 Cross Section Area

1 2
A0 = π d
4
 %Elongation
l1−l 0
×100 %
l1
 %Reduction
A 0− A 1
× 100 %
A0

 Modulus Young
y 2− y 1
E=
x 2−x 1
 Yield Strength
Py
σ y=
A0

 Ultimate Strength
P max
σ μ=
A0