Z)e*G Technical Training Centre Mirpur Mathelo Pilot Fire Fighting Unit-IV Tactics and StrategyI Program developed for API by: | Howell Training Company : 5201 Langfield Road : Houston, Texas 77040 | ©. Author: James E. Hill | soe ‘Artist: Peter Jorgensen Project Supervisor: Donald J. Lloyd, Ph.D. Content Specialist:' James E. Hill : Z Union Oil Company of California - Editor: | Anne Beard ad Reviewed by: A task force of the Manufacturing z Safety Committee, API Safety and Fire Protection Committee Fire and Safety Committee, Western Oil and Gas Association Validation provided through the cooperation of: _ Standard Oil Company of California Marathon Oil Company This text has been validated by the Committee on Training. Division of Refining, American Petroleum Institute, 1969 {© Program Press 1971 This program may not be reproduced in whole or in part without express permission of Howell Training Company. All translation rights are reserved by the publisher. qFire Pighting is a programed course in four units on the prineiples of fighting fires involving oils and hydrocarbon gases, In Unit 4, Tactics ond Strateoy, you will learn prefire planning and basie strategy. You will also learn the tacties af hose handling, of operating valves under fire exposure, of using dry chemical and foam, and of fighting tank fires and protecting pressure vessels.FIRE FIGHTING Unit 4 Tactics and StrategyINSTRUCTIONS. ‘This is a programed learning course. Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Each frame gives some information and asks you to make use ofit, Here is how it works. First, cover the response column at the right with amask. Read this frame and use the information it gives to fil inthe bank, ‘A micrometer is an instrument designed to measure in thousandths of an inch, H ‘A micrometer is a good tool for measuring very iferences in size. ‘Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the frame. If you have filled the blank with that word or a word that means the ‘same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame, ‘The drawing of a micrometer provides information that will help you fill inthe next blanks. OBJECT To BE MEASURED THINDLE RATCHET CAP FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only the andthe contact the object to be measured, small anvil, spindleThe next frame calls for a choice, Circle or underline the appropriate word. . Of the two pars that contact the object, only the (anvil /spindle ) moves. spinal A program is @ series of frames that work like the ones you have just done. Read the frame. Use the information to fillin the blanks or make a choice. Move the mask doin and check the response column. Goontothé next frame. Remember to cover the tesponse column witt"a mask before you begin each page. Notice that the left-hand pages from here of! are printed upside down. The program is designed so that you will g0 through all the right-hand pages first, and then turn the book upside down and go through the other pages.5-17-79 PILOT: FIRE FIGHTING UNIT 4 — TACTICS AND STRATEGY page Hose Tactics. 2.16.22.) 1 Basic Hose Handling ql Preventing Hose Damage. 6 Positioning.......... fi ‘Small Mose Tacties. 10 Large Hose Tactics...... +20 Nozzle Reaction or Back Tarust, 20 Using Supplemental Streams........- Interior Firesv.000..05.0..5 Review. .c..- Dry Chemical Tactics. Foam Tacties..... ‘Tank Fire Strategy Fighting Tank Fires Protecting Pressure Vessels Review and Summary.FIRE FIGHTING UNIT FOUR TACTICS AND STRATEGY There are exhibits placed in the center of the book that will be referred to later in the program. They should be rerzoved and set aside now so that they will be handy when needed. HOSE TACTICS Basic Hose Handling 1. The specific steps and procedures used to fight a fire are called tacties. Applying water, foam, and dry chemical involves using fire- fighting tacties 2, Properly handling hose requires knowing basie__ hose tacties. 8. Applying proper tacties ean help prevent errors, or accidents uring the stress of fire fighting. 4, This drawing shows an operator making up a coupling. He holds the male end in his left hand and threads, or serews on the female end with his other hand.| 5, To break the coupling, he first steps on the hase directly be- hind the male coupling. coupling. 6. To install a nozzle, he holds the male end of the hose in his left hand. He uses his right hand to thread the ‘on the hose. ‘7. If the hose is charged while the nozzle is open, the hose ean whip around dangerously. While hose is being made up and led in, nozzles should be (open closed). 