UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for ‘Thermal Power Plants Introduction The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specifc ‘examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIP). When ‘one or more members ofthe World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards, These industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to be used together withthe General EHS Guidelines document, which provides guidance to users on ‘common EHS issues potentially appicable to all industry sectors For complex projects, use of multiple industrysector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry-sector guidelines can be found at: aw if orgfeex/eustainabilly nstiContent/EnvironmentalGuidell nes ‘Tne EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered tobe achievable in new facies by exiting technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facies may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, based on environmental assessments andor envcnmental aud as appropriate, wth an appropiate timetable for achieving thom. The apocabity ofthe EHS Guidelines should be tlre to the hazards and risks estab shed for each project onthe bass ofthe results ofan environmental assessmentin which site-specific variables, such as host county cortex, assimiative capacity ofthe environment and other project aco, ae taken into account, The applcabilly weber acd ton lt a unre etna eae 0 irssar pel rdrairg rer sone ona rarmsos oly. Te recs al ss nernca trea ay re an erg ta ‘ange tla verona cg salle otra wee, butarerel itd, aning slo ronment cogadan an vere sii capaci as wel a vag frail and erica easy ‘of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of qualified and experienced persons. When host country regulations differ ftom the levels and measures presented in he EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whicheveris more stingert, If less stringent loves or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropiate, in view of spectic project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alleratives is needed as part ofthe site-specic environmental assessment. This, justfication should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the envionment Applicability ‘This document includes information releva processes fueled by gaseous, quid and sold fossil fuels and biomass and designed to deliver electrical or mechanical power, steam, heat, or any combination of these, regardless ofthe fuel type (except for solid waste which is covered under a separate Guideline for Waste Management Facities), with a total rated heat input capacity above $0 Megawat! thermal input (Mth) on Higher Heating Value (HV) basis.” It applies to bolls, reciprocating engines, and combustion turbines in new and existing facies. Annex A contains a detailed description of industy activites for this sector, and Annex B contains guidance {or Environmental Assessment (EA) of thermal power projects. Emissions guidelines applicable to facilities witha total heat input capacity of less than 50 MWth are presented in Section 1.1 of the Goneral EHS Guidelines. Depending onthe characteristics of the project and ts associated actives (Le, uel sourcing and ‘evacuation of generated electric), readers should also consult combustion 2 Total apacty apa o a fat we muse wis ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ the EHS Guidelines for Mining ané the EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution. Decision to invest inthis sector by one or more members of the World Bank Group are made within he context of the World Bank Group strategy on climate change This documentis organized according tothe following sections: Section 1.0 Industy Speci Impacts and Management Section 2.0 - Performance Indicators and Monitoring Section 3.0 References and Additional Sources ‘Annex A General Description of Industry Activities ‘Annex B — Environmental Assessment Guidance for Thermal Power Projects 1.0 Industry-Specific Impacts and Management The following section provides a summary of the mast significant EHS issuos associated with thermal powor plans, which occur dixing the operational phase, along wth recommendations for their management ‘As described inthe introduction to the General EHS Guidelines, the general approach to the management of EHS issues in industrial development activites, including power plans, should consider potential impacts as early as possible inthe project cycle, including the incorporation of EHS considerations into the site selection and plant design processes in order to maximize the range of options available to prevent and control potential negative impacts, Recommendations forthe management of EHS issues common to ‘most large industrial and infrastructure fcites during the construction and decommissioning phases are provided inthe General EHS Guidelines. 14 Environment Environmental issues in thermal power plant projects primarily include the following + Airemisions ‘+ Energy effcincy and Greenhouse Gas emissions ‘+ Water consumption and aquatic habitat alteration © Effuents| + Said wastes ‘© Hazardous materials and oil © Noise Air Emissions ‘The primary emissions to air from the combustion of fossil fuels or biomass are sulfur dioxide (S0z), nitrogen oxides (NOx), paticlate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO}, and greenhouse .gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO). Depending onthe fuel type and qualty, mainly waste fuels or solid fuels, other substances such as heavy melals(Le,, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, vanadium, nickel, tc), halide compounds (including hydrogen fuoride), unburned hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds {VOCs may be emitted in smaller quantities, but may have a significant infuence on the environment due to their toxicity andor persistence. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are also implicated in long-range and trans-boundary acid deposition. ‘The amount and nature of ar emissions depends on factors such as the fuel (e.g, coal, fuel ol, natural gas, o biomass), the type and design of the combustion unit (e.g, reciorocating engines, combustion turbines, or boilers), operating practices, emission control measures (e.g. primary combustion contol, secondary ‘lue gas treatment), andthe overal system efficiency. For ‘example, gas-ired plants gonerally produce negigible quantities of particulate mater and sufur oxides, and levels of nitrogen ‘oxides are about 60% of those from plants using coal (without ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS emission reduction measures). Natural gas-fred plats also release lower quantities of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. ‘Some measures, such as choice of fuel and use of measures to increase energy conversion efficiency, will reduce emissions of ‘muttple air polstants, including COs, per unit of energy generation. Optimizing energy uiization efficiency ofthe generation process depends on a varaly of factors, including the ‘ature and quality of ful, the type of combustion system, the ‘operating temperature ofthe combustion turbines, the operating Pressure and temperature of steam turbines, the local imate conelons, the type of cooling system used, ete. Recommended ‘measures to prevent, minimize, and controlar emissions include: ‘+ Use ofthe cleanest fuel economically available (natural gas is preferable to ol, which is preferable lo coal) if thats ‘consistent withthe overall energy and environmental policy ‘ofthe country or the region where the plantis proposed. For most large power plants fuel choice is often part ofthe national energy policy, and fuels, combustion technology and poluton contol technology, which are al interelated, should be evaluated very carefully upstream of the project to ‘optimize the project's environmental performance; ‘+ When burning coal, giving preference to high-heat-content, low-ash, and low-sufur coal; ‘© Considering beneficiation to reduce ash content, especially for high ash coal? ‘+ Selection ofthe best power generation technolagy forthe fuel ‘chosen to balance the environmental and economic benefits ‘The choice of technology and polation contra systems wll be based on the site-specific environmental assessment (some examples include the use of higher energy-efficient systems, such as combined cycle gas turbine system for natural gas and ol-fred units, and supercritical, ultra- supereritcal or integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC} technology for coal-fired units); ‘+ Designing stack heights according o Good Intemational Industry Practice (GIIP) to avoid excessive ground level concentrations and minimize impacts, including acid eposition;* '* Considering use of combined heat and power (CHP, or co- generation) facies, By making use of otherwise wasted heal, CHP faciltes can achieve thermal efficiencies of 70— 90 percent, compared with 32 - 45 percent for conventional thermal power plants. ‘+ As tated in the General EHS Guidelines, emissions from a single project should not contrbute more than 25% of the applicable ambient air qualty standards to alow additonal, future sustainable developmentin the same airshed.* Pollutant-specfc control recommendations are provided below, Sulfur Dioxide ‘The range of options forthe contro of sulfur oxides varies ‘substantially because of large differences inthe sulfur content of different fuels and in control costs as described in Table 1. The choice of technology depends on a benefi-cost analysis of the ‘environmental performance of diferent fuels, the cost of controls, and the existence ofa market for sulfur control by-products Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control SO2 emissions include: 8 sutrsinerarcalybourd ote ash is wil a reduce sur contr. ‘For space guidance an cakling sackhlght se Amex 113th Gene EHS Guidlines. Rain ack hegh shoul notbe ued alow more fnissans. However, he proposed emission res resutn sigan increment a quay impacts the tara’! he rlerar abit ually anced, elon ore lac hah ardor urhrracuce fmissors shouldbe cones inte EA. Typical examples of IP stack Fights roto around 200m rg coated powe” lars, up ound om ‘Er HFO-led deel engine power ans, an vp 0m fe gor‘ee combed ‘ele gee uo power plans Fal elector oft sackhoght wil depend Be eran ol he suroundng aca, nearby bugs, malerlgicalcondtors, edt inenilimpacs andthe heaton of exstng ana ure receptors 5 For exam te USEPA Proven of Sign Deterraon herenens Umit sppleateoronderade sheds provie allowing: SO: (8 ylm? far 2 highest 24h, 20 pln for anal average), NO (20 gtr anual svrap) and PM (80 gl fr 2 igs 2a, and 17 poral vere ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ ‘© Use of fuels witha lower content of sufur where: ‘econamically feasible; ‘+ Use of ime (CaO) orlimestone (CaC0:) in coal red fluidized bed combustion bors to have integrated desulfurization \which can achieve a removal efciency of up to 80-90 % through use of Flidized Bed Combustion’ ‘© Depending on the plant size, fuel qualty, and potential for significant emissions of $02, use of fue gas desulfurization {F6D) for large boilers using coal or ol and for large reciprocating engines . The optimal type of FGD system (e.g., wet FGD using imestone with 85 to 96% removal ficiency, dry FGD using lime wih 70 to 94% removal ficiency, seawater FGD with upto 90% removal efficiency) depends on the capacity ofthe plat, ful properties, site conditions, and the cost and avalabiliy of reagent as wel as by-product disposal and utiization.