Odd and Even Signals

The first lectures introduce odd and even signals but don't give a lot of background details.
They're important because we'll use helpful features of even and odd signals later to help us
analyse and process signals.

We say that a continuous signal x(t) is even if x(t)=x(−t) for all t. Similarly, x(t) is odd
if x(t)=−x(−t) for all t.

Note that if x(t) is odd, x(0)=0.

Some common even signals you will be familiar with are x(t)=cos(t) and x(t)=t2. Some
common odd signals you will be familiar with are x(t)=sin(t) and x(t)=t3.

There are exactly analogous definitions for discrete signals.

x[n] is even if x[n]=x[−n] for all n. x[n] is odd if x[n]=−x[−n] for all n.

Many signals, of course, are neither even nor odd. x(t)=Aebt, the exponential, is neither even
nor odd. Neither are most time-shifted functions.

However, we are going to make use of the interesting fact that any signal x[t] that is defined for
all t, can be expressed as the sum of an even signal and an odd signal.

This feels like quite a strong result. To show it, we first assume it's true; that allows us to see
what such signals would look like, and then it's easy to see that the signals we derive will work
in all cases.

Suppose x(t)=xE(t)+xO(t), where xE(t) and xO(t) are even and odd signals
respectively.

Then x(−t)=xE(−t)+xO(−t).

But xE(−t)=xE(t), and xO(−t)=−xO(t).

So from that we can see that

x(−t)=xE(t)−xO(t).
Adding that to the equation we started with, we get:

x(t)+x(−t)=2xE(t)+xO(t)−xO(t)=2xE(t).
xE(t)=x(t)+x(−t)2
If instead we subtract the two equations, we get:

x(t)−x(−t)=2xO(t)

xO(t)=x(t)−x(−t)2
We're not quite done, because we started by assuming these signals exist. But we know that
x(t) is defined for all t, so the odd and even components are well-defined, and it's clear that
x(t)+x(−t)2 is always even and

x(t)−x(−t)2 is always odd.

The proofs for discrete signals are exactly analagous. We do need to be careful because x[n] is
only defined for integers, but -n is always an integer so we're ok.

A signal is just a function in one or more variables, so if you'd like some more on odd and even
functions, some basic help is available from the Khan Academy:
 Even and odd functions

Module by: Sunil Kumar Singh. E-mail the author

Even and odd functions are related to symmetry of functions. The symmetry of a function is visualized
by the planar plot of a function, which may show symmetry with respect to either an axis (y-axis) or
origin.

Since functions need not always be symmetric, they may neither be even nor be odd. The parity of a
function i.e. whether it is even or odd is determined with certain algebraic algorithm. Further, symmetry
of functions may change subsequent to mathematical operations.

Even functions The values of even function at x=x and x=-x are same.

Definition 1: Even function A function f(x) is said to be “even” if for every “x”, there exists “-x” in the
domain of the function such that :

f(−x)=f(x)

An even function is symmetric about y-axis. If we consider the axis as a mirror, then the plot in first
quadrant has its mirror image (bilaterally inverted) in second quadrant. Similarly, the plot in fourth
quadrant has its mirror image (bilaterally inverted) in third quadrant.Some examples of even functions
are

x2,∣∣x∣∣andcosx

. In each case, we see that :

⇒f(−x)=(−x)2=x2=f(x)

⇒f(−x)=|−x|=|x|=f(x)
⇒f(−x)=cos(−x)=cosx=f(x)

The right side is mirror image of left hand side and the left side is mirror image of right hand side of the
curve.

Figure 1: Examples of even functions. Even functions Even functions (eo1.gif)

It is important to see that if we rotate the curve by 180° about y-axis, then the appearance of the
rotated curve is same as the original curve. We can state this alternatively as : if we rotate left hand side
of the curve by 180° about y-axis, then we get the right hand curve and vice-versa.

