COURSE MANUAL

MATH 31
Prepared by: Monica S. Alimondo

College of Numeracy and Applied Sciences

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 CONTENTS
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0. FUNCTIONS AND INTERVALS ..................................................................................................... 7

0.1. The Infinite Intervals (Bounded Intervals) ............................................................................ 7

0.2. Definition of a Function ........................................................................................................... 10

0.3. Composition of Function.......................................................................................................... 13

0.4. Types and Graphs of Function ............................................................................................... 14

0.4.1. Algebraic Functions ........................................................................................................... 14

0.4.2. Transcendental Functions ............................................................................................... 22

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1. INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE INTEGRAL ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1. Anti-Differentiation ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2. Indefinite Integrals ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1. Integration by Parts ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2. Integration of Trigonometric Functions ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.1. Integration by Parts ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.2. Integrals Involving Powers of Sines and Cosines .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.3. Integrals Involving Powers of Tangent and Secant .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.4. Integrals Involving Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.5. Trigonometric Substitution ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3. Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3.1. CASE 1: Denominator has only linear Factors (non-Repeated) .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
2.3.2. CASE 2: Denominator has only linear Factors (Repeated) ...... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2.3.3. CASE 3: Denominator contains Quadratic Factors (non-Repeated) ............Error!
Bookmark not defined.
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 2.3.4. CASE 4: Denominator contains Quadratic Factors (Repeated) ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
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3. IMPROPER INTEGRALS ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1. Definition of Improper Integrals ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2. Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3. Discontinuous Integrand ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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4. INTRIODUCTION ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1. Average of a Function ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2. Area under a Curve ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3. Area between Curves ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4. Volume of Revolutions .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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5. INTRIODUCTION ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1. Multiple Integrals ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2. Wallis Formula ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Classify real numbers correctly;
2. Define and describe relations and functions , and discuss how they are related
as well;
3. Enumerate the different types of functions and properties of functions;
4. Determine and evaluate functions defined on their respective domain;
5. Distinguish between situations that can be modelled with algebraic functions
and with exponential functions

THE SYSTEM OF REAL NUMBERS AND INEQUALITIES

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LINEAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

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0. FUNCTIONS AND INTERVALS
0.1. The Infinite Intervals (Bounded Intervals)

Definition

 An INTERVAL is a set of real numbers between two numbers either including or

excluding one or both of them.

 A FINITE INTERVAL, whose both endpoints are numbers (also variables,

representing numbers)

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 0.2. Definition of a Function

The mathematical concept of a function (and the name) emerged in the

dy17th
century in connection with the development of the calculus; for example, the slope dx of a

graph at a point was regarded as a function of the x-coordinate of the point. Rene Descartes
(1596-1650), in his book Geometry (1637), used the concept to describe many mathematical
relationships.

Almost fifty years after the publication of Geometry, Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz” (1646-1716) introduced the word ““function”. The idea of a function was
further formalized by Leonhard Euler 1707-1783) formalized the idea of function introduced
y  f x
the notation .Johann Bernoulli "had come to regard a function as any expression
made up of a variable and some constants

Functions were not explicitly considered in antiquity, but some precursors of the
concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians
such as Oresme. Mathematicians of the 18th century typically regarded a function as being
defined by an analytic expression.

In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of analysis (dealing
with limits and related theories) by Weierstrass and others, the reformulation of geometry
in terms of analysis, and the invention of set theory by Cantor, eventually led to the much
more general modern concept of a function as a single-valued mapping from one set to
another.

According to Dieudonne and Ponte, the concept of a function emerged in the 17th
century as a result of the development of analytic geometry and the infinitesimal calculus.
Infinitesimal calculus or “the calculus of infinitesimals", is the mathematical study of
continuous change.

Nevertheless, Medvedev suggests that the implicit concept of a function is one with
an ancient lineage.

Examples:
1. An LRN number uniquely identifies the student/pupil.
2. The income tax rate varies depending on the income.
3. The final grade for a course is often determined by test and exam scores, homework
and projects, and so on.
*In all these cases to each member of a set (social security number, income, tuple of test
and exam scores, homework and projects) some member of another set (person, tax rate,
letter grade, respectively) is assigned.
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 A function is quite like a relation. A relation is simply a set of ordered pairs. It can be
any set of ordered pairs.NO special rules need apply.

Definition

 A function is a special type of relation. It is a set of ordered pairs in which

each x  element has only ONE y  element associated with it.

 The first set of elements in the ordered pairs (the x  values), form the
DOMAIN. The set of input values that can be taken for an independent variable
in the given function.
 The second elements in the ordered pairs (the y  values ), form the RANGE. The
set of output values generated.

*NOTE: Only the elements "used" by the relation constitute the RANGE

 The mapping shows a relation from set A ( domain) into

Set B (co-domain).

 A relation which is NOT a function is called a mere

relation.
Functional Notation:

f x
 Traditionally, functions are referred to by the notation ."f f as a function of x
". (The parentheses do not mean "multiplication"
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  The letter f need not be the only letter used, however, in function names. Function
names may also be    
g x , h x , A  x , C a 
, or any letters that clearly identify the
function being used.

Examples:

Algebra of Functions

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Practice Exercise:

0.3. Composition of Function

When we INPUT the entire formula from one function in for each x  value of
the formula of a second function, we have what is called a composition of functions.

Definition

f x gx
 .Replace each x in the formula of with the entire formula of

Examples:
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 Practice Exercise:

0.4. Types and Graphs of Function

0.4.1. Algebraic Functions
Some Functions are classified by the type of mathematical equation which represents
their relationship. There are different types of functions in mathematics.

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 0.4.2. Transcendental Functions

Illustrative Examples:
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Practice Exercise:

Illustrative Examples: 23
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Illustrative Examples:

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Definition

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Illustrative Examples:

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 Definition

Trigonometric functions are elementary functions, the argument of which is an angle.

Describe the relation between the sides and angles of a right triangle

Definition

 Circular Functions are defined such that their domains are sets of
numbers that correspond to the measures (in radian units) of the angles of
analogous trigonometric functions
 These functions are called circular functions because radian measures of
angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles
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Definition

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Illustrative Examples:

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Definition

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Definition

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Definition

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 EXERCISE 1
Name Date

Class Degree program & Score

Schedule Year level

A.

B. Classify the real numbers :

C. Express the following as ratio of two integers:

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D. Solve the following Inequalities .Express answers in interval notation.

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 F.

G.

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 H.

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 I.

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 J.

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