8, Before leading in hose, the nozzle man checks to be sure that. the nozzle is closed. ‘Then he throws the hose over his shoulder with the nozzle (in front of behind) him. female nozzle closed behind9, Suppose the nozzle were not closed and the hose were sud- denly charged. With the nozzle behind him, it (could/eould not) strike his could not face. 10. Before leading in long lays of hose, the men position, them- selves about 15 feet apart along the hose. If the hose is being led in upstairs or around corners, this, spacing between men must be (increased /decreased), decreased 811, Before leading hose up a ladder, the mon space themselves ae along the hose. “us . oe 608 “398 1A “198 “998 | | | The first man, or __________ man, begins climbing. nozzlep98 ze T8€ “098 68 "soe “198 998 “soe 12. When the nozzle man reaches the top, he takes up the slack in the hose and calls, “Lock in couplings and lock in their left legs 13. Locking in the left leg frees both hands for securing the hose to the ladder with hose straps. x ‘To prevent the hose from slipping down, the hose straps are wrapped (above/below) the couplings. below 14. When moving up a large (21-inch) line with the nozzle op- erating, especially when footing is uncertain, a cross bar can hold and control nozzle reaction, A hose rope is tied around the hose and bar with a clove hiteh Imot, so the hose will not slipW988 ee, 198 Preventing Hose Damage 165. Opening or closing a nozzle too rapidly eauses shock pressure in the hose.” Shoek pressure can cause hose ruptures and coupling 16. To prevent shock pressure, nozzles are opened and closed (rapidly slowly), 11. Hose is damaged by direct contact with very hot equipment or pipelines, ° Hose must not be allowed to ______ pipelines or equipment that is hot. 18. Empty or low-pressure hose is weakened by trofie running over it, ‘Hose bridges or wooden protectors prevent hose from being damaged by 19. When laying the nozzle down, whether the hase is charged or empty, loop the hose back and place the nozzle on the hase. This protects the nozzle from impact damage on steel and concrete surfaces, and prevents against getting into the nozzle when the hase is on the ground, 20. Men depend on spray to protect them from injury. It is better to pressure-test hose (when it is needed). laid out/when it failure slowly t touch traffie dirt when it is laid outose 38 we ve ta Positioning 21. Three or four men are needed to handle a 21¢-inch hose with more than 125 lbs. baek thrust or reaction, especially if footing is inseeure, ‘The men stand on (the same side/altemnate sides) of the hose. | 22. ‘The men can see better and there is less chance that they will slip on oil-slick or muddy ground when they are positioned along the hose. 23, For maximum stability in handling heavy hose on slick ground, the men stand facing the hose with their feet at right angles to the hose. ‘They (sidestep /walk straight ahead) as they move up the hose, mT alternate sides alternately, or on both sides sidestepAdvancing and retreating with a shufftelike sidestep permits the men to work well in unison. ‘ove on Sidestepping also reduces the chances of slick ground. Fire fighters often must approach or retreat from a fire in a, crouched to semi-crouched position. “eee When they are crouching, the (sideways/face-forward) foot- work offers more stability. L . When retreating from a fire, all men on the hose continue 888 to face forward except the last man. 1ee ‘When backing out hose, the man at the rear faces (toward/ away from) the nozzle and guides the retreat of the other two men. 8 7. Curves or kinks in the hose close to the nozzle may result in sidewhip, or jerking of the hose. Fire fighters can be seriously injured if struck with a thrash- ing, loose hose. Sidewhip is prevented when the hose directly behind the & nozzle is (held straight /allowed to curve), slipping sideways away from held straighte8 ee ee 28, 32, 33. a4, 365. 36. 37. ‘The tendency for the hose to whip about is (increased /de- creased) on larger handlines. ). When 2 114; or 21-inch handline is used, at least 10 feet of hose should extend straight ________ from the nozzle. If the fire fighters’ footing is insecure, itis especially important to have __feet of straight hose. ‘Suppose an operator discovers a small LP-Gas fire at his unit. First, he sizes up the fire, After a quick size-up, he sounds the Still eizing up, the operator decides whether he ean handle it alone with a water spray nozzle or whether he needs to call for He may simply close a valve to stop the flow of feoding the fire. Ashe approaches and attacks the fire, he continues to size it up. Size-up occurs’ (at the beginning of/throughout) the fire- fighting operation If the fire suddenly inereases in area or in intensity, he may need to back out. ‘When he is better equipped to handle the more intense or larger fire, he —_. ‘When he has extinguished the fire, he checks the area over and often wets it down thoroughly to prevent reignition. ‘This wetting down, called overhauling, assures that the fire will not Look at these six tactical steps. 