Examples Problem 1: Prove that the function f(x) is “even”, if

f(x)=xax−1ax+1

Solution : For function being “even”, we need to prove that :

f(−x)=f(x)

Here,

⇒f(−x)=−xa−x−1a−x+1=−x1ax−11ax+1

⇒f(−x)=−x1−axax1+axax=−x1−ax1+ax

⇒f(−x)=xax−1ax+1=f(x)

Problem 2: If an even function “f” is defined on the interval (-5,5), then find the real values for which

f(x)=f(x+1x+2)

Solution : It is given that function “f” is even. Hence, arguments of the functions on two sides are
related either as

⇒x=x+1x+2
or as :

⇒x=−x+1x+2

From the first relation,

⇒x2+x−1=0

⇒x=−1±5√2

From the second relation,

⇒x2+3x+1=0

⇒x=−3±5√2

We see that values are within the specified domain. Hence, all the four solutions satisfy the given
equation.

Odd functionsThe values of odd function at x=x and x=-x are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

Definition 2: Odd function A function f(x) is said to be “odd” if for every “x”, there exists “-x” in the
domain of the function such that :

f(−x)=−f(x)

An odd function is symmetric about origin of the coordinate system. The plot in first quadrant has its
mirror image (bilaterally inverted) in third quadrant. Similarly, the plot in second quadrant has its mirror
image (bilaterally inverted) in fourth quadrant.

Some examples of odd functions are :x,x3andsinx. In each case, we see that :
⇒f(−x)=−x=−f(x)

⇒f(−x)=(−x)3=−x3=−f(x)

⇒f(−x)=sin(−x)=−sinx=−f(x)

The upper curve of these functions is exactly same as the lower curve across x-axis.

Figure 2: Examples of odd functions. Odd functions Odd functions (eo2.gif)

It is important to see that if we rotate the curve by 180° about origin, then the appearance of the
rotated curve is same as the original curve. In other words, if we rotate right hand side of curve by 180°
about origin, then we get left side of the curve. Further, it is interesting to note that we obtain left hand
part of the plot of odd function in two steps : (i) drawing reflection (mirror image) of right hand plot
about y-axis and (ii) drawing reflection (mirror image) of “reflection drawn in step 1” about x-axis.

Figure 3: Odd function as two successive mirror images Odd function plot Odd function plot (eo43.gif)

Examples Problem 3: Determine whether the function f(x) is “odd” function, where :

f(x)=loge{x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−−√}

Solution : In order to determine the nature of function with respect to even or odd, we check for f(-x).
Here,

⇒f(−x)=loge[−x+{√(−x)2+1}]=loge{−x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−−√}

The expression on the right hand side can not be explicitly interpreted whether it equals to f(x) or not.
Therefore, we rationalize the expression of logarithmic function,

⇒f(−x)=loge⎡⎣⎢{−x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−√}X{x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−√}{x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−√}⎤⎦⎥=loge⎡⎣⎢−x2+x2+1{x+
(x2+1)−−−−−−−√}⎤⎦⎥

⇒f(−x)=loge1−loge{x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−−√}=−loge{x+(x2+1)−−−−−−−−√}=−f(x)

Hence, given function is an “odd” function.

Problem 4: Determine whether sinx + cosx is an even or odd function?

Solution : In order to check the nature of the function, we evaluate f(-x),

f(−x)=sin(−x)+cos(−x)=−sinx+cosx

The resulting function is neither equal to f(x) nor equal to “-f(x)”. Hence, the given function is neither an
even nor an odd function.

Mathematical operations and nature of functionIt is easy to find the nature of function resulting from
mathematical operations, provided we know the nature of operand functions. As already discussed, we
check for following possibilities :

If f(-x) = f(x), then f(x) is even. If f(-x) = -f(x), then f(x) is odd. If above conditions are not met, then f(x)
is neither even nor odd.

Based on above algorithm, we can determine the nature of resulting function. For example, let us
determine the nature of "fog" function when “f” is an even and “g” is an odd function. By definition,

fog(−x)=f(g(−x))

But, “g” is an odd function. Hence,

⇒g(−x)=−g(x)

Combining two equations,

⇒fog(−x)=f(−g(x))

It is given that “f” is even function. Therefore, f(-x) = f(x). Hence,

⇒fog(−x)==f(−g(x))=f(g(x))=fog(x)

Therefore, resulting “fog” function is even function.