* ee a ed nics Plant cic) ry Cost im + Flue gas saturated with water | 11-14% + Limestone (CaC0) a reagent ‘Removal ffciency up o 98% + Use 1-158 felt goneratd Most widely usea stance to imestone source and tha imestone acy to be considered ‘High water consumption + Nood to Weal wastawater + Gypsum as a saleable by-product orwaste SemeDry_ | «Aso caled'Dry Soubbing— | 1% FcD Under contoled huniafcaton, ‘Lime (CaO) as reagent + Romavalefciency up o 949% S Rogenrave Fi Gas Desultuzaton (6D) option (eter we or sony) ray be corse under besconsions, eC 2008 ' The 802 emeva efi of FAC teteagis depend on the au ad ne content of fel sorbent quant, ao, ene ue 2 Th use of et subbers, in adtono dst atl equipnar (2g. SP or Feri ns the acvaninge of aa reduc enissions of Cl, HF, neavy etal, an futher st remaring ser ESP or abil. Barause ot hgh Costs a wol suing ress is analy not used at plans wih capany of Tos than 100 (EO 2008), = Gan remove S03 as wal at higher removal ate than Wet FGD = Us0 051.0% of lecrity generate, loss than Wet FGD ‘Lime is more expensive than Imestone #Nowastewater += Waste mixture of fy ash, rreacid ade and CaSOs emaval efciancy upto 90% cc) ' Not practcalfor high $ coal e1%s) + Impacts on marine environment eed oe carefully examined (e9. reduction of pH inputs of ‘remaining heavy metals, fy ash, temperature, slate, dissoNed ‘oxygen, and chomcal oxygen éemand) 1 Use 08.6% of electcity generated + Simple process, no wastewater or sold wast Sources EC (2006) and Word Bank Group, ‘Nitrogen Oxides Formation of nitrogen oxides can be controlled by modifying ‘operational and design parameter ofthe combustion proves {primary measures). Additional treatment of NOx from the fue 988 (secondary measures; see Table 2) may be required in some cases depending on the ambient air quality objectives, ‘Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control NOx ‘emissions include: ‘© Use aflow NOx burers wt ther combustion modification, suchas low exces air (LEA) fring, for bor pants Insialation of atonal NOx contls for bles may be necessary to mect emissions limits; a solactve catalytic reduction (SCR) system canbe used fr puberized coal fred, otfred, and gas-fred boilers ora selective nor- ‘aalye reduction (SNCR) system for a uidzed-bed bor, Use of dry low-NOs combustors for combustion turbines burning natural gas; ‘+ Use of water injection or SCR for combustion turbines and DacioaneR 19,2008{International THERMAL POWER PLANTS Corporation BBFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines @ reciprocating engines buring liquid fel"? ‘+ Optimization of operational parameters for existing reciprocating engines buring natural gas to reduce NOx emissions; ‘+ Use oflean-burn concept or SCR for new gas engines. res re Dy Cre cas LC Ceonc Plant Cr ony ec SCR ‘*NOxemissionreducton rate of 8- | 4.9% coah 95% fires boler) += Use 0.5% of lect generated + Use ammonia or urea as reagent 1.296 (gas + Ameria sip increases wih ceasing | fed INHaNOx ato may cause a problem | combined {64,10 high amon inte ty ast). | cst gas Lager catahst volume /improvng he | tne) rman of Hs and NOx th ue gas maybe noaded to voi ths problem, | 20.90% + Cats may coin heay metals, | (erating Proper handing and cisposal recycle | oe) of spent catalysts i needed. + Lie of atastshas boon 10 years (coated) 8-2 years (ore) and moe than 10 yar (a5 ed) SNCR_| NOx emission reducton rate of 0- | 12% 50% + Use 0.1.0.% of electciy generated + Use ammonia or urea as reagent + Cannot be used on gas urines or gas. engines. + Operaos withoutusng catalysts, Sure EC (7006), World Bank Group Particulate Matter Pertcuate matter" is emitted from the combustion process, especialy from the use of heavy fue ol, coal, and sold biomass: ‘Te proven technologies for particulate removal in powerplants ate fabric ters and electrostatic precptators (ESPs), shown in Table 3. The choice between a fbric iter and an ESP depends on the fuel properties, type of FGD system ifused for $Oz contol, "© var may note practzal dual contusion uies in al cases Eien fat valle, Pe facies fr ater tetra ate operang and maintenance costs of wal ncn maybe cost and may cepleae te (operator ofa sll canbuston bine and ambient air quality objectives. Particulate matter can also be released during transfer and storage of coal and additives, such as ime, Recommendations to prevent, minimize, and contol pariculate matter emissions inde: ‘+ Instalation of dust controls capable of over 99% removal ‘effcteney, such a8 ESPs or Fabric Firs (baghouses), for cnalfired powerplants. The advanced contol for pariculates isa wet ESP, whic furher increases the removal efciency and aso collects condensables(¢.9., sulfuric acid mist hat are not effectively captured by an ESP ‘ora fabric iter, ‘+ Use of loading and unloading equipment that minimizes the height of fuel crop tothe stockpile to reduce the generation of fugve dust and instaling of cyclone dust collectors; ‘+ Use of water spray systems to reduce the formation of ‘ug dust from sold fue storage in ard environments; ‘+ Use of enclosed conveyors with wll designed, extraction ‘and filtration equipment on conveyor transfer points to. prevent the emission of cust; ‘+ For solid fuels of which fine fugitive dust could contain vanadium, nickel and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (e.. in coal and petroleum coke), use of full enclosure during transportation and covering stockpiles where necessary; ‘+ Design and operate transport systems to minimize the ‘generation and transport of dust onsite; ‘+ Storage offime orimestone in silos with well designed, extraction and firation equipment; ‘+ Use of wind fences in open storage of coal oruse of ‘enclosed storage structures to minimize fugitive dust "Inca al pail ize (2.9. TSP PMs, and PM) "=F gs catonng (FC) a ecommendes approach oats heise flow ga conduivy arlene ESP clean pemance whic ozs when ESPs are used to coc ust fo very bw uur fue. One peur F&C dosgn oes nfeducano sur xe (0) 938 nl te fue gas upstaam fe ESP. to inerease te conduc he Me gas caracaly move te ESP colcion ficiency. Tors ypealy ors ncaased Sx omssons 35 ‘he $0 hay escive and acres to he aut ‘Dacinanen 19,2008iF International Finance Corporation THERMAL POWER PLANTS Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines ‘emissions where necessary, applying special ventilation systems in enclosed storage to avoid dust explosions (2, use of cyclone separators at coal transfer points) ‘See Annex 1.1.2 of the Genoral EHS Guidelines for an addtional ilustrative presentation of point source emissions prevention and contro technologies, Table Eran Dee vee ‘ESP Removal efficency of >96.5% (<1 ym), >99.96 (10m) + 11-%.8% of electric generated is used ‘+ Itmight not work on particulates wth very high slectcal ess. I these cases, hve gas condoning (FEC) may improve ESP performance. ‘+ Canhanale very lage gas velume wth ow pressure drops Fabre Filter |'+ Removal eficency of>9.6% (<1 un), >90 85% {e10 ym), Removes small: parcles han ESPs + 02.3% of eloctcty generated is used ‘Fito ite decreases as coal § contort increases ‘+ Operating costs go up considerably a he fabric fter becomes dense to remove more partles ‘+ Ifashis parculary reactive itcan weaken the {aor and evertaly i disintegrate, WetScrubber | + Removal eficoncy of98.5% (<1 un, >69 5% (toym) ‘+ Upto 3% of electcty generated is used, ‘© Asa secondary affect, can remove and absorb gaseous heavy metals ‘+ Wastewater needs tobe treated ‘Sources: EC (2008) and Word Bank Group Other Polutants Depencing onthe fuel type and quality, olher air pollutants may be present n environmentally significant quantities requting proper consideration inthe evaluation of potential impacts to ambient ar quality ad inthe design and implementation of management actions and environmental contols. Examples of addtional polulans include mercury in coal, vanadium in heavy fuel ol, and other heavy metals presont in waste fuels such as ptroleum coke (petcoke) and used lubricating ols. Recommendations to "thas casts, ha EA shoul adress ptanalimpact oan! ar ually prevent, minimize, and control emissions of other air polutants| ssuch as mercury in partcular from thermal power plans include the use of conventional secondary controls such as fabric fiers or ESPs operated in combination with FGD techniques, such as, limestone FD, Dry Lime FD, or sorbent injection. '* Aditional removal of metals such as mercury can be achieved in a high dust ‘SCR system along wih powered activated carbon, bramine- ‘enhanced Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) or other sorbents ‘Since mercury emissions from thermal power plants pose potentially significant local and transboundary impacts to ‘ecosystems and public health and safety through bioaccumulation, particular consideration should be given to their minimization inthe environmental assessment and accordingly in plant design. Emissions Offsets Facities in degraded airsheds should minimize incremental impacts by achieving emissions values outlined in Table 6. Where these emissions values result nonetheless in excessive ambient impacts relative to local regulatory standards (orn their absence, ‘other intemational recognized standards or guidelines, including ‘World Health Organization guidelines), the project should explore ‘and implement ste-spectc offsets that result in no net increase in the total emissions of those pollutants (e.9., particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide) that are responsible forthe degradation of he airshed, Offset provisions should be implemented before the power plant comes fully on stream. ‘Suitable offset measures could include reductions in emissions of paticulate matter, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide, as necessary through (a) he installation of new or mare effective contrals at other units within the same powerplant or at other powerplants in fersuch hoary elas s mercy, Sek varadum, cari, ad, “For Fabe Fits or Elect Pratl pean conbitallon wth FS technues, an average remover of 75% 080 ite aconal oserea SCR cn be abana EC, 205) Ane no alr industial cout hes lmaly oped replat tts for rmscayensions fom tema powe lis, sch ations whee under Cnsideaton in Une Slats and Euopaan Urion as of 2008, Future Udit ofthese EHS Gldelnes wl ec changes in he inatorl sat of ‘Dacinanen 19,2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines =) {International THERMAL POWER PLANTS the same airshed,(b) the installation of new or more effective controls a other large sources, such as district heating plants or industial plants, the same airshed, or (c) investments in gas distribution or district heating systems designed to substitute for the use of coal for residential heating and other small boilers, Wherever possible, the offset provisions should be implemented within the framework ofan overall air qualty management strategy designed to ensure that air quality in the airshed is brought into . compliance with ambient standards. The monitoring and enforcement of ambient air quality inthe airshed to ensure that offset provisions are complied with would be the responsibilty of the local or national agency responsible for granting and supervising environmental permits. Project sponsors who cannot engage in the negotiations necessary to put together an offset ‘agreement (for example, due tothe lack ofthe local or national ar (quality management framework) should consider the option of . relying on an appropriate combination of using cleaner fuels, more effective poluion contrls, or reconsidering the selection ofthe proposed project site, The overall objective is that the new thermal power plants should not contibute to deterioration of he already degraded airshed. Energy Efficiency and GHG Emissions Carbon dioxide, one ofthe major greenhouse gases (GHGs) Under the UN Framework Convention on Cimate Change is . emitied from the combustion of fossi fuels. Recommendations to ‘avoid, minimize, and offset emissions of carbon dxide from new ‘and existing thermal power pants include, among others: ‘+ Use of ess carbon intensive fossi fuels (e., ess carbon ‘containing uel per unit of calorie value ~ gas ils than ol ‘and olis less than coal) or coring with carbon neutral fuels ‘same fuel type / powerplant size than that of the countyfregion average. New facies should be aimed to be in top quartile ofthe counrytegion average ofthe same fuel type and powerplant size. Rehabilitation of existing facies must achieve significant improvements in efciency. Typical C2 emissions performance of diferent fuels / technologies, are presented below in Table 4; Consider effciency-relevant trade-offs between capital and operating cost involved in the use of different technologies, For example, supercritical plants may have a higher capital cost than subortical plants forthe same capacity, but lawer operating costs. On the other hand, characteristics of existing and future size ofthe grid may impose limitations in plant size and hence technological choice. These tradeoffs need to be fully examined in the EA; Use of high performance monitoring and process control techniques, good design and maintenance ofthe combustion system so that italy designed efficiency performance can be maintained; ‘Where feasible, arrangement of emissions offsets (including the Kyoto Protoco's flexible mechanisms and the voluntary carbon market, including reforestation, afforestation, or capture and storage of CO2 or other currently experimental options; ‘Where feasible, incl transmission and distribution loss reduction and demand side measures, For example, an investment in peak load management could reduce cycling requirements of the generation faclty thereby improving its operating efficiency. The feasibly of these types of oft set options may vary depending on whether the faity is part of 8 vertically integrated utity or an independent power (ie, biomass); producer + Use of combined heat and power plants (CHP) where © Consider fuel cle emissions and off-site factors (a9, ful feasible, Th applet fcr ape a rage (C0) fam hea ponr ‘+ Use of higher energy conversion efficiency technology ofthe prjcsn sin general sages wate aboath carsranhos ated be given to CCS adydesgn, Sever optons are cuentyunder ‘vation ncudrg COs seep in coal seams o prevention and ental Inaction‘ emhancea ol covery [Patio reareng arcu amiss azul: ae ol et ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008 7BBFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines international THERMAL POWER PLANTS Esrpsration ee supply, proximity to load centers, potential for of site use of waste heat, or use of nearby waste gases (bast furnace gases o coal bed methane) asl.) Water Consumption and Aquatic Habitat Alteration ‘Steam turbines used with boilers and heat recovery steam generators(HRSG) used in combined cycle gas turbine units rr ee ery ae ears mural yoom a condrs stom ved gente Fuel etcieney exe tect, Typ col sens sedi thma pve las ec Te oy me A =o oc: ( enztvosg slg syslom wer sft xlrg oe 3 resins 276-795 water and receiving surface water are available; (i) closed circuit eet ves wat cooing este and (closed cet dry cocng system 38.4 (wo CCS) ("2) 765, (e.g,, air cooled condensers). Lee : cao Combustion facilities using once-through cooling systems require xalenceg e Lge eure far wich re dscagedock esirg Se sur sutace vale wih coated erp. Wales abo reqies Betas 5 ‘rboiermatup esr slo ender, ash har, rd Sane sa nT FO sens. The wthaval of such ag uantios of waar ae * arta = tas te petal cane wih oer imatan wal uses uch Effefoney (% Net, LAV ‘3s agricultural irigaton or drinking water sources. Withdrawal ‘Coal {*3) | 42 (Utira-Supercritcal) Bit ieeeere a and dsr win ead tamper an chic zag zt catia such asides rca ave, fe, my cast Ss avesar| sec onatc ogo rtm phycoon,zcpektn, Lignita | >4%|Coal-F80) <631 (Nel) ‘ish, crustaceans, shellfish, and many other forms of aquatic life i) oe steee Aavaic gers anit coring wotrnak tucus ae Sate] Ps SES eiter ming conocer othe coslg ware £042 (Bor) structure or entrained in the cooling water system itself. In the eg uy inte coors nate sso isl. nt om", (4) 40-45 (HFOILFO ‘case of either impingement or entrainment, aquatic organisms Bh | arpa ee Bias He yb le ube siifcrtham. ln sone cases Ga [ues 7 Te to tite) ogunrsovertpetite re ies air ae na be spect encas about plerainpas ot SS Sara |The cooing vata shcrs lated o arabia areas Gem eas % Sa] 3 sae CHIFET —] PS bat sported enenee, abe ltd specs Geen Ss Sree en ‘Sauree: (*T) US EPA 2006, (2) US DOEINETL 2007, ("3) World Bank, or where local fishery fe active. Conventional ntake structures include traveling screens with relative high through-screen velocities and no fish handling or "The vali of wate ard pact of water use may afc teehee of F6D ‘Dacinanen 19,2008 7UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS retum system.”