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Organos de Los Sentidos
Organos de Los Sentidos
Sensory
Weak Strong
Muscle muscle stretch muscle stretch
Dendrites
–50 Receptor potential –50
potential (mV)
Membrane –70 –70
Stretch
receptor
Action potentials
0 0
Axon
–70 –70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec) Time (sec)
Crayfish stretch receptors have muscles and dendrites stretch, producing a in the axon of the stretch receptor. A stronger
dendrites embedded in abdominal receptor potential in the stretch receptor. The stretch produces a larger receptor potential
muscles. When the abdomen bends, receptor potential triggers action potentials and higher frequency of action potentials.
• Otro receptor sensorial es la célula ciliada, que
detecta el movimiento en el oído de los
vertebrados y los sistemas lineales laterales de
los peces y anfibios
potential (mV)
potential (mV)
potential (mV)
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
–70 –70 –70
Action potentials
0 0 0
Vertebrate hair cells have specialized cilia at a synapse with a sensory neuron, which neurotransmitter and increasing frequency of
or microvilli (“hairs”) that bend when conducts action potentials to the CNS. action potentials in the sensory neuron. Bending
surrounding fluid moves. Each hair cell Bending in one direction depolarizes the in the other direction has the opposite effects.
releases an excitatory neurotransmitter hair cell, causing it to release more Thus, hair cells respond to the direction of motion
as well as to its strength and speed.
Transducción sensitiva
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
0.1 mm
Receptores electromagnéticos
Eye
Infrared
receptor
Ciliated
receptor cells
Cilia
Statolith
Sensory
nerve fibers
• Muchos insectos tienen pelos en el cuerpo que
vibran en respuesta a las ondas sonoras.
• Muchos insectos también tienen “oídos”
localizados que consiste en una membrana
timpánica y células receptoras
Tympanic
membrane
1 mm
Audición y equilibrio en mamíferos
Middle
Outer ear ear Inner ear
Tympanic
Pinna Auditory membrane
canal Eustachian
tube
Oval Cochlea
window Round
Tympanic
membrane window
Eustachian tube
Tectorial
membrane
Hair cells
Bone
Cochlea duct
Auditory
Vestibular nerve
canal
Cochlea
Stapes
Axons of
Vestibular sensory
canal neurons
Oval Perilymph
window
Apex
Base
Cochlea
(uncoiled) Basilar
membrane Apex
(wide and
flexible)
500 Hz (low pitch)
1 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
8 kHz
16 kHz Frequency
(high pitch) producing
Base maximum vibration
(narrow and stiff)
Equilibrio
Semicircular canals
Ampulla
Flow
of endolymph
Flow
of endolymph
Vestibular nerve
Cupula
Hairs
Hair
cell
Vestibule
Nerve fibers
Utricle
Body movement
Saccule
Audición y equilibrio en otros vertebrados
Cupula
Sensory
hairs
Nerve fiber
Concepto 49.3: Los sentidos del gusto y del olfato están
estrechamente relacionados en la mayoría de los animales.
To brain
Chemoreceptors
Sensillum
Microelectrode
To voltage recorder
Pore at tip
Pipette containing
test substance
LE 49-13b
50
30
10
0
0.5 M Meat 0.5 M Honey
NaCl Sucrose
Stimulus
El gusto en los seres humanos
Taste Sensory
bud receptor
cells
Sensory
Tongue neuron
Sugar G protein
Adenylyl cyclase
Sugar receptor
ATP
cAMP
Protein
kinase A
SENSORY
RECEPTOR
CELL K+
Synaptic
vesicle
Ca2+
Neurotransmitter
Sensory neuron
El olfato en seres humanos
Brain
potentials
Action
Olfactory bulb
Nasal cavity
Bone
Odorant
Epithelial cell
Odorant
receptors Chemoreceptor
Plasma Cilia
membrane
Odorant Mucus
Concepto 49.4: La visión se basa en mecanismos
similares en todo el reino animal.
Light
Photoreceptor
Nerve to
brain
Visual pigment
Screening
pigment
Ocellus
Cornea
Crystalline Lens
cone
Rhabdom
Photoreceptor
Axons
2 mm
Ommatidium
• Entre los invertebrados, los ojos de lente única se
encuentran en algunas medusas, poliquetos,
arañas y muchos moluscos.
• Funciona con un principio similar al de una
cámara.