1. Size up Approach . Attack (extinguish or control) . Back out, if necessary 8, 4, 5. Reattack, if necessary 6. Overhaul ‘These are the basie_____of fire fighting. increased back 10 help, or others fuel thoughout reattacks reignite tactiesSmall Hose Tactics Butane is leaking from a small drain valve and is burning as a spill fire, 38. The operator could extinguish the fire with dry chemical or he could starve the fire by shutting off the 39. If he extinguishes the fire with dry chemical while the fuel is still flowing, the vapor will accumulate and may 40. Closing the valve starves the fire when theré is no more left to burn. 41. The operator's best size-up decision is (to apply dry chemical/ to elose the valve), 42, One man can handle a small fire with a 1-inch or 134-inch line. Larger fires usually require more or larger sized hose and more than man, Assume a gasoline spill fire that is small enough to be handled by one man, He has 1}4inch hose line with a eombina- tion nozzle and 80 psi nozzle pressure. 48. For protection against direct and radiant heat, he uses the combination nozzle on a (spray /solid-stream) setting, 10 to close the valve one spray18 18 18 Is Te Ie For frames 44 through 9, look at Exhibit 1, which shows the size-wp, approach, and shutoff positions for a one-man operation. 44. Look at the size-up position. The operator has decided to close the valve and to protect himself with a fine spray of water. Spray is more effective when it is acting (with /against) the wind, 45. The operator decides on the best approach route and checks his footing and wind direction. He approaches the valve from the (upwind downwind) side, if possible. ae 46. After checking the nozzle to be sure it operates smoothly ‘through its full range of adjustment from wide-angle to solid stream, he sets it at about a_____° angle or less. 47. As he approaches the valve, he gradually (raises/lowers) his head and shoulders. 48. At the same time, he widens the spray to about a__° angle. 49. As he nears the valve, the operator needs increased protection against the fire. ‘The wider water spray screens or curtains him from heat. 50. Now look at the shutoff position. ‘The operator lowers the nozzle and widens the spray to about a___*angle. 51. The exact angle of spray depends upon a number of factors, including flame size, location, and wind direction. But, while shutting off the valve, the spray angle is usually (more/less) than 80°. ‘52. The spray is most dense (near/away from) the nozzle. 58. To protect his face, the operator keeps his head and face tilted downward and near the ________, where the spray has its greatest density. ‘54. In order’ to be wellsprotected and to be able to reach the ground-level valve, the operator may need to on the ground. a with upwind 380 lowers 90 radiant 120 more near nozzle kneel55. Look at the position of the nozzle as the operator is closing the valve, * Iti tipped slightly (up/down). 56. When the nozzle is tipped up, the top of the wide-angle spray provides an almost vertical curtain in front of the operator's face. At the same time, the dense, high-velocity spray shaves the in front of the operator. t 57. A sudden inerease in the fuel supply may cause a high, “bloop- ing” flame and a horizontal flash along the ground. If the nozzle is kept low, tilted upward, and set at a wide angle, flames should “not reach the operator's head and should not break through at level. 58. If the operator is using a hollow-cone spray nozale and is not wearing gloves, he should advance the spray beyond the valve ‘so he does not have to reach into the spray pattern, But, if he is using a solid cone nozzle and is wearing gloves, this extra precaution (is/may not be) necessary. 59. Throughout the size-up, approach, and shut-off, the operator continues to watch for changes in the intensity of the fire. He may need to before he has closed the valve. 60. After closing the valve, he maintains good spray protection while backing out. He holds the nozzle (open/closed) while backing out. 61. The spray pattern is continued at a until he has backed out. angle 62. Residual fuel continues to burn after the valve is closed. Asa rule, the safest and easiest way to overhaul is to let the remaining fuel out under control. 5 68. Tt can be flushed off into an underground 64, These valve shutoff tactics apply when the valve is at or close to a level 65, Two or more nozzles usually are needed when the valve is above ground level. ‘The elevation of the nozzles and angles and the direction of the spray patterns are adjusted to fit the particular fire. Size-up is more difficult on (a ground level/an above-ground) fire. a up ground ground may not be back out open, wide burn sewer ground an above-ground66. This drawing shows some taetical errors that can eause burns when approaching the valve. ‘The spray pattem is too ______ for gaod protection. 