® Measures to prevent, minimize, and control environmental impacts associated with water withdrawal should be established based on the results ofa project EA, considering the availabilty and use of water resources locally andthe ‘ecological characteristics ofthe project affected area, Recommended management measures to prevent or control Impacts to waler resources and aquatic habitats include’ ‘+ Conserving water resources, particulal in areas wih limited waler resources, by: © Use of aclosed-cyce, recirculating cooing water system (eg, natural or forced draft cooling tower), or closed crcult dry coaling system (eg, air cooled condensers) it necessary o prevent unacceptable adverse impacts. Cooling ponds or cooling towers are the primary technologies for a recirelatng cooling water system. Once-through cooling water systems may be acceptable i compatible withthe hydrology and ecelogy ofthe water source and the receiving water and may be the preferred or feasible alternative for certain pollution control technologies such as seawater scrubbers ‘© Use of dy scrubbers in situations where these contols ate also required or recycling of wastewater in coal-red Plans for use as FGD makeup © Use of aiecooled systems ‘+ Reduction of maximum through-screen design intake velocity 105s; ‘+ Reduction of intake flow tothe following levels: ‘© For teshwater rivers or streams to a ow sufficient to maintain resource use (e.,irigalion and fisheries) as wel as biodiversity during annual mean low flow conditions? system used Le, mets. sey 18 The vbcty general considered uta for ne management bss fps [030m] wih wie mee een a standard mes x powerplant of 38905 "8 Frain infomation ret Stile (208) ad USEPA (200). 2 seam thw queens ay b bast on mean anual bof azn ow ow. Regultyrqurements maybe 5% erg mean anual ows an 10% 0 ‘© Forlakes or reservoirs, intake flow must not disrupt the ‘thermal stratification or turover pattem of the source water ‘© For estuaries or tidal vers, reduction of intake flow to 1% ofthe tidal excursion volume + there are threatened, endangered, or other protected spacies orf there are fisheries wihin the hydraulic zone of influence of the intake, reduction of impingement and entrainment of fish and shellsh by he installation of technologies such as barier nets (seasonal or year-round), fish handing and return systems, fne mesh screens, \wedgewire screens, and aquatic fter barr systems. Examples of operational measures to reduce impingement and entrainment inclde seasonal shutdowns, f necessary, or reductions in fow or continuous use of screens, Designing the location of the intake stucture ina liferent direction or further out nto the water body may also reduce impingement and entrainment, Effiuents Efluens from thermal power plants include thermal discharges, wastewater eluents, and sanitary wastewater. Thermal Discharges ‘As noted above, thermal power plants wit steam-powered (generators and once hrough coaling systems use significant, volume of water fo cool and condense the steam for return othe boller. The heated water is normally discharged back to the source water (ie, river, lake, estuary, or the ocean) or the nearest surface water body. In general, thermal discharge should be designed to ensure that discharge water temperature does nat result in exceeding relevant ambient water qualty temperature standards outside a scientifically established mixing zone. The mixing zone is typically defined as the zone where inital dilution of ‘a discharge takes place within which relevant water quality 25% or mann ow flows. Thi appcabily shoul be vera on ase ‘Dicinanin 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ temperature standards are allowed to exceed and takes into ‘account cumulative impact of seasonal variations, ambient water ‘quali, receiving water use, potential receptors and assimilative capacity amang other considerations. Establishment of such a rmixing zone is project specific and may be established by local regulatory agencies and confrmed or updated through the project's environmental assessment process. Where no regulatory standard exists, the acceptable ambient water temperature change will be established through the environmental ‘assessment process, Thermal aischarges should be designed to prevent negative impacts to the receiving waler taking into account the following criteria ‘© The elevated temperature areas because of thermal clischarge from the project should net impair the integrity of the waterbody as a whole or endanger sensitive areas (such ‘as recreational areas, breeding grounds, or areas with sensitive biota); ‘+ There should be no lethality o significant impact to breeding and feeding habits of organisms passing through the lovated temperature areas; ‘+ There should be no significant risk to human health or the ‘environment due to the elevated temperature or residual levels of water treatment chemicals IF a once-through cooling system is used for large projects (i... a plant with > 1,200Mth steam generating capacity), impacts of thermal cischarges should be evaluated in he EA with a ‘mathematical or physical hyarodynamic plume model, which can be a relatively effective method for evaluating a thermal discharge to find the maximum discharge temperatures and flow rates that ‘ould meet the environmental objectives ofthe recelving water. basking in consiarton resource ve and bodes equrenens 21 example mdels CORMK (Come Vng Zane Expat Syste) ered ming zone congue sun, wich has been developed by he US Envronnental Pr‘ecton Agency. This magel enphaszes precing the Si: an dscarge space gem ard ducer characariss assess 0 ‘rarer Pec of proposed discharge. Recommendations to prevent, minimize, and contol thermal discharges include: Use of mult-por difusers; ‘+ Adjustment ofthe aischarge temperature, flow, outfall location, and outfall design to minimize impacts to acceptable level (.., extend length of discharge channel before reaching the surface water body for pre-cooling or change location of cischarge point to minimize the elevated temperature areas); 1+ Use ofa closed-cyele, recirculating cooling water system as, described above (e.g, natural or forced draft cooling tower), or closed circuit dry coating system (2.9, air cooled condensers) i necessary to prevent unacceptable adverse impacts. Cooling ponds or cooling towers are the primary technologies fo a recirculating cooling water system Liquid Waste ‘The wastewater streams in a thermal power plant include cocling tower bowdown; ash handling wastewater; wet FGD system ischarges; material storage runoff, metal cleaning wastewaler, and low-volume wastewater, such as airheater and preciptator ‘wash water, bole blowdown, bole chemical cleaning waste, flor and yard drains and sump, laboratory wastes, and backtush from ion exchange boiler water punfication units. Allof these wastewaters are usualy present in plants burning coal or biomass; some of these streams (e.9,, ash handing wastewater) may be present in reduced quantities or may not be present at all in oiMfred or gas-fred power plants, The characteristics ofthe wastewaters generated depend onthe ways in which the water has been used. Contamination arises from demineralizers; lubricating and auxiliary ful oils; race contaminants inthe fuel {Introduced through the ash-handiing wastewater and wet FGD system discharges); and chlorine, biocides, and other chemicals sed fo manage the quay of wate in cooling systems. Cooling tower blowdown tends to be very high in total dissolved solids but is generally classified as non-contact cooling waler and, as such, ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS is typically subject to limits for pH, residual chlorine, and toxic chemicals that may be present in cooling tower adltves {including corrosion inhibiting chemicals containing chromium and zine whose use should be eliminated), Recommended water treatment and wastewater conservation methods are discussed in Sections 1.3 and 1.4, respectively, of the General EHS Gui ines. In addition, recommended ‘measures to prevent, minimize, and contol wastewater effluents from thermal power plans include: ‘+ Recycling of wastewater in coal-fired plants for use as FGD makeup. This practice conserves waler and reduces the numiver of wastewater streams requiring treatment and discharge, ‘+ Incoalfred power plants without FGD systems, treatment of process wastewater in conventional physical-chemical {treatment systems for pH adjustment and removal of total ‘suspended solids (TSS), and oll/ grease, ata minimum Depending on local regulations, these treatment systems can ‘also be used to remove most heavy metals to part-per-blion (ppb) levels by chemical precipitation as either metal hydroxide or metal organosulfide compounds, ‘© Collection of fly ash in dry form and bottom ash in drag chain ‘conveyor systems in new coal-fred power plants ‘© Consider use of soot blowers or ther dry methods to remove fireside wastes from heat transfer surfaces so as to minimize the frequency and amount of water used in feside washes; ‘© Use of inflation and runoff contol measures such as ‘compacted sols, protective liners, and sedimentation controls for runof from coal pls; ‘© Spraying of coal piles with anionic detergents to inhibit bacterial growth and minimize acidity of leachate: 2 surabe wastewater sear reuse nde gypsum wash wale ich ‘fee wastewater saan han he FD wastewater. In lash prosice rarelale gypsum the gypsum rsd to remove coe and aber Uncesredle race ements 23 tcl pleura wise vse 3s makowpo he FD syste, aio serge ‘+ Use of SOx removal systems that generate less wastewater, if feasible; however, the environmental and cost characteristics of both inputs and wastes should be assessed on a case-by-case basis; ‘+ Treatment of low-volume wastewater steams that are typically collected inthe boiler and turbine room sumps in conventional ol-water separators before discharge; ‘+ Treatment of acidic low-volume wastewater streams, such as those associated with the regeneration of makeup demineralizar and deep-bed condensate polishing systems, by chemical neutralization in-situ before cischarge: ‘+ Pretreatment of cooling tower makeup wate, installation of aulomated bleedifeed controls, and use of inert construction materials to reduce chemical treatment requirements for coaling towers; ‘© Elimination of motas such as chromium and zine from chemical addives used to control scaling and corrosion in coaling towers: Use the minimum required quantities of chlorinated biocides in place of brominated biocides or altematvely apply intermitent shock dosing of chlorine as opposed to continuous low level feed. ‘Sanitary Wastewater ‘Sewage and other wastewater generated fram washrooms, et. are similar to domestic wastewater. Impacts and management of sanitary wastewaler is addressed in Section 1.3 ofthe General EHS Guideli Solid Wastes CCoal-fred and biomass-red thermal power plants generate the greatest amount of solid wastes due tothe relatively high percentage of ash in the fue. The large-volume coal "nay nase or eee oaring win fe srbber stan. Teretr, se ot ani sutatants on ceal ies shoul be ovals ona case-by-ase bai, 2 For exarle, a S00 MWe lar ng xa wih 25% str (8), 8% 38, and ‘0 000 eles por klogre ket corn i generate Sbout 50 ans of ‘Dicinanin 9, 2008 7BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ combustion wastes (CCW) are fy ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, ‘and FD sludge. Biomass contains less sulur; therefore FGD may not be necessary, Flidized-bed combustion (FBC) bolls generate fy ash and bottom ash, which is called bed ash. Fly ash removed from exaust gases makes up 60-85% of the coal ash residue in puberized-coal boilers and 20% in stoker bol Bottom ash includes slag and partes that are coarser and heavier than fy ash, Due to the presence of sorbent material FBC wastes havea higher content of calcum and sulfate and a lower content of stica and alumina than conventional coal combustion wastes. Low-volume solid wastes from coaHired thermal powerplants and other plants include coal mil rejecsipyies, cooing tower sludge, wastewater treatment sludge, and water reatment sludge. Coil combustion wastes include fy ash and bottom ash and are normally only generated in significant quantities when residual uel ollis bumed in ofed steam electric boilers. Other technologies (29,, combustion turbines and diesel engines) and fuels (e.g. isillate oil) generate litle or no solid wastes. Overall, il combustion wastes are generated in much smaller quantities than the large-volume CCW discussed above. Gas-fred thermal power Plants generate essentially no solid waste because ofthe negligible ash content, regardless ofthe combustion technology. ‘Metals are constituents of concem in both CCW and low-volume solid wastes. For example, ash residues and the dust removed from exhaust gases may contain significant levels of heavy metals ‘and some organic compounds in addton to inert materials Ash residues are not typically classified as @ hazardous waste due to their inert nature * However, where ash residues are expected to contain potentially signficant levels of heavy metals, radioactivity, or other potently hazardous materials, they should be tested at the start of plant operations to verty their Set wast por ay 25 Some counties may clogorue ly ash as hazardous duo presence of esa or reac, pecng is se asa consractn mater classification as hazardous or non-hazardous according to local regulations or internationally recognized standards. Additonal information about the classification and management of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes is presented in Section 1.6 ofthe General EHS Guidelines, ‘The high-volume CCWs wastes are typically managed in lanfils or surface impoundments or, increasingly, may be applied to a variety of benefical uses. Low-volume wastes are also managed in landfills or surface impoundments, but are more frequently managed in surface impoundments. Many coalfied plats co manage large-volume and low-volume wastes Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and contra the volume of said wastes from thermal power plans include: Dry handing of the coal combustion wastes, n particular fly ash. Dry handling methods do not involve surface impoundments and, therefore, do not present the ecological risks identified for impoundments (e.g., metal uptake by wii); ‘© Recycling of CCWS in uses such as cement and other concrete products, construction fils (neluding structural fl, flowable fil, and road base), agricultural uses such as calcium fertiizers (provided trace metals or other potentially hazardous materials levels are within accepted thresholds), waste management applications, mining applications, construction materials (., synthetic gypsum for Plasterboard), and incorporation into other products provided the residues (such as trace metals and radloacvty) ae not considered hazardous. Ensuring consistent quality of fuels. and addtives helps to ensure the CCWs can be recycled. If beneficial reuse isnot feasible, aisposal of CCW in permitted landflls wih environmental controls such as rur-on/run-off controls liners, leachate collection systems, ground-water ‘monitoring, closure controls, daly (or other operational cover, and fugitive dust controls is recommended; ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS ‘© Dry collection of bottom ash and fly ash from power plants ‘combusting heavy fuel oli containing high levels of ‘economically valuable metals such as vanadium and recycle for vanadium recovery (where economically viable) or disposal in a permitted landfill with environmental contol; ‘+ Management of ash disposal and reclamation so as to minimize environmental impacts — especially the migration of toxic melas, if present, to nearby surface and groundwater bodies, in addition tothe transport of suspended solids in surface runaff du to seasonal precipitation and flooding. In paricular, construction, operation, and maintenance of ‘surface impoundments should be conducted in accordance \ith intemationaly recognized standards. 2” ‘+ Reuse of sludge from Leatment of waste waters fom FED plants, This sludge may be re-used inthe FGD plant due to the calcium components, It can also be used as an additive in coal-fired plant comustion to improve the ash melting behavior Hazardous Materials and Oil Hazardous materials slored and used at combustion facilites include sold, liquid, and gaseous waste-based fuels; ar, water, ‘and wastewater treatment chemicals; and equipment and facilty maintenance chemicals (e.g. paint certain types of lubricants, and cleaners). Spill prevention and response guidance is addressed in Sections 1.5 and 27 of the General EHS Guidelines. In aditon, recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and contol hazards associated with hazardous materials storage and handing a thermal powerplants include the use of doublewvald, Underground pressurized tanks fr storage of pure liquefied ammonia (e.g, for use as reagent for SCR in quanttes over 100 2 Ses, fr naole, US. Depron of aber, ir Parnraton regulate al 30 CFR §§ 71214-77216. 2 adoal tae guidanca appeabe oe provenion ard contol pacts tw sol ane water eosres fom non-hazardous ard hazarsous ses wise ‘poss resaradin ba Wess Bark Group EHS Gudelnes le Waste, Menegenar Facies ty and Heath mt tanks of lesser capacity should be manufactured using annealing processes (EC 2006) Noise Principal sources of nese in thermal power plants include the turbine generators and auxiaries; bolers and auxiliaries, such as coal puverizers;recirocating engines; fans and ductwork; pumps; compressors; condensers; precpitators, including rappers ‘and plate vibrators; piping and valves; motors; ransformers; Circuit breakers; and cooling towers. Thermal power plants used for base load operation may operate continually while smaller plants may opera less frequently but stil pose a significant source of noise if located in urban areas, Noise impacts, control measures, and recommended ambient noise levels are presented in Section 1.7 of the General EHS Guidelines. Additional recommended measures to prevent minimize, and control noise from thermal power plants include: ‘+ Siting new faites with consideration of distances from the noise sources to the receptors (e.g, residential receptors, schaols, hospitals, religious places) tothe extent possible. If the local land use isnot controled through zoning or isnot effectively enforced, examine whether residential receptors could come outside the acquired plant boundary. In some cases it could be more cost effective to acquite additional land as buffer zone than relying on technical noise contol measures, where possible; ‘+ Use of noise control techniques such as: using acoustic machine enclosures; selecting structures according to their noise isolation effect o envelop the building: using mufflers or silencers in inlake and exhaust channels; using sound absorptive materials in walls and celings; using viration isolators and flexible connections (eg, helical steel springs and rubber elements); applying a carefuly detailed design to prevent possible noise leakage through openings or to minimize pressure variations in piping, ‘Dacian 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines =) {International THERMAL POWER PLANTS ‘+ Modification ofthe plant configuration or use of noise barriers ‘such as berms and vegetation to limit ambient noise at plant property ines, especially where sensitive noise receptors may be present Noise propagation models may be effective tools to help evaluate noise management options such as alternative plant locations, general arrangement ofthe plant and auxiliary equipment, building enclosure design, and, together with the results ofa baseline noise assessment, expected compliance wit the applicable community noise requirements 1.2 Occupational Health and Safety Occupational health and safety risks and mitgation measures during construction, operation, and decommissioning of thermal power plants are similar to those at other large industrial facies, and are addressed in Section 2.0 of the General EHS Guidelines, In adsion, the following health and safety impacts ‘are of paticlar concern during operation of thermal powerplants: + Nonsonzin radiation + Heat Noise + Confined spaces + Electical hazards ‘+ Fite and explosion hazards Chemical hazards + Dust Nor-ionizing radiation Combustion fcly workers may havea higher exposure to elecic and magnetic field (EMF than the general public due to working in proximity o electric power generators, equipment, and connecting high-voltage transmission Ines. Occupational EMF exposure shouldbe prevented or minimized though the proparation and implementation of an EMF safely program including the folowing components ‘+ Identfication of potental exposure levels inthe workplace including surveys of exposure loves in new projects and the use of personal monitors during working activites; ‘+ Training of workers inthe ientication of occupational levels and hazards; ‘+ Establishment and identification of saety zones to differentiate between work areas with expected elevated EMF levels compared to those acceptable for public exposure, limiting access to properly trained workers; ‘+ Implementation of action plans to address potential or confirmed exposure loves that exceed reference ‘occupational exposure levels developed by international organizations such asthe Intemational Commission on Non= lonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the Insitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Personal exposure monitoring equipment should be set to warn of exposure levels thal are below occupational exposure reference levels (e.g., 60 percent). Action plans to address ‘cccupational exposure may includ limiting exposure ime through wark rotation, increasing the distance between the source and the worker, when feasible, or the use of shielding material Heat ‘Occupational exposure to heat occurs during operation and maintenance of combustion units, pipes, and related hot ‘equipment. Recommended prevention and control measures to ‘address heal exposure al thermal power plants include: ‘+ Regular inspection and maintenance of pressure vessels and Piping: * Provision of adequate ventiaton in work areas to reduce heat and humidity 2 The NIP expos gules for Occupational Expos ae Is in ‘ecton 22 of ie Gud, ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS ‘+ Reducing the time required for workin elevated temperature ‘environments and ensuring access to drinking water, ‘+ Shielding surfaces where workers come in close contact with hot equipment, including generating equipment, pipes ete: ‘+ Use of warning signs near hightemperature surfaces and personal protective equipment (PPE) as appropriate, including insulated gloves and shoes, Noise Noise sources in combustion facilities include the turbine generators and auxiliaries; boilers and auxiliaries, such as pulerizers; diesel engines; fans and ductwork; pumps; compressors; condensers; precptators, including rappers and plate vibrators; piping and valves; motors; transformers; circuit breakers; and cooling towers. Recommendation for reducing noise and vibration are discussed in Section 1.1, above. In addition, recommendations to prevent, minimize, and cantrel ‘occupational noise exposures in thermal power plants include’ ‘+ Provision of sound-insulated control rooms with noise levels below 60 dBA™, ‘+ Design of generators to meet applicable occupational noise levels; ‘+ Identify and mark high noise areas and require that personal noise protecing gear is used al the time when working in ‘such high noise areas (typically areas with noise levels 85, BA, Confined Spaces ‘Specie areas for confined space entry may include coal ash containers, turbines, condensers, and cooing waler towers 2 apandng on he yp and alo eternal power plans, étance between onl oom andthe ris iting sures fe. CSA 2107 58 proves desan (celias or conoloons 3550 c3A. Large Serra powe plans srg seam alr or coravston tia ond be quar tan 60 JBA. Recoocang feng manvacures recommend 5 70488 seas of 60 8A (Eviomst Poston sof My 208). Tiguan recormenes 0 GBA as GIP, wit an Uncerstancing tatu 0 oA can be accep retrain erie poner plas ¢8A secon dk eave (during maintenance activites). Recommend confined space entry procedures are discussed in Section 2.8 of the General EHS. Guidelines. Electrical Hazards Energized equipment and power ines can pose electrical hazards for workers at thermal power