The nature of resulting function subsequent to various mathematical operations is tabulated here for
reference :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x) g(x) f(x)/g(x), g(x)≠0 fog(x)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

odd odd odd even even odd

odd even Neither odd odd even

even even even even even even

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We should emphasize here that we need not memorize this table. We can always carry out particular
operation and determine whether a particular operation results in even, odd or neither of two function
types. We shall work with a division operation here to illustrate the point. Let f(x) and g(x) be even and
odd functions respectively. Let h(x) = f(x)/g(x). We now substitute “x” by “-x”,

⇒h(−x)=f(−x)g(−x)

But f(x) is an even function. Hence, f(-x) = f(x). Further as g(x) is an odd function, g(-x) = - g(x).⇒h(−x)=f(x)
−g(x)=−h(x)

Thus, the division, here, results in an odd function.

There is an useful parallel here to remember the results of multiplication and division operations. If we
consider even as "plus (+)" and odd as "minus (-)", then the resulting function is same as that resulting
from multiplication or division of plus and minus numbers. Product of even (plus) and odd (minus) is
minus(odd). Product of odd (minus) and odd (minus) is plus (even). Similarly, division of odd (minus) by
even (plus) is minus (odd) and so on.

Square of an even or odd function

The square of even or odd function is always an even function.

Properties of derivatives
1: If f(x) is an even differentiable function on R, then f’(x) is an odd function. In other words, if f(x) is an
even function, then its first derivative with respect to "x" is an odd function.

2: If f(x) is an odd differentiable function on R, then f’(x) is an even function. In other words, if f(x) is an
odd function, then its first derivative with respect to "x" is an even function.

Composition of a functionEvery real function can be considered to be composed from addition of an

even and an odd function. This composition is unique for every real function. We follow an algorithm to
prove this as :

Let f(x) be a real function for x ∈ R. Then,

f(x)=f(x)+f(−x)}−f(−x)}

Rearranging,

f(x)=12{f(x)+f(−x)}+12{f(x)−f(−x)}=g(x)+h(x)

Now, we seek to determine the nature of functions “g(x)” and “h(x). For “g(x)”, we have :

⇒g(−x)=12[f(−x)+f{−(−x)}]=12{f(−x)+f(x)}=g(x)

Thus, “g(x)” is an even function.

Similarly,

⇒h(−x)=12[f(−x)−f{−(−x)}]=12{f(−x)−f(x)}=−h(x)

Clearly, “h(x)” is an odd function. We, therefore, conclude that all real functions can be expressed as
addition of even and odd functions.

Even and odd extensions of function A function has three components – definition(rule), domain and
range. What could be the meaning of extension of function? As a matter of fact, we can not extend
these components. The concept of extending of function is actually not a general concept, but limited
with respect to certain property of a function. Here, we shall consider few even and odd extensions.
Idea is to complete a function defined in one half of its representation (x>=0) with other half such that
resulting function is either even or odd function.
Even function

Let f(x) is defined in [0,a]. Then, even extension is defined as :

|f(x); 0≤x≤a

g(x) = |

| f(-x); -a≤x<0

The graphical interpretation of such extension is that graph of function f(x) is extended in other half
which is mirror image of f(x) in y-axis i.e. image across y-axis.

Odd extension

Let f(x) is defined in [0,a]. Then, odd extension is defined as :

| f(x); 0≤x≤a

g(x) = |

| -f(x); -a≤x<0

The graphical interpretation of such extension is that graph of function f(x) is extended in other half
which is mirror image of f(x) in x-axis i.e. image across x-axis.
Exercises

Exercise 1

Determine whether f(x) is odd or even, when :

f(x)=ex+e−x

Solution The function “f(x)” consists of exponential terms. Here,

⇒f(−x)=e−x+e−(−x)=e−x+ex=ex+e−x=f(x)

Hence, given function is even function.