67. The nozzle should be horizontal or tipped (up ‘down). 68. The spray pattern should be (wider /narrower). Assume a larger spill fire caused by gas- oline leaking from a small drain valve at ground level. This time two men ‘work together, using one 1}4inch hand- line. 69. One man, the more experienced of the two, is the shutoff man, or captain. ‘The chutoff man____the valve. 70, The second man is the nozzle man. Most captains adjust the spray angle themselves and the nozzle man holds the and nozzle but does. not adjust them, 71. In a two-man operation, the eaptain sizes up the fire, euper- vises the approach, and positions and adjusts the spray angle. ‘The nozzle man (may/must not) adjust the nozzle unless ordered to by the captain. 138 narrow up wider closes hose must not,EXHIBIT 1 HovOuddY: an azisid 8 8 8 EXHIBIT 272. This is the shutoff position for two men with one hose. ‘The nozzle position is (similar to/different from) that of a ‘one-man operation. 73, If the valve is out of the eaptain’s reach, he may be able to use a long-handled valve hook to ______ the valve. 74, Sometimes the captain wants the spray curtain to pass just beyond the valve wheel. ‘is not) covered by the spray. 75. This drawing shows serious tactical errors. ‘The nozzle is so far from the valve that both men may be seriously ud similar to close is not burned8 16. "1. 78. 9. 81 ‘The dense part of the spray pattern (does/does not) protect either man’s face. ‘The nozzle is not being held so that the 2 pray protects the men from ground level At 100 psi nozzle pressure, a 1-inch booster line will deliver about 23 gpm. A 13-inch handline will deliver about 90 gpm at 100 psi nozzle pressure, ‘The 134-ineh line has about _____ times the ca- pacity of the 1-inch line. For a slightly larger fire, the (1-inch line/1}4-inch line) gives better protection. ‘Two operators are attacking a ground level fire. Each man has a 14-inch hose line with a combination nozzle, ‘Again, the foreman or more experienced man of the two is the ‘The captain may choose different angles for the spray patterns, but they generally range between 90° and 120°, ‘The nozzles ave held so that the two spray patterns are (separate overlapping). does not flash, or fire 14-inch line captain, or shutoff man overlapping82. Look at the drawing. ‘When two hose are available, itis still the eaptain who directs the operation and _______ the valve. 89. Here both nozzles have good spray patterns, But a sudden burst of overhead fire would probably burn the man who is (standing/kneeling). 16 closes standing84. The drawing shows another tactical error that could lead to the injury of both men. (Nozzles should be tipped downward./The men’s heads are too far from the nozzles.) ‘The men’s heads are too far from the nozzles 85. If the valve is not at ground level, the captain modifies these tactics to fight the fire, He adjusts nozzle positions and spray angles to provide the best for his nozzle man and for himself, protection ‘Three men are attacking a ground level fire with two 13-inch hose lines, A three-man crew with two hose is the most common operation. 86. Since he has two men to handle hose, the captain gives his full citection ts the size up and attack, divecting, or supervising i81. As the captain begins the approach with his men, he adjusts the spray angles, the elevation and tilt of the nozzles, the distance between the nozzles, and the amount of overlap of spray pattern, Sizing up the situation as he advances, he moves up (quickly/ deliberately). 88. As they near the valve, the captain has the men crouch lower and drop their heads eloser to their nozzles, He adjusts the nozzles to a (wider/narrower) angle for broader protection, 89. All adjustments and changes are made by the 90. If the fire suddenly changes, the nozzhinan may forget the captain's order and adjust the spray pattern himeclf. This decision by a nozzle man is (safe/very dangerous). : a 91. All adjustments and changes are made only on orders from the 92. Otherwise, one or both of the nozzle men can destroy the overlap pattern and allow flames to shoot through and some or all of the men. 98, If the fire is relatively small and appears steady, the captain may take his two nozzle ten in together Ifthe firsis large, ori itis likely to change rapidly in intensity, he takes the men in (together/alternately) 18 deliberately wider captain, or shutoff man very dangerous captain, or shutoff man injure, or burn alternately94. Here the team is approaching a large spill fire. The captain advances one nozzle man a foot or so while the other nozzle man —______ his position, 95, When the team arrives near the valve, the captain selects the best spray pattern and directions. He positions the nozzles and tilts them slightly (up/down), 96. Then he freezes the overlapping patterns. ‘ After a final size up, he reaches in and ———_ the valve. 