plants, Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and contrl electrical hazards at thermal power plants include: ‘© Consider instalation of hazard waming lights inside electrical equipment enclosures to wam of inadvertent energization, ‘+ Use of voltage sensors prio to and during workers’ entrance into enclosures containing electrical components; ‘+ Deactivation and proper grounding of ive power equipment and distribution lines according to applicable legislation and guidelines whenever possible before work is performed on or proximal to them, * Provision of specialized electrical safety training to those workers working with or around exposed components of, electric circuits. This training should include, but not be limited to, raining in basic electrical theory, proper safe work procedures, hazard awareness and identification, proper use of PPE, proper lockouttagout procedures, frst aid including CCPR, and proper rescue procedures. Provisions should be made for periodic retraining as necessary. Fire and Explosion Hazards ‘Thermal powerplants store, transfer, and use large quantities of ‘ues; therefore, careful handing is necessary to mitigate fre and ‘explosion risks. In particular, fre and explosion hazards increase 2s the particle size of coalis reduced. Particle sizes of coal that can fuel a propagating explosion occur within thermal dryers, cyclones, baghouses, oulvrized-ul systems, grinding mill, and other process or conveyance equipment. Fire and explosion prevention management guidance is provided in Section 2.1 and ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ 2.4 of the General EHS Guidelines. Recommended measures to. prevent, minimize, and contol physical hazards at thermal power plans include: ‘© Use of automated combustion and safety controls; ‘+ Proper maintenance of boller safety controls; ‘+ Implementation of startup and shutdown procedures to minimize the risk of suspending hat coal particles (ein the pulverzer, mil, and cyclone) during startup; ‘+ Regular cleaning ofthe facility to prevent accumulation of ‘coal dust (eg, on floors, ledges, beams, and equipment} ‘+ Removal a het spos fom the coal stockpile (caused by spontaneous combuston} and spread untl cooled, never: loading hot coal into the pulverized fuel system: ‘+ Use of automated systems such as temperature gauges or ‘carbon monoxide sensors to survey sali fuel storage areas to detect fires caused by selFigntion and to identify isk points Chemical Hazards Thermal powerplants utlize hazardous materials, including ‘ammonia for NOx control systems, and chlorine gas for treatment cof coaling tower and boler water. Guidance on chemical hazards managements provded in Section 24 ofthe General EHS Guidelines, Additional, recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and contol physical hazards at thermal power plants include: ‘+ Consider generation of ammonia onsite from urea or use of ‘aqueous ammonia in place of pure liquefied ammonia; ‘© Consider use of sodium hypochlorite in place of gaseous chlorine. Dust Dustis generated in handing solid fuels, aves, and solid wastes (eg. ash). Dust may contain silica (associated with silcosis) arsenic (skin and lung cancer), coal dust (black ung), and other potentially harmful substances. Dust management guidance is provided in the Section 2.1 and 2.4 ofthe General EHS Guidelines. Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, ‘and contro occupational exposure to dustin thermal power plants include ‘+ Use of dust controls (e.g, exhaust ventilation) to keep dust below applicable guidelines (see Section 2) or wherever f slica levels in arbome dust exceed 1 percent; ‘+ Regular inspection and maintenanoe of asbestas containing materials (.g, insulation in older plants may contain asbestos) to prevent arbome asbestos particles 1.3 Community Health and Safety Many community health and safety impacts during the construction, operation, and decommissioning of thermal power blant projects are common to those of mostinfastucture and industial facilites and are discussed in Section 3.0 te General EHS Guidelines, In addon to these and otner aspects covered in Section 1.1, the folowing community health and safety impacts may be of particular concern for thermal power plant projects: ‘+ Water Consumption; © Trafe Safety Water Consumption Boiler units require large amounts of cooking wate for steam condensation and efcient thermal operation. The cooing water {ow rate trough the condense by far the largest process water flow, normally equating to about 98 percent of the total process water flow forthe ent unit, n a once-through cooing water system, water is usually taken into the plant fom surface waters, but sometimes ground waters or municipal suplies ae used, “The potential effacts of water use shouldbe assessed, as ciscussed in Section 3.1 of the General EHS Guidelines, to ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines {International THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ ensure thatthe project does not compromise the availabilty of water for personal hygiene, agriculture, recreation, and other community needs. Traffic Safety Operation ofa thermal powerplant willnrease tafe volume, in particular for facilities with fuels transported via land and sea, including heavy trucks caring fuel, adelives, etc, The increased trate canbe especialy significant in sparsely populate areas where some thermal power plans are located, Prevention and contl of traffeelated injures are dscussedin Section 34 of the General EHS Guidelines. Water transport safety is covered in the EHS Guidelines for Shipping ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 7UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS 2.0 Performance Indicators and Monitoring 2.1 Environment Emissions and Effluent Guidelines Effluent guidelines are described in Table 5. Emissions guidelines are described in Table 6. Effluent guidelines are applicable for direct discharges of treated effluents to surface waters for general Use. Site-specific discharge levels may be established based on the availabilty and conditions in the use of publicly operated sewage collection and treatment systems or, i ischarged directly to surface waters, on the receiving water use clasiication as described in the General EHS Guideline, Guideline values for process emissions and efluents inthis sector are indicative of {good international industy practice as reflected in standards of counties with recognized regulatory frameworks. These levels should be achieved, without dition, at least 95 percent ofthe time that the plant or unis operating, to be calculated as a proportion of annual operating hours. Deviation from these levels, ‘due to specic local project conditions should be justified in the environmental assessment. ey Ce ieee ner a) system, wet ash transport, washing bolle / alr preheater and Ede Peer enero eee peer eee fecure irene) pa 6-8 188 @ ‘i and grease 1, Total residual wz chrine ‘Chromium Total v5 (cr) ‘Copper (Cu) ms Iron (Fe) 10 Zine fn) 0 Load (Pb) us ‘Cadmium (a). ar Mercury (Hg) 0.005 ‘Arsenic (As) 05 Temperature + Sie spec requremerttobeesabished increase by bythe EA, thermal discharge | + Clvatadtamporatue seas duo to from cooling <éscharge of ence-trough cookng water system (9, 1 Celsius above, 2Ceivs above, 3 Cats above ambient water temperature) Should be minimized by adjusting irik and outfall design through he project specie EA depending onthe sensitive aquatic ecosystems around the discharge porn ‘Nols Repay obaxy meals hculbeGelarined We ER Gadsine lis int Table eo vrs rolex of uel partarrance by ‘heal owe pis Emissions levels forthe design and operation ofeach project should be established through the EA process onthe basis of country legislation and the recommendations provided inthis (uidance document, as applied to local conditions, The emissions levels selected shouldbe jusifed in the EA.” The maximum ‘emissions levels given here can be consistently achieved by well- designed, well-operated, and well-maintained palion control systems. In contrast, poor operating or maintenance procedures affect actual pollutant removal eficiency and may reduce it to well {Fer exaple, n cates whe pana fo ac dposion as bos red as a sinieant su nthe EA, plat design an operation shoul ensure hat. forissons mass aigs ae elective raduado prover mince such impact. DacioaneR 19,2008UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS below the design specification. Dilution of air emissions to achieve these guidelines is unacceptable. Compliance with ‘ambient ar quality guidelines should be assessed on the basis of (geod international industy practice (GIIP) recommendations, {As described in the General EHS Guidelines, emissions should not result in polltant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ‘ambient qually guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or inthe absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines®, or other interationaly recognized sources®, Aso, emissions from a single project should not contribute more than 25% of the applicable ambient air qualty standards to alow additonal, future sustainable development inthe same aished. * ‘As described in the General EHS Guidelines, facilities or projects located within poor qualty arsheds', and within or next fo areas established as ecologically sensitive (2.9, national parks), should ensure that any increase in polution levels is as small as feasible, ‘and amounts toa fraction of the applicable short-term and annual average air qually guidelines or standards as established in the project-specific environmental assessment Environmental Monitoring Environmental monitoring programs for his sector are presented in Table 7, Monitoring data shoulé be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with te operating standards so 3 abort ar quay standard are antiont realty ees estbsed ane bled trough naonal ogi and equa processes, aa ation {ually gulnos orto arin! ual lve prirary dveoped trough {lca clog] and epgarilgcal evidence (such as thse publsed by the Won Heath Oanizate), 5 availa Wot Heats Orgarizatn (WHO) hp eon 5 For eal Unt States National Abin Quality Standards (NAAQS) (sca coaierera nr) and the relat European Cael Decbes (Count Drecove1994200C c22 Al 199 | Courcl Drcrve 20021 of Fray 122002 3 USEPA Prevention of Sqft DstsovaonPremers Lins appeabe 0 renegade ached 35 in raha shuld be considered os having prs cusyfnasnaly logistec a qualy standards or WHO Ae Qaly Genes ar exceeded Stic that any necessary corrective actions can be taken, Examples of ‘emissions, stack testing, ambient alr qualty, and noise monitoring recommendations applicable to power plants are provided in Table 7. Additonal guidance on applicable sampling and analytical methods for emissions and effluents is provided inthe General EHS Guidelines. ‘Dacinanen 19,2008 ©SRIFC coviconmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines International THERMAL POWER PLANTS. Corper tion See WORLD BANE GROUP Table 6 (A) - Emissions Guidelines (in glNm® or as indicated) fr Reciprocating Engine Tce gaan Se enter tee ee piierrnc neta eee are) apse Mion el oan ene ee ee tere Cede eee) eee ei eee ei err eee eet errr er ne en or eT Bet eee eee ee nt nee ee ae eens Sie eee eee ee eet etd CT) Fe Ce) coe ee eee ee NA] NA | NIK NA 400 (Dual Fuel) 400 (Dual Fuel ! (a) chy Tara PaDmMMNGTMN la Tay maces fons [etormemascmnece, | * wom Bien aT PTT Pe Sn PERT a a RTS LB = SE Sa TR TER TTT TTT} PAT sof LNA NA and Liquid Fuels. Gas), 400 (other) a ‘Mw = Magawattharmal ington HHV basis N= net aplcabl; NDA = Nen graded ashes: DA = Degraded sos (ca sir ult: shod shoul be consider as beng dara i naira legis a quay standards ae exceeded other absence WHO Art Gul Guiles te excess sits S= scone (expressed as percent by asi at ‘one amesoheri press, O degre Celsis, Mh cateary sto apply to Be etre falcons o mute unis tat are reasonably cansierod io be ented fom commen sack. Guielne Tims appt faces oprasng more tan £00 nous per ya. Emeson lle haul be avaloed ona an hour average bois nde acheved 5% enue paring Mas {a} Conpeosiongnson (canines may raquo rot arsine vals when shou ool anacsa-b-ano bas vough ho Eh procs, CConparion athe Guan ints ih standards selected counties ron os of August 2008) Natal Gases Recproeing Engne NOx 12 Gude rit: 20 (S400 (OF) 5 UK: 00 1),US: Reduce by 90% or mar, alma 18 gn uid Fete Ractrocaing Engine NOx Plnit>80 MWh D8 MIM) Gene kits 480 (Cl bor ize ler 00mm) ,€50 (Coe se ameter > 400 mm), 2000 OF) ‘UK: 300(> 25, da 1460 (iba area 875 MN 190 MT), Rural ares & 150 Me 380M) uid Fused Racirocang gin -NOx Plt 2200 Mt) ‘2 Gulden mts. 70 (canoget ypon water ealeley fr eecion) “&_UK: 500 (> 25 ey, sia TA (Leban tea &> 75 (= 190 MM), Rul area &> 160M (= 380 MN) uid Fuekered Reciprocating Engine S02 12 Guilin iis 170 er reo 25 5 (lat >50 MMR o <0 MN, 55 or usw os 15 (Pan 2300 Mt) 9 EU Use fw floors secantary FGD (PCC LCP BREF), MEO § canen = 1% (Laud Fuel Quay Deine), US: Use of seul wih max of 50 pm (0.5%); EU: Maine EO S conan 18% (id Ful Gul Ores used in SOx Ension Corel Aes, Urban («2% §), Real (4%), Only dsl Ns (480, LDO) shove used nba Sours: UK (S2 108 Conbusion Processes: Conpresson lies Engrs, 5M and over, da (SOWNOx