacency pairs are
1. Contiguous pairs of utterances.
2. Produced by different speakers.
3. That are appropriately matched.e.g. question-answer.

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An insertion sequence occasionally, the requirement that both parts of an adjacency
pair should be contiguous is violated in a socially recognized way.
A: Where is then book I bought this morning?
B: The green book?
A: Yes.
B: On the table.
Despite differences in style, most speakers seem to find a way to cope with
everyday business of social interaction. For example: Hello with Hi, How are you
with fine, etc. the automatic sequences are called adjacency pairs. They always
consist of a first part and a second part, produced by different speakers.
Not all first parts immediately received their second parts, however. It often
happens that a question-answer sequence will be delayed while another question-
answer sequence intervenes. The sequence will then take the form of Q1-Q2-A2-
A1, with the middle pair (Q2-A2) being called insertion sequence. For example:
A: do you want the early flight?
B: what time does it arrive?
A: Nine forty-five
B: Yeah, That’s great
Delay in response symbolically marks potential unavailability of the immediate
expected answer. Delay represents distance between what is expected and what is
provided.
Sequences of two utterances, they always consist of a first part and second part,
produced by different speakers.
Example:
First Part Second part
Anna: Hello Bill: Hi
Anna: How are you? Bill: Fine
Anna: See ya!
Bill: Bye

Other types of adjacency pairs are illustrated in question-answer sequence,

thanking-response, and request-accept.

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Example:
First part second part
A: What time is it? B: About eight thirty
A: Thanks B: You’re welcome
A: Could you help me with this? B: Sure

2.5. Preference Structure

Basically, a first part that contains a request or an offer is typically made in
the expectation that the second part will be an acceptance. an acceptance is
structurally more likely than a refusal. This structurally is called preference.
Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred social acts.
FIRST PART SECOND PART

Preffered Dispreferred

Assesment Agree Disagree

Invitation Accept Refuse

Offer Accept Decline

Proposal Agree Disagree

Request Accept Refuse

Example Preference :

First Part Second Part

a. Can you help me? Sure

b. Want some coffee? Yes, Please.

c. Isn’t that really great? Yes, it is

d. Maybe we could go for a walk That’d be great

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Note:

• a’sentence is request

• b’ sentence is an offer

• c’s sentence is an assessment

• d’s sentence is a proposal

Example dispreferred:

Sisca : Come over for some coffee later.

Desti : oh-eh- I’d love to-but you see-I-I’m supposed to get this finished – you know

• The Desti’s expression of refusal can be accomplished without saying ‘No’.

Note:

Preference shown acceptances such as: yes, agree, accept, etc.

Disprefferes shown refusal, the signals: no, pause; er; em; ah well;oh, I’m not sure;
I don’t know, that’s great; I’d love to, I’m sorry; what a pity, I must do X; I’m
expected in Y, You see; you know, everybody else; out there, too much work; no
time left, really; mostly; sort of; kinda, I guess not; not possible.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion
Conversation is an activity that we can’t avoid in our daily lives as social beings.
Therefore, proficiency in the use of language in conversation becomes one of the
things that we must have in order to create good communication between us and
others around us. These skills among others on how to attract the attention of others,
how to open or start a conversation, how to choose a topic, how to interrupt or cut
off the conversation, how to fix the error, and how to close a conversation.

3.2. Suggestion
As individuals who live in the midst of the general public, we have to
interact with fellow members of the community to meet the existence of our
position in the social environment. Therefore, we must be the individuals that exist
in our language skills. This can be obtained by understanding the best ways to use
language in everyday conversation. As a language student teachers we should
become a central figure in shaping the personalities who are proficient in using the
language in everyday conversation. Proficiency is key sociality. Therefore, we
should not feel tired and bored to learn, because learning is the only way toward
change.

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 REFERENCES

Yule,George.2017.Pragmatics.PematangSiantar
Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction . Australia: Blackwell Publishing
Purba, Antilan. 2002. Pragmatik Bahasa Indonesia. Medan: USU Press
http://preferenceorganization.wordpress.com/preference-structure
retrieved on December 2016 days 21

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