19 holds, or maintains up closes97. If the first attack is not successful, the captain carefully backs his men out under full spray proteetion, ‘Then hesites up the freagain and makes asecond. 98. When the valve is closed and the operation completed, the men back out. : ‘They shut off their nozzles (immediately /when they are fully backed out). 99. ‘The captain continues to size up and overhaul the fire until the residual fuel has out, 100, Then he or the nozzle men perform the operation. 101. If the valve is not at ground level, different tactics are needed. ‘The positioning of the spray pattems depends upon the par- ticular problem. ‘The captain decides where to position the patterns, Large Hose Tactics Nozzle Reaction or Back Thrust 102. Small hose cannot provide adequate spray protection against the severe radiant heat generated by a large fire. Shutting off a large fire usually requires the use of (1}4ineh/ 24-inch) hose. 103. Compare these approximate capacities and nozzle reactions for small and large hose equipped with typical combination nozales. P| Capacities and Nosale Reactions ‘on Sold Stream at 00 pst zzla Presaure Hose Nozsle ‘Approx. Approx. Stas ite Restion ¥ 20 gpm Tibbs. 1s ls 0” 60” aig" small 1)” 5" 2 * med. 500” 260.” 2g" large 1009" 470” A134" nozzle at 100 psi pressure delivers about 90 gpm with a nogzle reaction of about ‘pounds. 20 attack when they are fully backed out burned overhaul spray 2¥4-inch 60104, 106. 107, 108. 110, 109, A 23-inch line with a medium combination nozzle supplies about 500 gpm, with a nozzle reaction of about pounds. i Ay inch line equipped with a medium nozzle has, about times as much nozzle reaction as the 134. inch nozzle, When their footing is insecure, tivo or three men can safely handle a backthrust of 125 pounds on a handline. Asarule, three men (can /eannot) safely handle a line equipped with 2 500 gpm nozzle on solid stream. Depending on the type of combination nozzle used, back- thrust can be reduced up to 50% on a 90° spray setting. ‘The reaction of a 500 gpm nozzle on a 90° spray setting could be reduced to about pounds, Even with this reduction, it is unsafe to use the 500 gpm nozzle on a handline, because of the danger that the spray may be accidentally switched to Nozzles with rates of 500 gpm or more should be used only on hose control devices such as deluge sets or fixed or portable pet Seven men with 24-inch hose are at~ tacking a fire at a ground level valve. Look at their approach position. ‘The men hanilling the hose are called hose men and the men at the nozzles are called — —— men, 260 46 cannot, 130 solid stream monitors nozzle111. When only one 24-inch hose is used, the men work on alter- nate sides of the hose. This alternate position provides good stability, particularly when the ground is or contains tripping hazards. 112, When using two 2}4-inch hose on a V formation, the men position themselves on the same sitle of the hose. For single hose advance, use position (A/B). For dual V formations, use position (A/B), 22, slick, or slippery113. When using two hose, the captain positions his men on the inside of the V formed by the hose. ‘The men on each hose are on (alternate sides/the same side) the same side of the hose, 114. Now the captain can use hand pressure and hand signals to direct his men, Communication between the captain and team members is (easier/more difficult) in the inside V formation. easier 415. The noise and smoke of a severe fire interfere with com- munication, especially at night, { Under these severe fire-fighting conditions, the (alternate/ inside V) formation is best. inside V | 23116. The inside V is best for a team operation not only because it aids communication, but also because men are protected from radiant heat on the inside of the V. ‘The hose men would be exposed to the fire if they were on the outside of the V. ‘The captain spots all of his men on the _____of the V to protect them from radiant heat. 117. In the crouched position, they move forward slowly and deliberately while constantly sizing up the situation, ‘To maintain the most secure footing when handling 234" hose, they use the side step or step, 24 inside shuffiep 118. During the approach, the captain adjusts the spray patterns and positions of the : 119. The captain has the two nozzle men hold their nozzles so that they are slightly (tipped up/tipped down). 120. Look at the men in the drawing. | | ‘The captain should instruct both nozzle men to (raise/lower) | their heads, so that their faces will be protected by their hat | brims. 25 nozzles tipped up hats lower”122. The two hose men in the rear rest their hose on the ground, ‘The friction of the hose against the ground absorbs much of the backthrust, or 123. If by error the captain has used the alternate hose position, the men on the outside of the V may take too much punish. ment from radiant heat by the time they reach the valve. In this case, the captain backs his team out and moves these men over the hose to the of the V and reattacks. 