Emission Stance: Dosl Enis > 0.8 MW), EU (PCC LCP BREF Jl 2006), EU (guid ual uly Dreaive 1991316 amenses ny 205506 C) US INSP fer Saionary Compression Igniton irral Canbuston Engine — Final Rul- Jy, 2006), ‘DECEMBER TD, 200 aGUC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Intematcnal THERMAL POWER PLANTS Corporation baiting WORD ORDUP ‘Table 6 (B) - Emissions Guidelines (in mg/Nn® or as indicated) for Combustion Turbine Guidelines are applicable for new facilites. EA may justify more stringent or less stringent limits due to ambient environment, technical and economic considerations provided there is compliance with applicable ambient ir quality standards and incremental impacts are minimized Fe ee ee ee et en Pee en ar cca en Impacts on the environment and community health, and (i) cost and technical feasibility of bringing the existing emission lvels to meet these new facies limits. Cee ee ee Gee at ee i ee eee een) Reon Combustion Technology Fue! ore or ea eet Peery Cbs eo Po Natural Gas allurbine pes ofUnit> somen) | NIK] NANA. Nh ST Sop) 1% Foal tir an Natural Gas (Ua > SOW) st [90 | Useartier | Ueotosnar | MCFRnP = bessStid | bss 5 Canara ~_Mlth= Mogawat temalinat on HAY basis; NI = ot applet; NDA = Nor de gaded ashod DA = Degraded ashe gor a quail Aste shou be cons oda being degrade analy egsted a ual standares ae exceeded a nth absence, # WHO Ar Qualty Guidelines ae exceesas sigan = suf conn (expressed space by mass; Nt ist tne atosprere peste, O ogre Celsius, Mtn category's apply tosh unis; Gul ts agltofaciles operng mae an 600 hows per ea. Ervssion vel should be ‘alt ona ee hour averaga bass ard be aciavod 85% of ral operatg haus = Tvppanaril fing vos aa contrac cyl ga utie mot, be lear gudlne lis for combustion ins shel be ahevd inluig emissors om hose suplemenal eng uns (eg, auclaunes} = (@) Testnelogal erences (or axanple the use of Asradevaties) may eq iferent emissions vues wich saul be evalised ona caserby-cse bas trough he EA process ut wich $hould not exces 20 mg. Compaen othe Guten ms wih standards of selced counties elon (as of Angus 00) ‘Natal Gases Combustion Tatra = NOx Galina mis: 51 (25 em), ‘EU: 50(24 pam), 75 (37 sp) combed eye filncy > 55%), 509/35 wher n= single cycle enc) ‘US: 25 pom (80 Bush (= 14.5 MA) and 860 MBI = 20M) 15 apm E50 MIB (= 248) 1 (Nol. rhe reduced NOx ap inte range ofc 9 ppm spiel requred soup a peri quid Fuel rd Combustor Tune —NOe (© Gulp tints: 15274 gp) Hoary Duty Frane Tunes & LFOMFO, 300148 sp) ~Asrodovales& HO, 200 (7 pp) Aarederetves BLED © _ EU: 120 (68 pm), US. 7é pom (> 50 NNBiu (= 46 MU) and B50 ABI (= 2494), 42 ppm 80 IMB (= 249M) quid Fueled Combustor Tube ~ SOx (2 Gulp its: Use of oss Sul ‘EU: Santa oflipt ul ol usedin ga turines blow 0.1% | US: Scart of abou 0.05% canon ae) and 0.4% ra-conneral ae) Sours: EU LOP Dresve 2010EC Ocober 23 200), EU (Lgl Fuel ually Dreaive 199S2IEC, 20SEC), US (NSPS fr Siteray Comausion Tubies, Final Rue — Jl 62008) ‘DECEMBER TD, 200 aSRIFC coviconmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines International THERMAL POWER PLANTS. Corper tion See WORLD BANE GROUP Table 6 (C) - Emissions Guidelines (in mgINm* or as indicated) for Boiler STE acaael rel EA may justly more stringent or less stringent limits due to ambient environment, technical and economie considerations provided ther is compliance with applicable ambient air quay standards and incremental impacts are minimized Fete ee Se eee ee ea oe one Impacts on the environment and community health, and (i) cost and technical feasibility of bringing the existing emission levels to meet these new facltis limits A should demonstrate that emissions do not contribute a signtican potion tothe attainment of relevant ambient air quality guidelines or standards, and more Pee en See Fe at) Pere eae Pe re renee im Baur a m0 7 os Cie Cano Fa spo oa ar 3 qua Fut Pantsomim faro-ta~ [ao | a0 20 2% iF Pant @ |» [aeem [aw [ow 2 % oF sotaruce Panosowmnnwccomnn [si |s [ei-asim [ao |S. snaeuemamratiacine ~ *% Sol Fue PRANAB) baa Ta Ga General eter *_Mth= Magawat ernlinat n HH basis NI = ot ppt; NDA = Nor ceraded ashed; DA = Degraded ashe por aqui: Ashe shoul be cons ered a being dogradedit atonal eps a quay slndares are oxceodod ar nh sare, # WHO Ar Qually Gulelines exceaeessgneaniy, CFS = cruaing fies bod cna; PC=plvtaos coal fed, Na aon anosshee poss. 0 dogao Cals, Mh aap isto ap tho en acl canssing of utp unt ha re reasoraly conse lobe onied to a cman Stak. Cuielne iis apt alts operang mre han 500 has pe year. Emssin bel shal be erated on one her strage basis and be cteved 5% of anrulapraang Favs. = a Tayeing the lomer gine ales and reaping sues rei o quay of aatal cst fecveness of contol on sal ils, andthe poet fr hgher energy canveson ‘fires FD may cansura tween 0% an 5% o lect gearated bythe slat. Targong the war quienes values and rcogrizng vai in approach oth maragorant of 0 isons (uel quay vs. se of secondary cons andthe polenta orig energy comverson efcences (GD may consume Dewesn 05% ard 1.6% of elec generate ibe pl Lager plans re exgele shave aeiloalamson carol maotie, Selaien ol De enn evel ne range it be delemine by Ex conierng be acts sual, devecpren Impact and costbee! he pluton cool pornanos.c. Sake doles may equa dfeor enisons vss Which sto be evsad on a case-yycae bass Croup Me EA process Compaen fb Guten mits wh standards of slcod counts ego (ao! Agus 2008) Nur Gessred Sole -NOx Gulp nis: 280 ‘EU: 18060200 Mh, 200 (200 MN) = Sold Fuee-tred Bolbr- PM © Gatling mis 5 12. EU: 50 (601m 100 I, 30 10 MM, Chin: 50, as: 100-150 = Sold Fucker Botee— 0, ‘© Gulp ins: 9001520 Pant» 50 Mths < 600 NAR), 200-850 (Pan 620M) EU: 880 60-100.) 200 Toa MW) (© US: 180 np goss onary supa OR 9S ecucon («200 mgd al BO: assuring 38% HAV fiery) ‘> China 40 (general, 809 fusing od «12,550 i), 1200 (fresno plan sate in nor-soutle cont area of wesiem ein antigo Scxl(0.5%)) Source: £U LOP Deore 2018UEC Oster 23 20), US INSP for lc Ul Sear Ganaatng Uns Subpart Da), Final ula oe £3,200), Cina (6 1822320 ‘DECEMBER TD, 200 zGF International Finance Corporation Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines ‘THERMAL POWER PLANTS. WORLDBAWEGROUP ‘Table 7 ~ Typical Air Emission Monitoring Parameters | Frequency for Thermal Power Plants (Note: Detailed monitoring programs should be determined based on EA) Se Ce Bem ii Pere Pn) ey ce r= ie ried Sr algae Pane | NA NA Caw [WA [WA [Real [NA roenenalentsondonsy aoe | HEAR ‘Natural Gas (Plant >= 300_| WA We Cenruous WA [NR | Arnoat WR eh ceacserrenetet ta00 | ‘idental er ‘ual sands ert tao | SSS Teak Pant MINTS] Coo | Coan TSS] Coa onan Sorte apo “avo wi) indeave | eurosarmnise | indeave soni reat a swan | Hobos Be by Sonar, onual jiSOxNOxtaboconson in | Hee 7 thereat aber 3 q.liy sands nei Tiga an SHON] Corin Taine fasclran nbart a: aa ‘onan indeatve rontarg seta ameirun of | gle. Tae Carinae | NR Caine [al] Wa] Ral PW Hues ever pees | et ce inset inate pred coneaton ot /snssie | bundy ‘een esas pont (eo, on) fe, condt Natural Gas(alturane NA NB Ceniniusor TNA YA] Amal PNA Wromertat irae reds bya | Ben. con ‘ype of Un > SM) iesesore Bhoteloertsettrmanbartar | AM ase Fuss er than Natural] Conus | Common FSO] Canis ‘auly sands ane ne ty «200 | Menrag oy Gentumessonmay | edeave | wancdornener | rdeaoe M0 aotreeren ysconers Aes Wonporenterseitebypesne | 7d salesmen average orb cTetonces = Seanenl marl erpl (e. Weekasasen) x parameters content contruowsar [NA [NA | Armat—[ Nik | ahha revel a auly scares, | Elmnatont Natural cas Na NA cane sate mong omual | Annsal | Arnal | NA feciveness ofthe ambien ar qulty | $ONne regret TaaF antiga shoul bs vines Sn ca foe fends amotederccd | meant TonmsaesT FED iaterabr poyan sgvopesle. | Sater aren igus ant >s0 meno Gomes TTT conasis or Iealgovermen'smendsing neo, Matera aro ee gear | inate Cenipstn ofthese sews lcs tecrenin ge Boch pn | 8 POR Liquid Plant >=e00 MMH) | Centos son ieee sentverecpirs orf | secede nics | —__ rrrsediisarenotr bat | OSE Sola penissowwnie | "| CRNSSTFSO | Con ‘Shomreromnarainy sonics, Db eee ieuresormaniee | arin raise ty Sonor, Sona Sl Plan 0) Contras ‘udelns. TCS a CORR RTS IR TRS SSSR TT A eo ET a DECEMBER TS, 2008 aBBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ 2.2 Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines (Occupational heath and safety performance should be evaluated against internationally published exposure guidelines, of which examples include the Threshold Limit Value (TLV®) ‘occupational exposure guidelines and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®) pubished by American Conference of Govemmentalindustial Hygienists (ACGIH), tho Pocket {Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the United States, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH).*” Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) published by the Occupational Safely and Heath Administration of the United States (OSHA, * Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values published by European Union member states, or other similar sources. ‘Additonal indicators specically appicable to electric power sector activites include the ICNIRP exposure lmils for ‘occupational exposure to electric and magnetic feds iste in Table 8. Additonal applicable indicators such as noise, clectrcal hazard, ar qualty, ot, ae presented in Section 2.0 ofthe General EHS Guidelines. Pete exposure to electric and magnetic fields. Frequency ete Fit (vin) | Maprt Fit (Ty ‘S0Hz 000 500 one a0 a8 ‘Sours: IENRP (1986): "Guidlnes Ing exposure a tearing ete, maprl, and eecromagrai fel (p 300 Gi), pep ah or TL® Aalbers rT) and tpi apn gsr! 3 aval a hp: ce. gownoshingt 38 grail a: hip ska gop oshanshowadep.sbow document abe=STANDAR each suintgoed pratcaisslsoel Accident and Fatality Rates Projects should try to reduce the number of accidents among project workers (whether directly employed or subcontracted) to arate of zero, especialy accidents that coud result in last wark time, ctferent levels of cisbilty, or even fatalities. The accident and fealty rates ofthe specific facility may be benchmarked ‘agains the performance of faites i his sector in developed countries through consultation with published sources (e.g, US Bureau of Labor Statistics and UK Health and Safety Executive)" Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring ‘The working environment shoud be moritored fr occupational hazards relevant fo the spect project. Monitoring should be designed and implemented by accredited professionals" as part of an occupational heath and safety monitoring program. Faaites should also maintain a record of occupational accidents and iseases and dangerous occurences and accidents, Adonal guidance on occupational heath and safely monitoring programs is provided in the General EHS Guidelines. © pvainbeat be gol ana pwn se gov aklsassesindex en “pected prtessorals mayne Cered Industral Hygeriss, Registra OcopatoalHypnss, oCaedSalayProessonas hi muna. ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008 mUFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS International Einar Corporation 3.0 References and Additional Sources ‘Amaran Soity for Tesi an Valor (ASTM) E 1856.02, Standard Guide for Slcson of Envronmertl Noe Massuramensané Cora, Janay 2003, ANZECC (Ausaln and New Zeeland Ervrorment and Canseraton Cour) 1862 Natoral waar quay marageentsstegy Austalon wate quly iets ros ad marine wal. SEN 0-642 182973.Austalan an New ZaslndSrironmantand CoraratonCaune,Carbera he 2400 Naw oan, Conmiasion of Eopean Communes (CEC). 1288-Eurpeancammuniy ircmena lgsn: 1987-1987. Document Nunbor XISSUB7. recor rar or Enirrment Consame recon and Naser Sey. Battal, Belpum. 22 po. Erma, 2008, Viol Bank Inimatona France Caroaton Gonetal Encarta Heath and Slt Giles, Poston Papa. Novonber 2008. European Commission (EC), 2001. Mopated Palin Prevention ard Coxtol (PoC) Refereoa Durer on he Aplesion Bat Ava Techiques | Indust Coot Sysoms,Docenber 2001 European Conmision (EC), 208, agra Potuton Proventan and Conta Reference Dooument on Bes viable Tecmnqu BREF) for Large Comboston Pas, ly 208, 6.6. Olver and Fic, pan Applied Stanoes Li, Towards a Water ‘ually Gude or Temoeiaie inthe Province f Bish Colunbia, Mach a0 Inlmsonal Enrgy Agency. 2007. Fos FuaL Feed power Gararaton. Case Stats of Race Constci Coal- ant Gas-Sed Power Plats Irismsional Ogeniston fo Standardzston, BOIS 1896-22, nuts — Deszrpn, assessment ard neasuonent a rwormertal nase Pat 2 Determination of envronmetl nie vel Jamaica. 2006, The Naural Resouroee Conseretn Aulory Ac. The Natural Resouces Cononaton Aumont (At Quay) Regus, 2008, NRC. 2002. Coal Waste Ingoundnts: iss, Responses, and Ama Conte en Goa Waste Inpavrenens, onmitae on Earh Resour, Seances and Resources, Notonal Research Coun ISBN: fil Jounal of te European Communes. 2001. Diectve 200181 of ‘be Euopaan Parlament an abe Coun! 23 Ober 2001 en iason ‘esos feta plus ito tear rom lage combust plas People's Repub of China. 2003, NetonlSancrd ofthe People’s Repuilc ‘Chine, GB 13223200, Eisen Stncas oA Potts fot Thermal Power Panis, Dacambar 2,203. Repub fe Phipins. 