The Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMOS

The Chicago Manual of
or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago[1]) is a style guide for
American English published since 1906 by the University of Style
Chicago Press. Its 17 editions have prescribed writing and citation
styles widely used in publishing.[2] It is "one of the most widely
used and respected style guides in the United States".[3] The guide
specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of
editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as
document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a
hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as
The Chicago Manual of Style Online.[4] The online version
provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students,
and libraries.

Contents
Availability and uses
Table of contents (17th ed.) The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th
Citation styles ed. (2017)
Author-date style Country United States
Notes and bibliography style Language English
History Subject Style guide
History of editions
Publisher University of Chicago
Recent printed editions Press
See also Publication 1906–2017
Explanatory notes date

References Media type Print

External links Pages 1,146

ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8
Dewey 808/.0270973
Availability and uses Decimal
LC Class Z253 .U69 2017
The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online.
The online edition includes the searchable text of both the 16th and 17th—its most recent—editions with
features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where
University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. The Chicago Manual of Style also
discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the
online content of the Manual. (Access to the Q&A, however, is free, as are various editing tools.)
Many publishers throughout the world adopt "Chicago" as
their style. It is used in some social science publications, most
North American historical journals,[5] and remains the basis
for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological
Association, the Style Sheet for the Organization of American
Historians, and corporate style guides, including the Apple
Style Guide.[6]

The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to

publishers of books and journals. It is used widely by
academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and
authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate
L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations also reflects Chicago style.

Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different

formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the
result is clear and consistent. For instance, the 15th edition of
The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text
citation systems and/or footnotes or endnotes, including use of
"content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by
Title page of the first edition of the
page number (such as MLA style) or by year of publication
Chicago Manual of Style (1906)
(like APA style); it even provides for variations in styles of
footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper
includes a full bibliography at the end.[1]

Table of contents (17th ed.)

List of Tables[7]
List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: The Publishing Process
1. Books and Manuals
2. Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading
3. Illustrations and Tables
4. Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration by William S. Strong
Part II: Style and Usage
5. Grammar and Usage by Bryan A. Garner
6. Punctuation
7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds
8. Names, Terms, and Titles of Works
9. Numbers
10. Abbreviations
11. Languages Other than English
12. Mathematics in Type
13. Quotations and Dialogue
Part III: Source Citations and Indexes
 14. Notes and Bibliography
15. Author-Date References
16. Indexes
Glossary
Bibliography
Index

Citation styles
Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text,
which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full
citation, which is placed at another location.

Author-date style

Using author-date style,[a] the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s)
and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation.[8]

Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016).

When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication
after an interposed comma.[8]

Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016, 24).

If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or
without the page number).[9]

Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly (2016).

In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for block
quotations, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation.[10]

The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material.[11] As
publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date following the
author(s) name.[12]

Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. 2015. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership,
Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." Journal of Medical Internet Research 17 (3): e62.
doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

Notes and bibliography style

Using notes and bibliography style,[a] the sourced text is indicated by a superscripted note number that
corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of
text (as an endnote).[13] In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the
material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name.[14] The two formats differ: notes use commas
where bibliography entries use periods.[15]

The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry. The
third example of the bibliography entry is marked up with color to identify its parts.

1. James M. Heilman and Andrew G. West, "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership,
Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language," Journal of Medical Internet Research 17,
no. 3 (2015): e62, doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership,
Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." Journal of Medical Internet Research 17,
no. 3 (2015): e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West

"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors,
and the Significance of Natural Language."
Journal of Medical Internet Research
17
no. 3
(2015)
e62
doi:10.2196/jmir.4069

Author(s) first listed author's name inverted in the bibliography entry[14]

Article title inside quotation marks[16]
Journal title in italic type[17]
Volume [18]
Issue [18]
Year along with month, if specified[18]
Page numbers [b] specific page number in a note; page range in a bibliography entry[19][20]
Digital object identifier [21]

History
What now is known as The Chicago Manual of Style was first published in 1906 under the title Manual of
Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which
are appended specimens of type in use. From its first 203-page edition,[22] the CMOS evolved into a
comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition.[3] It was one of the first editorial
style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology
standardization, notably citation style.

The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first
printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it was printed.[23] In 1982, with the publication of the 13th
edition, it was officially retitled The Chicago Manual of Style, adopting the informal name already in
widespread use.[23]

More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition
(2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering
guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include a chapter on American English grammar and
use,[24] and a revised treatment of mathematical copy.[25]

In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the
first time in the Manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features
a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). The
16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as Unicode characters and
URLs)".[3] It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based
content and e-books. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of
electronic workflow and offered a primer on the use of XML markup. It also includes a revised glossary,
including a host of terms associated with electronic and print publishing. The Chicago system of
documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-
bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded
examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use
of DOIs to citing social networking sites. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a
return to the Manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for
special characters.

In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the University of Deusto in Bilbao, Spain.[26]

In April 2016, the publisher released The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, Bryan A.
Garner's expansion of his Chicago Manual of Style chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of
the new edition of Garner's Modern American Usage.