Exercise 2

Determine whether f(x) is odd or even, when :

f(x)=xex−1+x2

Solution The function “f(x)” consists of exponential terms. In order to check polarity, we determine f(-x) :

f(−x)=−xe−x−1+−x2=−x1/ex−1−x2

⇒f(−x)=−xex1−ex−x2
We observe here that it might be tedious to reduce the expression to either “f(x)” or “-f(x)”. However, if
we evaluate f(x) – f(-x), then the resulting expression can be easily reduced to simpler form.

f(x)−f(−x)=xex−1+x2+xex1−ex+x2

⇒f(x)−f(−x)=xex−1−xexex−1+x=x(1−ex)ex−1+x=0

Hence,

f(x)=f(−x)

It means that given function is an even function.

Exercise 3

) How to check whether a pulse equation of the form

y=a{(3x+4t)2+b}

is symmetric or asymmetric, here "a" and "b" are constants.

Note: Posted by Dr. R.K.Singhal through e-mail

Solution The pulse function has two independent variables “x” and “t”. The function needs to be even
for being symmetric about y-axis at a given instant, say t =0.

We check the nature of function at t = 0.

⇒y=a(9x2+b)

⇒f(−x)=a{9(−x)2+b}=a(9x2+b)=f(x)

Thus, we conclude that given pulse function is symmetric.

Exercise 4

Determine whether f(x) is odd or even, when :

f(x)=x2cosx−∣∣sinx∣∣

Solution The “f(x)” function consists of trigonometric and modulus functions. Here,

⇒f(−x)=(−x)2cos(−x)−∣∣sin(−x)∣∣

We know that :

(−x)2=x2;cos(−x)=cosx;∣∣sin(−x)∣∣=∣∣−sinx∣∣=∣∣sinx∣∣

Putting these values in the expression of f(-x), we have :

⇒f(−x)=(−x)2cos(−x)−∣∣sin(−x)∣∣=x2cosx−∣∣sinx∣∣=f(x)

Hence, given function is an even function.

Exercise 5

Determine whether f(x) is odd or even, when :

f(x)=xe−x2tan2x

Solution The “f(x)” function consists of exponential terms having trigonometric function in the exponent.
Here,

⇒f(−x)=(−x)e−{(−x)2tan2(−x)}

We know that :

(−x)2=x2;tan2(−x)=(−tanx)2=tan2x

⇒f(−x)=(−x)e−{(−x)2tan2(−x)}=−xe−x2tan2x=−f(x)

Hence, given function is an odd function.

Periodic functions

Module by: Sunil Kumar Singh. E-mail the author

In physical world around us, we encounter many phenomena which repeat after certain interval of time.
In mathematics, the notion of periodicity remains same but with more general connotation. The
periodicity of a function is not limited to time. We look for repetition of function values with respect to
independent variable. Time could be just one such independent variable. For example, we have seen
that trigonometric functions are “many one” relations. This means that we get same value of
trigonometric function for different angles. This “many one” relation is the basic requirement for a
function to be periodic. In addition, these same values of the function should appear at regular intervals
for the values of independent variables in the domain.

We can visualize periodic nature of a function by observing its graph in which a particular smallest
segment of the plot can be repeated to construct complete plot.

Figure 1: A sine curve is constructed by repeating a segment of the curve as shown in the lower graph in
the figure. Periodic function Periodic function (pf1.gif)

In the two graphs shown above, we have considered two segments corresponding to intervals of “π”
and “2π”. The graphs are constructed by repeating the segments one after another. It is clear from the
figure that we need smallest segment of an interval “2π” to construct a sine curve (lower curve).

Definition of periodic function A function is said to be periodic if there exists a positive real number “T”
such that

f(x+T)=f(x)for allx∈D

where “D” is the domain of the function f(x). The least positive real number “T” (T>0) is known as the
fundamental period or simply the period of the function. The “T” is not a unique positive number. All
integral multiple of “T” within the domain of the function is also the period of the function. Hence,

f(x+nT)=f(x);n∈Z,for allx∈D

In the context of periodic function, an “aperiodic” function is one, which in not periodic. On the other
hand, a function is said to be anti-periodic if :

f(x+T)=−f(x)for allx∈D

Periodicity and period In order to determine periodicity and period of a function, we can follow the
algorithm as :
 Put f(x+T) = f(x). If there exists a positive number “T” satisfying equation in “1” and it is independent of
“x”, then f(x) is periodic. Otherwise, function, “f(x)” is aperiodic. The least value of “T” is the period of
the periodic function.