1898. DEN® Atinstave Oe No 20008 RABTAS: The Pipe Clan Ar Act of 1888 aa fs Inplamenting Rules ard Regulatens.Docambar 201, Sctnmote, rian K 2064, "Seton 316) Regulations. The Yard Yang of Fish Surv ang PowerPlant Operation Power Engasrng lly 2008.28, Taveras, Stes end Janie Chapa 198, Clean Coa Toemelogies or Develop Couns. Wot Ban Techncal Paper 26, Energy Series, Washington, DC. The Gaza of da. 2002. Wns of Encore and Fors Nttcaon, New Dal he of uy, 2002. Erssion Standards fr Diesel Engines Erne Rating Moe Than 08 MW (00k for Powe lan, Generar Se pica snd Otter Requirements “he st of lcicl and Elector Engneas, he. (EEE), EE Guitar Powe Stton Noise Con, FEF St 640-985, 1085 LUNPEDE /EURELECTRIC 1987. Wastewater euents Tecnology, Theral (Genraton Study Commitee, 20:64 THERCHIN 20.05 THERRES, Apel 197 LUNPEDE, 1998, Wasionale an waar residue manager Repuans Tharmal Geneon Sy Coritae, 20.05 THERRES, February 108 {Us Deparment of Energy (DOE) Natal Energy Technology Labraloy (NETL, 207. Cos: ana Perfomance Basene fe Foss Ene Pans US. Enarenmentl Protectan Agency (PAL 1884, Water ually Stndares Handbook: Second Eon EPAE22- 886.080) Agus 884 Us. Ensonmental Protection Agency (PAL, "888, Sate water ually sandads surmary: Dstt of Calurba. EPA 44085 46-47 Ceara ane Standars ivson W585). Ofc of iter Regulars ant Stndaas, Wastin, Dist of Couba. 7p. Us. Ervrenmental retecton Agcy (EPA, 1867. EPA Oe of Constance ‘Seca Nelebeak Project Profs fhe ssi Fuel let Power Genera nous, EPASTORST-007, Sopomber 197 US. Envronmenal Prien Agency (EPA), 200. Federal Regi Vol 66 No. 243, Nana Potuat Dschage Eman Stan Regulators ‘tssngCocling Water ktake Sects fr New Faciis, Dcerba 18, 2001p. 65258 55, U.S. Enwronmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005 Cantley Emssns am Coal Fred Elie Uily Soles: An pda. Ar Paluon Prevetton and Cara Dan Nara Risk Management Research LabraoyOfon of Research and ovement. Us Ensvenmental Protection Aguncy (EPA), 2008, Federal Regt VoL. 71, No, 129, Sans of Paremance for Saonary Combuston Tubes; nal ul, dy 6, 2006p. 3648228606, Us. Ensonmental Protein Agency (EPA), 2008, Feral Repsol. 7 No. 122, Slandarts of Paremanes for taonary Compression gr Ina Conausion Engnes; Fal Ru, Jl 11, 2008 pp. 39154-3014 US. Eniteomenil Prolecan Agency (A), 2008, Final Report. Enionrstl Folpnts ard Cov of CosbBasod aralod Gocaton CConbinas Cycle ard Puveraae Coal terete, Jal 2006, Us Snitonmental Protection gency (EPA), 2007. Federal Reise! Vol. 72 No. 13, Amandmens te New Sauce Peromance Standards (NSPS) for Ecc iy Steam Geran Unt and Insta commrci sional ‘Steam Gantatng Unt: ral Rue una 12. 207 pp 2271032768 Us. Envionmenal Priston Agency (EPA), 2008, Fadel Repsol. 73, No. 13 Slandal ofPeoranoe fa Sisienary Spar onion Maral CCmbusten Engaes ant Nana Emission landarts fr Hazardous At Palais fr Resprocaing heal Carbusson Engines Fal le. pp588- se West Vga Wate Reseach Itt, 208, Guidance Document or Coal Wasi irpounerent Facies & Coal Wala impoundmertspecson Fer, spinon, WV. Deserber 200. WHO (Were Heath organization. 200. Ar uly Gudetnes Goel Update 2005 Parclate mat, zoe, nltogan dale an shut di. Wotd Heat Orgarizaon Regional fice for Europe Copenhagen, 2000. Ai ‘lly uelies a Eurpe, 2c ein, 2000. Wot BancGroup, Pallon Prevention ard Abatement Handbook 108, Wot Banc Apr 2006. Clan Energy and Deveepment: Towards an lesen Fraavor Wotd BancGroup. Sep 2008. Techical and Esonenic Assessment of OF (Gi Mle and Gr beeen Tesholgies Surarary Resor. ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 @BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ Annex ‘Terral power plants bum fossil fuels or biomass to generate clectcal energy and heat. Mechanical power is produced by a heat engine, which transforms thermal energy rom combustion of a fossil ful into rotatonal energy. A goneratr converts that mechanical energy ilo electcal energy by creating relative motion between a magnet field ard a conductor. Figure Act is ‘a generalized flow diagram of abole-based thermal power plant and its associated operations. Notall thermal energy can be transformed to mechanical power, ‘according tothe second law of thermadynamics, Therefore, thermal power plans also preduce low-temperature heat. Ifo se is found forthe hel, itis lotto the environment. If reject heat is employed as useful heat (eg, fr industrial processes or istrict heating), the power plants refered to asa cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heal-and-power) plant. Types of Thermal power plants Thermal power plans canbe divided based on the ype of combustion or gasicalion: bois, intemal eiprocaing engines, and comausontubins, In addition, combined-cycle and cogeneration systems increas efcioncy by utzng heat ost by conventional combustion systems. The type of system is chosen based on the loads, the availabilty of fuels, and the energy requiemens ofthe electric power generation faclly. Other ancy processes, suchas coal processing ard polation cont, must also be performed to support the generaton of elec. The flowing subsections descibe each system and then discuss ancillary processes at the facility (USEPA 1997). Boilers (Steam Turbines) Conventional steam-producing thermal powerplants generale clecticty through a series of energy conversion stages: fuel is bumed in bolers to conve waler to high-pressure steam, which is thon used dv a steam tine fo gnorateoloctily. Hea forthe : General Description of Industry Activities system is usually provided by the combustion of coal, natural 928, ci, or biomass as well as other types of waste or recovered fuel. High-temperature, high-pressure sleam is generated in the boiler and then enters the steam turine, At the other end ofthe steam turbine isthe condenser, which is maintained at alow temperature and pressure. Steam rushing from the high- pressure boiler tothe low-pressure condenser drives the turbine blades, which powers the electric generator. Low-oressure steam exiting the turbine enters the condenser shell ands condensed on the condenser tubes, which are maintained at alow temperature by the flow of cooling water. As the steams cooled to condensate, the condensate is transported by the boller feedwater system back to the bol, itis used again, A constant flow oflow-temperature cooling water in the condenser tubes is required to keep the condenser shel (team side) at proper pressure and to ensure efcientelectcty generation. Through the condensing process, the cooling water is warmed. If the cooling system is ‘am open ora once-through system, this warm water i released back to the source water body. Ina closed system, the warm water is cooled by recirculation through cooling towers, lakes, ponds, where the heats released into the air through evaporation andor sensible heat transfer. Ifa recirculating cooling system is used, only relatively small amount of make Up waler is required to offset the evaporative losses and cooling tower blowdown that must be cischarged periodically to contol the build-up of solids. A recirculating system uses about one- ‘wantieth the water of a once-through system. wh ‘Steam turbines typically havea thermal eficincy of about 35 percent, meaning that 35 percent ofthe heat of combustion is transformed int elecicty, The remaining 65 percent of the heat ether goes up the slack (typical 10 percent) ris £21 groundwater is us fo coat, tb coding wales usualy discharge oa ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 %BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ ischarged wi the condenser cooing water (ypicaly 85 percent). Coal and lignite are the most common fuels in thermal power plants although heavy fuel olis also used. Coal-fired steam goneration systems are designed o use pulverized coal or crushed coal. Several types of coa-fred steam generators are in use, and are generally classified based on the characteristics ofthe coal fed to the bumers andthe mode of buming the coal In uidized-bed combustors, fuel materials are forced by gas into state of puoyancy. The gas cushion between the solds allows the paticles to move freely, thus Nowing Ikea quid. By Using this technology, S02 and NOx emissions are reduced because an SO: sorbent, such as limestone, can be used eficienty. Also, because the operating temperature is low, the ‘amount of NOx gases formed is lower than those produced Using conventional technology. Natural gas and liquid fuels are usually transported to thermal ower plants via pipelines. Coal and biomass fuels can be transported by rail, barge, or truck. In some cases, coal is ‘mixed with water to form slumy that can be pumped tothe thermal power plant in a pipeline. Once coal arves atthe plant, itis unloaded to storage or direct to the stoker or hopper, In transporting coal during warmer months and in dry climates, dust suppression may be necessary. Coal may be cleaned and prepared before being ether crushed orpulverized. Impurities in coal such as ash, metals, slica, and sufur can cause boiler fouling and slagging, Coal clearing can be used fo reduce sullur in the coal to meet sullur dioxide (S02) emissions regulations and also reduce ash content and the amount of heavy metals, Cleaning the coal is costly, but the cost can be at east partly offset by an increase in fuel ficiency, reduced emission contol requirements, and lower waste management costs, Coal cleaning stypcaly performed ‘race waterbody. atthe mine by using gravity concentration, fotaton, or dewatering methods. Coals transported from the coal bunker or silo to be crushed, ground, and dried futher before itis fired in the burner or combustion system. Many mechanisms can be used fo grind the coal and prepare it for fring. Pulverizers, cyclones, and stokers ar all used to rind and dry the coal. Increasing the coals particle surface area and decreasing its moisture content realy boosting its heating capacity. Once prepared, the coals sransported within the plan tothe combustion system, Devices atthe bottom ofthe bors catch ash andlor slag Reciprocating Engines Intel combustion engines conver the chemical energy of fuels (ypicaly dese ful or heavy fuel ol) nto mechanical energyin a design similar to @ tuck engine, andthe mechanical energy used fo tum a generator. Two types of engines normally used: the mediumsspeed,fourstroke bunk piston engine andthe w-speed, two-stroke crosshead engine, Both types of engine operate onthe a-standard desel thermodynamic cycle. Airis drawn or forced into a cyinder and is compressed by a piston. Fuels injected into the cylinder and is ignited by the heat of the comprossion ofthe air. The buring minture of ful and air expan, pushing the piston. The products of combustion are then removed fram he cylinder, completing te cyl. The exhaust gases from an engine are affected bythe load profile of the prime mover, ambient conditions such as air humidity and temperature; fuel ol quality, such as sulfur content, nitrogen content, viscosity, gion abilty, density, and ash content; and site conditions andthe auxiliary equipment associated withthe prime mover, such as cooling properties and ‘exhaust gas backpressure, The engine paramotes that affect NOx emissions are fuel injection in terms of timing, duration, and «atomization; combustion air conditions, which are affected by ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008 wBBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ valve timing the charge air system, and charge ai cooling before cylinders; and the combustion process, which s affected by airand fuel mixing, combustion chamber design, andthe compression ratio. The particulate matter emissions are dependent on the general conditions ofthe engine, especially the fuel injection system and its maintenance, in alton to the ash content ofthe ful, which sin the range 0.05-0.2%. SOx emissions are directly dependent onthe sulfur content ofthe fuel, Fuel oll may contain as ite as 0.3% sulfur and, in some cases, up to 5% sul Diesel engines are fuel flexible and can use fuels such as diesel oil, heavy fuel ol natural gas, crude ol, bio-fuels (such as palm oil, etc) and emulsified fuels (such as Orimulsion, etc), ‘Typical electrical efficiencies in single mode are typically ranging from 40 % for the medium speed engines upto about 50 % for large engines and even higher efficiencies in combined cycle ‘mode. Total offcioncy in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) is 'ypically in quid operation up to 60 80 % and in gas mode ‘even higher dependent on the application. The heat to power ratio is typicaly 0.5 to 1.3 in CHP applications, dependent on the application. Lean Bum Gas Engines ‘Typical electrical efficiencies for bigger stationary medium. speed engines in single mode are typically 40-47 % and up to close to 60 % in combined cycle mode, Total efficiency in CHP facies is typically upto 90 % dependent on the application The heat to power ratios ae typically 0.5 to 1.3 in CHP ‘applications, dependent onthe application, ef sng toon, th ner pressure wlnrase, resting in higher rrogan nd omaton. jens mada, el cons ‘na utoctarge: sped ll nerease, NOx enisions canbe reduced by te icon ting tu ten parse mallet an tha amount of rburae Space valicrase ‘Spark Ignition (SG) (Often a spark ignited gas-otto engine works according to the lean bum concept meaning that a lean mixture of combustion air {and fuels used in the cylinder (e.g, much more air than needed for the combustion). In