4 124, The hose man at the rear faces away from the valve, guiding the back-out movement, ‘The eaptain and the other crew members continue to face toward the 125, The team backs out, first in a deep crouched position and then in a higher crouched position. They do not stand up until they are out of the zone. 126. Not until the men have backed out of the dangerous area do the nozzle men shut off their nozzles. ‘They do this only when directed by their 127. Usually, the safest way to overhaul is to allow the residual fuel to out under control. 128, In some situations, solid streams are used to flush the residual burning oil into the open for controlled burning, ‘The captain directs this — operation, Using Supplemental Streams _ For frames 129-137 look at Exhibit 2, showing the uses of supplemental streams, 1 129. Large ground fires sometimes require one or more supple- mental hose strears, A solid stream of water is used to sweep excess away from the fire fighters, 130. Supplemental streams also provide protection against over- head flames, particularly if the fire involves falling or spray- ing fuel. ie In this case, supplemental streams are used to deflect the 26 nozzle reaction inside valve, or fire fire, or danger captain burn > overhaul fuel, or fire flames, or firesain 2-ancenlbctscenestiiniaiecennieasdinlemeiailiaaiatia a pita allt 181. In A, a supplemental stream is being used to push the fire away from a valve. ‘To sweep away a ground-level fire, usually a (solid stream/ * spray stream) is used. 132. In B, a supplemental stream is used to the fire over the men’s heads. 133. Solid streams are not used on overhead fires, because it is difficult to hold a narrow, solid stream on target. A (Golid stream/narrow cone spray) of water is used to de- flect an overhead fire. 134, Solid streams usually are used to sweep away (overhead/ ground) fires. 135. LP-Gas fires very often involve overhead flames. A supplemental stream set on a medium or wide-angle pattern can deflect these fames. 136. Closing or opening valves when directly exposed to fire re- quires skilled leadership and precise team work. In order to accomplish their objectives and to avoid injuries, the team must be constantly alert to the —_ orders. 187. When the valve is not located at ground level, more than two large spray lines may be needed and different tactics em- ployed depending upon the particular problem. Good discipline and work are essential, Interior Fires 138. Fires in small rooms and other small enclosures sometimes J generate intense heat, involving the contents of the room and even the paint on the walls. By properly using water spray, it is possible to smother the fire if the air in the room is hot enough to rapidly generate a large amount of from the spray. 139, Steam will the fire, 14D. To generate the largest possible amount of steam, the nozzle is first set on a wide-angle (fine coarse) spray pattern 2 solid stream deflect narrow cone spray ground spray, or cone captain's team steam smother, or extinguish fineLL. The angle is adjusted so that the spray reaches side walls, floor, and ceiling simultaneously. Pattern (A/B/C) is best. 142, Wearing gloves, protective coat, and covering his head and face, the fire fighter inserts the nozzle about one arm’s length through a slightly open window or door. ‘The opening is kept as small as possible and all other doors, windows, and openings should be (open /elosed). 143. To get a wide pattern, he whirls the nozzle rapidly in a small circle. ‘The nozzle should be whirled as rapldly as possible, so that the steam blanket at any one spot holds until the reaches that spot ag: 144. Most people can rotate the nozzle clockwise (faster/slower) than they can rotate it counterclockwise. 145. For maximum speed, most men use a (clockwise/eounter- lockwise) rotation. 146. Any live embers left are extinguished by quenching with water to prevent them from = — the fire. 147. For rapid extinguishment of a fire in a small, enclosed area: use a (fine/coarse) spray of water; insert the nozzle about one arm’s length through a (small large) opening; keep all other openings (open/closed); rapidly whitl the nozzle in a (clockwise counterclockwise) direction; and quench any remaining embers with to prevent reignition. 28 closed spray faster clockwise reigniting fine small closed clockwise water148. ‘These tactics are effective on most fires in small, enclosed areas, as long as there is no air circulation and the air is hot enough to generate large quantities of _______ quickly. 