Example 1Problem : Let f(x) be a function and “k” be a positive real number such that :

f(x+k)+f(x)=0for allx∈R

Prove that f(x) is periodic. Also determine its period.

Solution : The given equation can be re-written as :

f(x+k)=−f(x)for allx∈R

Here, our objective is to convert RHS of the equation as f(x). For this, we need to substitute "x" such that
RHS function acquires RHS function form. Replacing “x” by “x+k”, we have :

⇒f(x+2k)=−f(x+k)for allx∈R

Combining two equations,

⇒f(x+2k)=−1X−f(x)=f(x)for allx∈R

It means that f(x) is a periodic function and its period is “2k”.

Example 2Problem : Determine period of the function :

f(x)=asinkx+bcoskx

Solution : The function is sum of two trigonometric functions. We can reduce this function is terms of a
single trigonometric function to determine its periodic nature. Let

a=rcosθ;b=rsinθ
⇒r=(a2+b2)−−−−−−−−√

Substituting in the function, we have :

⇒f(x)=rcosθsinkx+rsinθcoskx=rsin(kx+θ)

This is a periodic function. Also, period of “ag(x)” is same as that of “g(x)”. Therefore, period of “r sin (kx
+ θ)” is same as that of “sin (kx + θ)”. On the other hand, period of g(ax+b) is equal to the period of g(x),
divided by “|a|”. Now, period of “sinx” is “2π”. Hence, period of the given function is :

⇒T=2π|k|

Alternatively, we can treat given function as addition of two functions. The period of each term is “2π/|
k|”. Applying LCM rule (discussed later), the period of given function is equal to LCM of two periods,
which is “2π/|k|”.

Basic periodic functions

Not many of the functions that we encounter are periodic. There are few functions, which are periodic
by their very definition. We are, so far, familiar with following periodic functions in this course :

Constant function, (c) Trigonometric functions, (sinx, cosx, tanx etc.) Fraction part function, {x}

Six trigonometric functions are most commonly used periodic functions. They are used in various
combination to generate other periodic functions. In general, we might not determine periodicity of
each function by definition. It is more convenient to know periods of standard functions like that of six
trigonometric functions, their integral exponents and certain other standard forms/ functions. Once, we
know periods of standard functions, we use different rules, properties and results of periodic functions
to determine periods of other functions, which are formed as composition or combination of standard
periodic functions.

Constant function For constant function to be periodic function,

f(x+T)=f(x)

By definition of constant function,

f(x+T)=f(x)=c

Clearly, constant function meets the requirement of a periodic function, but there is no definite, fixed
or least period. The relation of periodicity, here, holds for any change in x. We, therefore, conclude that
constant function is a periodic function without period.

Trigonometric functions Graphs of trigonometric functions (as described in the module titled
trigonometric function) clearly show that periods of sinx, cosx, cosecx and secx are “2π” and that of tanx
and cotx are “π”. Here, we shall mathematically determine periods of few of these trigonometric
functions, using definition of period.

Sine function

For sinx to be periodic function,

sin(x+T)=(x)

x+T=nπ+(−1)nx;n∈Z

The term

(−1)n

evaluates to 1 if n is an even integer. In that case,

x+T=nπ+x

Clearly, T = nπ, where n is an even integer. The least positive value of “T” i.e. period of the function is :

T=2π
Cosine function For cosx to be periodic function,

cos(x+T)=cosx

⇒x+T=2nπ±x;n∈Z

Either,

⇒x+T=2nπ+x

⇒T=2nπ

or,

⇒x+T=2nπ−x

⇒T=2nπ−2x

First set of values is independent of “x”. Hence,

T=2nπ;n∈Z

The least positive value of “T” i.e. period of the function is :

T=2π

Tangent function For tanx to be periodic function,

tan(x+T)=tanx

x+T=nπ+x;n∈Z

Clearly, T = nπ; n∈Z. The least positive value of “T” i.e. period of the function is :
T=π