Cornea
Iris Optic
nerve
Pupil
Aqueous
humor
Lens
Central artery and
Vitreous humor vein of the retina
Optic disk
(blind spot)
• Los seres humanos y otros mamíferos enfocan la
luz al cambiar la forma del cristalino
Retina
Ciliary
muscle
Suspensory
ligaments
Near vision (accommodation)
Lens (flatter)
Distance vision
• La retina humana contiene dos tipos de
fotorreceptores: bastones y conos
• Los bastones son sensibles a la luz pero no
distinguen colores
• Los conos distinguen colores pero no son tan
sensibles
Rod
Outer
segment
Disks
Light Enzymes
Synaptic
terminal
Cytosol
Retinal
Rhodopsin
Opsin trans isomer
Procesamiento de la información visual
Membrane
Plasma potential (mV)
membrane 0
Dark Light
cGMP
Inactive Transducin Disk –40 Hyper-
rhodopsin membrane GMP polarization
Na+
–70
Time
CYTOSOL
Na+
• En la oscuridad, los conos y bastones se
despolarizan y liberan el neurotransmisor
glutamato en las sinapsis con las neuronas
llamadas células bipolares
• A la luz, los conos y bastones se hiperpolarizan,
inhibiendo la liberación de glutamato
• Células bipolares pueden tanto resultar
hiperpolarizadas como despolarizadas
Glutamate No glutamate
released released
Optic nerve
To
brain
Retina
Photoreceptors
Neurons
Cone Rod
Amacrine
cell Horizontal
cell
Optic
nerve Ganglion Bipolar Pigmented
fibers cell cell epithelium
• Las señales de los bastones y conos viajan de
células bipolares a las células ganglionares
• Los axones de las células ganglionares forman los
nervios ópticos, que transmiten sensaciones
desde los ojos al cerebro
Left Right
eye eye
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Primary
visual cortex
• La mayoría de los axones de las células
ganglionares conducen a los núcleos geniculados
laterales del tálamo.
• El tálamo envía información a la corteza visual
primaria
• Varios centros de integración en la corteza
cerebral están activos en la creación de las
percepciones visuales
Bristles
Head
Exoskeletons
Shoulder Clavicle
girdle
Scapula
Sternum
Ball-and-socket joints, where the humerus
Rib contacts the shoulder girdle and where the femur
Humerus contacts the pelvic girdle, enable us to rotate our
arms and legs and move them in several planes.
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna Humerus
Pelvic
girdle
Carpals
Ulna
Phalanges
Metacarpals Hinge joints, such as between the humerus
and the head of the ulna, restrict movement
to a single plane.
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
Extensor
Biceps muscle
contracts relaxes Tibia
flexes
Flexor
muscle
Forearm contracts
Triceps
relaxes flexes
Forearm
extends Flexor
Triceps muscle
contracts relaxes
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
Bundle of
muscle fibers
Single muscle fiber Nuclei
(cell)
Plasma membrane
Myofibril
Light Z line
band Dark band
Sarcomere
TEM 0.5 µm
I band A band I band
M line
Thick filaments
(myosin)
Thin filaments
(actin)
Z line H zone Z line
Sarcomere
The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
Z
H
A I
Sarcomere
Relaxed muscle fiber
Thick filament
Thin filaments
Thin filament
Myosin head (low-energy
configuration)
Thick
filament
Cross-bridge
Thin filament moves binding site
toward center of sacomere. Actin
Cross-bridge
The Role of Calcium and Regulatory Proteins
Ca2+
Myosin-
binding site
Synaptic
terminal
T tubule
Plasma membrane
of muscle fiber
• The synaptic terminal of the motor neuron
releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Acetylcholine depolarizes the muscle, causing it to
produce an action potential
ACh SR
Ca2+
CYTOSOL
Ca2+
Neural Control of Muscle Tension
Synaptic terminals
Nerve
Motor neuron
cell body
Motor neuron
axon
Muscle
Muscle fibers
Tendon
• A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and
all the muscle fibers it controls
• Recruitment of multiple motor neurons results in
stronger contractions
• A twitch results from a single action potential in a
motor neuron
• More rapidly delivered action potentials produce a
graded contraction by summation
Tetanus
Tension
Summation of
two twitches
Single
twitch
Time
Action
potential Pair of Series of action
action potentials at
potentials high frequency
• Tetanus is a state of smooth and sustained
contraction produced when motor neurons deliver
a volley of action potentials
Flying
Running
102
Energy cost (J/kg/m)
10
1
Swimming
10–1