The 17th edition was published in September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response
to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest
publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary
of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th
edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now
acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and the long-standing
recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing.

History of editions
First Edition, 1906 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylebei00univrich)
Second Edition, 1910 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylecomp00univrich)
Third Edition, 1911 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylecom00univrich)
Fourth Edition, 1914 (https://archive.org/details/amanualstyleaco00presgoog)
Fifth Edition, 1917 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylecom00univ)
Sixth Edition, 1919
Seventh Edition, 1920 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylecon00univiala)
Eighth Edition, 1925
Ninth Edition, 1927
10th Edition, 1937
11th Edition, 1949 (https://archive.org/stream/manualofstyle00univ)
12th Edition, 1969 (https://archive.org/details/manualofstylefor00univ)
13th Edition, 1982 (https://archive.org/stream/chicagomanualofs00univ)
14th Edition, 1993 (https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00chic)
15th Edition, 2003 (https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0)
16th Edition, 2010 (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/contents.html). complete text
online free to borrow (https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs0016unse)
17th Edition, 2017 (http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo25956703.html)

Recent printed editions



15th 16th 17th

The Chicago Manual of Style (https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0)

(15th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-226-10403-4. LCCN 2003001860
(https://lccn.loc.gov/2003001860).
The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-
226-10420-1. LCCN 2009053612 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2009053612).
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-
226-28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).

See also
Linguistic prescription
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities

Explanatory notes
a. As used with periodical/journal articles.
b. The Heilman and West example article was published electronically without page numbers.

References
1. "Why Are there Different Citation Styles?" (https://ctl.yale.edu/writing/using-sources/why-are-
there-different-citation-styles). Center for Teaching and Learning. Yale University. Retrieved
August 7, 2018.
2. Claire, T.R. (2017). "Bryan A. Garner: The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and
Punctuation" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6). Publishing Research Quarterly.
33 (3): 345–347. doi:10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-017-9
531-6). S2CID 148846427 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148846427) – via
Springer.
3. Spencer, Dave (February 15, 2011). "Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition" (https://glyphic.
design/chicago-manual-of-style-16th-edition-2/). glyphic.design. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
4. "The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition" (https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/). The
Chicago Manual of Style Online. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
 5. Pollak, Oliver B. (June 11, 2007). "The Decline and Fall of Bottom Notes, op. cit., loc. cit.,
and a Century of the Chicago Manual of Style". Journal of Scholarly Publishing. 38: 20–21.
doi:10.3138/jsp.38.1.14 (https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjsp.38.1.14).
6. "About the guide" (https://help.apple.com/applestyleguide/#/apsg1eef9171). Apple Style
Guide. Apple Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
7. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017.
ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712).
OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
8. "Section 22: Text citations—basic form". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-
Date References (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8.
LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
9. "Section 5: The author-date system—overview". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15:
Author-Date References (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
10. "Section 25: Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation". The Chicago
Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-Date References (17th ed.). University of Chicago
Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/201702071
2). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
11. "Section 6: Basic structure of a reference list entry". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter
15: Author-Date Reference (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
12. "Section 14: Placement of dates in reference list entries". The Chicago Manual of Style:
Chapter 15: Author-Date References (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017.
ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712).
OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
13. "Section 20: Basic structure of a note". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14: Notes and
Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8.
LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
14. "Section 21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter
14: Notes and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
15. "Section 167: Basic structure of a periodical citation". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter
14: Notes and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
16. "Section 169: Journal article—title". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14: Notes and
Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8.
LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
17. "Section 170: Title of journal". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14: Notes and
Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8.
LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
18. "Section 171: Journal volume, issue, and date". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14:
Notes and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
19. "Section 22: Page numbers and other locators". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14:
Notes and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
20. "Section 174: Journal page references". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14: Notes
and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8.
LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
21. "Section 8: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)". The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 14:
Notes and Bibliography (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-226-
28705-8. LCCN 2017020712 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712). OCLC 1055308068 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068).
22. University of Chicago (November 1906). Manual of style, being a compilation of the
typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago press, to which are appended
specimens of types in use (http://archive.org/details/manualofstylebei00univrich). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t75t3q405 (https://hdl.handle.net/202
7%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft75t3q405). OCLC 681493869 (https://www.worldcat.org/o
clc/681493869).
23. "The History of The Chicago Manual of Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/2012021414231
9/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about16_history.html). The Chicago Manual of Style
Online. University of Chicago Press. 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.chicagoma
nualofstyle.org/about16_history.html) on February 14, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
24. Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2005). "The Chicago Manual of Style --- And Grammar" (htt
p://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001869.html). Language Log. Retrieved
March 14, 2020.
25. "What's New in the Fifteenth Edition of The Chicago Manual of Style" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090217154429/http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15.html). The Chicago
Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original (http://chicagomanu
alofstyle.org/about15.html) on February 17, 2009.
26. "Manual de estilo Chicago-Deusto" (http://www.deusto-publicaciones.es/index.php/main/libr
o/994/es). Publicaciones. University of Deusto.

External links
Official website (https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html)
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chi
cago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_1
7th_edition.html) at Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

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