Fraction part function (FPF) Fraction part function (FPF) is related to real number "x" and greatest
integer function (GIF) as {x}=x−[x]. We have seen that greatest integer function returns the integer which
is either equal to “x” or less than “x”. For understanding the nature of function, let us compute few
function values as here :

---------------------------------

x [x] x – [x]

---------------------------------

1 1 0

1.25 1 0.25

1.5 1 0.5

1.75 1 0.75

2 2 0

2.25 2 0.25

2.5 2 0.5

2.75 2 0.75

3 3 0

3.25 3 0.25

3.5 3 0.5

3.75 3 0.75

4 4 0

---------------------------------

From the data in table, we infer that difference as given by “x – [x]” is periodic with a period of “1”. Note
that function value repeats for an increment of "1" in the value of "x". We, now, proceed to prove this
analytically. Here,
f(x)=x−[x]

⇒f(x+T)=x+T−[x+T]

Let us assume that the given function is indeed a periodic function. Then by definition,

f(x+T)=f(x)

⇒x+T−[x+T]=x−[x]

⇒T=[x+T]−[x]

⇒T∈Z

Clearly, “T” is an integer as both greatest integer functions return integers. There exists T > 0, which
satisfies the equation f(x+T) = f(x). The least positive integer is “1”. Hence, period of the function is “1”.

Arithmetic operations and periodicity

A periodic function can be modified by arithmetic operations on independent variable of the function or
function itself. The arithmetic operations involved here are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and negation. We have studied (read module titled transformation of graphs) these operations and seen
that there are different effects on the graph of core function due to these operations. Arithmetic
operations on independent variable change input to the function and the graph of core function is
transformed horizontally (along x-axis). On the other hand, operations on the function itself change
output and the graph of core function is transformed vertically (along. y-axis). The combined
input/output arithmetic operations related to function are symbolically represented as :

af(bx+c)+d;a,b,c,d∈Z

Important thing to understand here is that periodicity is defined in terms of independent variable, x. A
periodic function repeats a set of its values after regular interval of independent variable i.e. x., Clearly,
periodicity of a periodic function is not affected by transformations in vertical direction. Hence,
arithmetic operations with function involving constants “a” and “d” do not affect periodicity of a
periodic function.

Not all arithmetic operations on independent variable will change or affect periodicity. Shifting of core
graph due to addition or subtraction results in shifting of the graph as a whole either to the left or right.
This operation does not change size and shape of the graph. Thus, addition and subtraction operation
involving constant “c” does not affect periodicity of a function. Negation of independent variable, when
“b” is negative, results in flipping of the graph without any change in size and shape of the graph. As
such, negation of independent variable does not change periodicity either.

It is only the multiplication or division of independent variable x by a positive constant, “b” greater than
1, result in change in size with respect to origin in horizontal direction. The graph shrinks horizontally
when independent variable is multiplied by positive constant greater than 1 by the factor which is equal
to the multiplier. This means periodicity of graph decreases by the same factor i.e.|b|. The graph
stretches horizontally when independent variable is divided by positive constant greater than 1 by the
factor which is equal to the divisor. This means periodicity of graph increases by the same factor i.e.|b|.
We combine these two observations by saying that period of graph decrease by a factor |b|. Note that
magnitude of constant “b” more than 1 represents multiplication and less than represents division.

In the nutshell, if “T” is the period of f(x), then period of function of the form given below id “T/|b|” :

af(bx+c)+d;a,b,c,d∈Z

Example 3Problem : What is the period of function :

f(x)=3+2sin{(πx+2)3}

Solution : Rearranging, we have :

f(x)=3+2sin(π3x+23)
 The period of sine function is “2π”. Comparing with function form "af(bx+c)+d", magnitude of b i.e. |b|
is π/3. Hence, period of the given function is :

⇒T′=T|b|=2ππ3=6

Modulus of trigonometric functions and periods The graphs of modulus of a function are helpful to
determine periods of modulus of trigonometric functions like |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx| etc. We know that
modulus operation on function converts negative function values to positive function values with equal
magnitude. As such, we draw graph of modulus function by taking mirror image of the corresponding
core graph in x-axis. The graphs of |sinx| and |cotx| are shown here :

Figure 2 Modulus of sine and cotangent functions (a) Period of function is π. (b) Period of function is π.
Figure 2(a) (pf2.gif)Figure 2(b) (pf3.gif)

From the graphs, we observe that periods of |sinx| and |cotx| are π. Similarly, we find that periods of
modulus of all six trigonometric functions are π.