149. In narrow interior passages with a strong draft, fire can be smothered by feeding fine water spray into the air stream. This is called (direct /indireet) fire fighting. 150. An alternative to indirect fire fighting is fire containment, where the fire is held in a (limited/unlimited) area and then brought under control. y Review 161. The specific steps and procedures used by fire fighters are the of fire fighting. 152, After coupling hose, the nozzle is held (open /closed). 153, Men are usually spaced about ______ feet. apart when leading in long lays of hose. 154. The nozzle man throws the hose over his shoulder with the nozzle (in front of/behind) him. 155. To avoid water hammer or shock pressures, open nozzles (lowly /rapidly). 156. Hose is more likely to suffer traffic damage if tis (pressurized / empty), 157. The safe maximum nozzle reaction for two trained men working with insecure footing is about _______ pounds backthrust. 168, Usually, the first step after discovering.a fire is sounding the 159, In the sizo-up position of a one-man, one-hose, ground level valvg shutoff, the fire fighter: checks the combination nozzle through its range of ad- justments and sets it at about a _____* spray pattern; checks the direction of the wind so that he ean approach the valve from the (upwind/downwind) side, if possible; checks his footing and accessibility to be sure that he will be able to reach the for shutoff; and veassesses the fire to be sure that it is still small enough to be handled by one man, steam, indirect limited closed, 15 behind slowly empty 125 alarm 30 upwind valve160. In the approach position, the fire Aighter increases his spray protection by widening the spray to about a angle and gradually lowers his head and shoulders. 161, For maximum protection in the shutoff position at ground level, he: and the nozzle near » kneels or stoops with his face close behind the dense spray level; lowers his chin so his hat brim shields his y sets the nozzle for a (narrow/wide) angle spray pattern tilts the nozzle tly (up/down) ; and advances the spray just beyond the if possible. 162. The best way to overhaul an oil fire is usually to let the residual fuel ‘out under control. 163. Or the oil can be washed into therefinery ___ system, | 164. Look at this drawing. The men (are/are not) using safe procedures. Now turn the page, - tuen the book over, and go on. 30 90 f ground face wide up valve burn sewer | are{ i 165, Look at this drawing. ‘The men (are/are not) using safe procedures. 166. For a small, steady fire, the captain takes the hose crews in (together /alternately). 167, He may take them in altemately ifthe fire fs severe or if it is subject to a sudden 168. In A, the men are positioned on alternate sides of the hose, and in B, on the same side of the hose. For advance in a dual V formation, use position (A/B). 31 are not (The nozzle men's faces are too far from the nozzles.) together change169, The inside V formation provides maximum protection against heat. 170. This drawing illustrates one use of a supplemental stream. ‘The man in the rear is playing the stream on a burning over- hhead flange leak to _________ flames away from the other men’s heads. IM. He is using a (dense narrow spray /solid stream) 172, Solid streams are used to sweep away or to reduce the size of (ground /overhead) fires. 173. A fire in a small, enclosed area may be extinguished quickly ‘ by very rapidly rotating a fine spray of throughout the room. 174. Properly applied, the spray blankets the room with 4 and smothers the fire. ‘ | —-175, This tactic iseffective as long as the air in the enclosed area is _____ enough to generate large quantities of steam quickly. 32. radiant deflect dense narrow spray ground water steam hot| DRY CHEMICAL TACTICS 176. Fives are starved when the fuel feeding them is shut off. Sometimes it is not possible to stop the fuel supply and the fire cannot be extin'guished by 177, The most common extinguishing agent for small refinery fires is dry chemical. ‘When a small fire cannot be extinguished by starving, it may be held under control with water spray or extinguished with 178. In sizing up this fire, the operator must choose between ap- plying dry chemical or holding the fire under until help arrives. A S-gallon sample can of gasoline has overturned and has ignited near a weld- ing machine. 179. First, the welder shuts down his machine and then sounds the 180. He stands about 10 feet from the fire, holding the extinguisher nozzle in one hand, with his elbow steadied against his body. Standing erect, he fans the nozzle horizontally with his fore- arm so that the dry chemical bounces off the ground 12 to 18 inches (in front of behind) the fire. 181. He continues fanning the nozzle, walking forward, until the fire is extinguished. 7 He flushes the unburned gasoline into a nearhy sewer to the fire, 33 starving dry chemical control alarm in front of overhaul