order to stabilize the ignition and ‘combustion of the lean mixture, in bigger engine types a prechamber wit archer aifuel mixture is used, The ignition is inated with a sparkplug or some other device located in the prechamber, resulting in a high-energy igiton source for the ‘main fuel charge inthe cylinder. The most important parameter governing the rte of NOx formation in intemal combustion engines isthe combustion temperature; the higher the temperature the higher the NOx content ofthe exhaust gases. ‘One method isto lower the fuelar ratio, the same specfc heat quantity released by the combustion of the fuel is then used to heat up a larger mass of exhaust gases, resulting in a lower ‘maximum combustion temperature, This method low fullir ratio is called lean burn andi reduces NOx effectively. The spari-igited lean-bum engine has therefore low NOx cemrissions, This is a pure gas engine; it operates any on gaseous fuels ‘Dual fuel engines (DF) ‘Some DF engine types are fuel versatile, these can be run an ‘ow pressure natural gas or liquid fuels such as diesel ol (as backup fuel, ec}, heavy fuel ol, ec. This engine type can ‘operat at full load in both fuel modes. Dual Fuel (OF) engines. can also be designed to workin gas mode only with a plot liquid {uel used fr ignition of the gas. Combustion Turbines Gas turbine systems operate ina manner similar to steam turbine systoms except that combustion gases are used fo tum tho turbine blades instead of steam. In alton othe eloctic generator, the urine also drives a rotating compressor to pressurize the air, which is then mixed wth either gas or quid ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 @UFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ {uel ina combustion chamber. The greater the compression, the higher the temperature and the efficiency that can be ‘achieved in a gas turbine, Higher temperatures, however, 'ypicaly lead to increases in NOx emissions. Exhaust gases are ‘emitted tothe atmosphere from the turbine. Unite a steam turbine system, gas turbine systems do not have bollers ora steam supply, condensers, ora waste heat disposal system. Therefore, capital costs are much lower for a gas turbine system than fora steam system, In electrical power applicatons, gas turbines are often used for peaking duty, where anid startup and short uns are needed, ‘Most installed simple gas turbines with no controls have only a 20-10 30-percent efficiency. Combined Cycle CCombined-cycle generation isa configuration using both gas turbines and steam generators. ina combined-cycle gas turbine (CGT), the hot exhaust gases ofa gas turbine are used to provide all or a portion of, the heat source forthe oiler, which produces steam for the steam generator turbine. This combination increases the thermal efficiency to approximately 50-60 percent. Combined-oyce systems may have multiple gas turbines crving one steam turbine. Combined-cycle systems with diesel engines and steam generators ae also sometimes used In adition, integrated coal gasification combined-cycle (ICC) Units are emerging technologies. In an IGCC system, coal gas, is manufactured and leaned ina "gasifier" under pressure, thereby reducing emissions and particulates. The coal gas then is combusted in a CGT generation system. “ casieaton a process in which coals round oa edungstrospece wi nygen ora ana staan, Cogeneration Cogeneration isthe merging of a system designed to produce electric power and a system used fr producing industial heat and steam andlor municipal heating, This system is a more efcient way of using eneray inputs and allows the recovery of cthervise wasted thermal energy for use in an industrial process. Cogeneration technologies are classified a “topping cycle" and "bottoming cycle" systems, depending on whether lctcal (topping cycle) or thermal botoming cyte) eneray is derived fist, Most cogeneration systems use a topping cycle. ‘Dacian 9, 2008 @BBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS Figure AA Generalized Flow Diagram of a Thermal power plant and Associated Operations etmewsnian I area rb Ld | Senay nn area) Wom”? Source: EC 2006 ‘spoil tor plant wih cool ower only. Dagan des net apy argos and tutes which have comply tee confguaons. ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 wsBBUEC environmental, reatth, and Safety Guidelines {International THERMAL POWER PLANTS Annex B: Environmental Assessment Guidance for Thermal Power Projects ‘The development of an environmental assessment ary aspoeal ‘+ Politon contol thermal power project should take inte account any government Sa amison—prinary vs nergy andor environmental policy or includ secondary fue gas weatment ‘energy andior environmental policy or strategy including sendy as strategic aspects such as energy efciency improvernents in ‘© _Efuent (ost, performance) + Eftuent discharge existing power generation, transmission, and distribution D Surface water systems, demand side management, project sting, fuel choice, © Evaporation ‘© Recycling ~ zero discharge technology choice, and environmental performance. + Siting ‘© Land acquisition consieration ‘New Facilites and Expansion of Existing Facilities. co Acces fo foal elecity [An (EA) for new facities and a combined EA and environmental ng and io and se audit for existing facilities should be carried out early in the zoning prj oe inode oelabish ste speci omissions © Exsiaa peied requirements and other measures for a new or expanded ‘water, nolo) themal power ant Table 8 provides sugested ey ipa + iano BC ois elomeis of EA the Scope whch wl depend on proece eomament | (Cosa, ktm spect eumstanoe, oY Soe NO Ps Pi Heavy metals 28 appropri, ‘Acid deposi relevant a © Incenerl pac ot cece Banmerfrvan 2" oasis oY + Ful scion rang rors cvaty sands ‘Atematives Coten ala ges tomat cher ‘opt cneeaon ines reowate pons wns, (shorter ermal avrg geotemal st) ol py souces appr) oe wy + Powergeeston etry Inns an poaptio Thal erry fceney map ivegrose uivgross, © Cuuatie impacto fait Live tihng sues are o Get poses iow 2 Chrenisonspemance Senet serninaton igcozt © Heth inpet onserton + cig emssns reat oft + Was uy aainoac cptens 1 mal dtp once Energy conerion teeny fou cocng sys 2 Ofetarangenet ones S Ureolenenabi ery © tery contaminants at sores ee soon Bassin waer quart water vera pact bodes + ise inpet + tr sup 2 ie conor res over 2 Siecle ndergoind vin season of wl, desalraton oun + cooing ten + eernaton polo reveien 1 Orcetragh, at sed an atlonen menses Crest ty dosed ceo ilgation P+ Ar Sekt poluen conte Asn asso eysom- wot spol Mostar messes oe) ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 7HSAIFC International Corporation THERMAL POWER PLANTS Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Management| + Program fue wastowatorWoatment measures, cst) © Noise (noise contr measures, cos) ‘+ Waste urization/ disposal a. ash, FGD by-product, used oi © Ashmanagement plan (quanttatve balance of ash generation, disposal transportation arrangement) ‘+ Fuel suplyarangement Emergency preparedness and response plan Indust sk assessment if relevant Parameters Sampling Frequency Evaluation Croria ‘Sampling pots oveaid with relevant site layout surounding maps + Cost Monitoring Program Tasks related to carying out the qualty impact analysis forthe EA should include: ‘+ Collection of baseline data ranging from relatively simple qualitative information (fr smaller projects) to more ‘comprehensive quantitative data (for larger projects) on ambient concentrations of parameters and averaging time ‘consistent wth relevant host county air qualty standards (eq. parameters such as PMo, PMs, SO: (for ol and ‘coalfred plants), NOx, and ground-level ozone; and averaging ime such as 1-nour maximum, 24-nour maximum, annual average), within a defined arshed ‘encompassing the proposed project ‘+ Evaluation ofthe baseline arshed qually(@9, degraded ‘or non-degraded); ‘+ Evaldation of baseline water quay, where relevant; ‘+ Use of appropriate mathematical or physical ar quality ‘Theterm alse ees oe cl ace around he pln whose anbint a uct Grechy afacts by emission fom the plan. The ie othe relevant eal arsed wil door on pont caracarses, sich sac halgh 9 el ‘2s enlocal eterlogeal cna and epegeny, naam cases, arsed ‘ede ing ston ory the rlranenvtonnartalauortes. no te EA shoul claaty dor earshot one basis cf cosuatns with those respons for eal envitenmentl management = 1,200MN) ‘+ Modeling exstng sources quelity collection | « Baseline = Continuous one-year dala for meteorological | dispersion modeling from nearby data collection | _exising metooroogicalstaton (og airport, meteorological station) or st ‘specie station, installed formic zed and large projects, Determining the ashed is degraded Evaluation of | + airshed quality | (Le, ambient air quay standards are rot attained) or noredegraded (i, ambient air qualty standards are attained) ‘ir quality | » Assess incrementaland resultant impact loves by screening madels (fr small assessment projects) ‘+ Assess incremental and resultant loves by refed modes (for mid-sized andlarge projets, o for small projects it determined necessary ater using screening models)! ‘+ Modty emission eves, neaded, to ‘ensure that incremental impacts are ‘smal (e.g, 25% of relevant ambient ‘air qualty standard levels) and that the airshed vill not become degraded, For turtberuiance on ened! seeing motes, se Appar Wo Pat 51 Guiana oni Gully Moga by US EPA (Final Rule, Noverbr 8, 2005) ‘Dicinanen 9, 2008 zUFC environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines THERMAL POWER PLANTS @ \When there is @ reasonable likelihood that in the medium or long term the power plant willbe expanded or other pollution sources will inerease significant, the analysis should take account of the impact of the proposed plant design both immediately and ‘after any formally planned expansion in capacity orin other sources of pollution. Plant design should allow for future installation of adeitional plluton control equipment, shoud this prove desirable or necessary based upon predicted air qualty Impacts andior anticipated changes in emission standards (1 impending membership into the EU}. The EA should also address other project-specific environmental concems, such as {uel and emissions from fuel impurities, In cases where fuel impure lead to known hazardous emissions, the EA should estimate the emission amount, assess impacts and propose rmitigaions to reduce emissions." Examples of compounds which may be present in certain types of coal, heavy fuel ol petroleum coke, etc, include cadmium, mercury, and other heavy metals. Rehabilitation of Existing Facilities ‘An environmental assessment of the proposed rehabilitation shouldbe carried out eatly in the process of preparing the project in order to allow an opportunity to evaluate alternative rehabiltaton options before key design dec'sions are finalized, ‘The assessment should include an environmental audit that ‘examines the impacts of the existing plant's operations on nearby populations and ecosystems, supplemented by an EA. that examines the changes in these impacts that would result Under ateratve specifications forthe rehabiltation, and the estimated capital and operating costs associated with each option. Depending on the scale and nature of the rehabiltation, the audivienvronmental assessment may be relatively narrow in Several. sas have api rogulaons ta gv coated powe plants te pt to moat ether a mercury esionsstandaré based on eletty tug era canal based andar, Frinstnc, Mae equres al oaled ower ants 25 MW electrical capacity or gai meet ete an emissions Sadr of 0.080 bs mercury par papal our (WR) gross etic ‘an emission care requrernt of 9 porart alae to marcy pat scope, focusing on only a small numberof specific concems that would be affected by the projec, ort may be as extensive ‘as would be appropriate forthe construction of a new unit atthe ‘same site, Normally, it should cover the following pains: ‘+ Ambient environmental qualty inthe airshed or water basin affected by the plant, together with approximate estimates ‘ofthe contbution of the plant to total emissions loads of the main poutants of concer ‘© The impact of the plant, under existing operating conditions and under alterative scenarios for rehabilitation, on ambient air and water quality affecting neighboring populations and sensitive ecosystems ‘© Tho likely costs of achioving alternative emissions standards or other environmental targets forthe plant as a \whole ot for specific aspects ofits operations ‘+ Recommendations conceming a range of cost effective ‘measures for improving the environmental performance of the plant within the framework of the rehabilitation project and any associated emissions slancards or other requirements implied by the adoption of specific measures ‘These issues should be covered ata level of detail appropriate to the nature and scale ofthe proposed project. Ihe plants located in an airshed or water basin thats poluted as a result of ‘emissions from a range of sources, including te plant ise, ‘comparisons should be made ofthe relative costs of improving ambient air or water qualty by reducing emissions from the plant or by reducing emissions from other sources, ‘Dacinanen 9, 2008 w