Integral exponentiation of trigonometric function and periodsThe periods of trigonometric functions

which are raised to integral powers, depend on the nature of exponents. The periods of trigonometric
exponentiations are different for even and odd powers. Following results with respect these
exponentiated trigonometric functions are useful :

Functions sinnx,cosnx,cosecnxandsecnx are periodic on “R” with period “π” when “n” is even and “2π”
when “n” is fraction or odd. On the other hand, Functions tannxandcotnx are periodic on “R” with
period “π” whether n is odd or even.

Example 4Problem : Find period of sin2x.

Solution : Using trigonometric identity,

⇒sin2x=1+cos2x2
⇒sin2x=12+cos2x2

Comparing with

af(bx+c)+d, the magnitude of “b” i.e. |b| is 2. The period of cosine is 2π. Hence, period of

sin2x

is :

⇒T=2π2=π

Example 5Problem : Find period of function :

f(x)=sin3x

Writing identity for "

sin3x

", we have :

⇒f(x)=sin3x=3sinx−sin3x4=34sinx−34sin3x

We know that period of “ag(x)” is same as that of “g(x)”. The period of first term of “f(x)”, therefore, is
equal to the period of “sinx”. Now, period of “sinx” is “2π”. Hence,

⇒T1=2π

We also know that period of g(ax+b) is equal to the period of g(x), divided by “|a|”. The period of
second term of “f(x)”, therefore, is equal to the period of “sinx”, divided by “3”. Now, period of “sinx” is
“2π”. Hence,
⇒T2=2π3

Applying LCM rule,

⇒T=LCM of2πand2πHCF of1and3=2π1=π

LCM Rule for periodicity

When two periodic functions are added or subtracted, the resulting function is also a periodic function.
The resulting function is periodic when two individual periodic functions being added or subtracted
repeat simultaneously. Consider a function,

f(x)=sinx+sinx2

The period of sinx is 2π, whereas period of sinx/2 is 4π. The function f(x), therefore, repeats after 4π,
which is equal to LCM of (least common multiplier) of the two periods. It is evident from the graph also.

Figure 3: Two functions repeat values after 4π. Graphs of sine functions Graphs of sine functions
(pf4.gif)

If “a” and “b” are non-zero real number and functions g(x) and h(x) are periodic functions having
periods, “

T1

” and “

T2”, then function

f(x)=ag(x)±bh(x)

is also a periodic function. The period of f(x) is LCM of "T1" and "T2".

Finding LCM LCM of integral numbers is obtained easily. There is, however, difficulty in finding LCM
when numbers are fractions (like 3/4, 1/3 etc.) or irrational numbers (like π, 2√2 etc.).

For rational fraction, we can find LCM using following formula :

LCM=LCM of numeratorsHCF of denominators

Consider fractions 3/5 and 2/3. The LCM of numerators 3 and 2 is 6. The HCF of denominators is 1.
Hence, LCM of two fractions is 6/1 i.e. 6.

This rule also works for irrational numbers of similar type like 2√2/3 , 3√2/5 etc or π/2, 3π/2 etc.
However, we can not find LCM of irrational numbers of different kind like 2√2 and π. Similarly, there is
no LCM for combination of rational and irrational numbers.

For example, LCM of π/3 and 3π/2 is :

LCM=LCM of numeratorsHCF of denominators=LCM of (π,3π)HCF of (2,3)=3π1=3π

Example 6Problem : Find period of

f(x)=sin(2πx+π8)+2sin(3πx+π3)

Solution : Period of sin(2πx+π/8) is :

⇒T1=2π2π=1

Period of 2sin(3πx+π/3)

is :

⇒T2=2π3π=23
LCM of numbers involving fraction is equal to the ratio of LCM of numerators and HCF of
denominators. Hence,

LCM=LCM of numeratorsHCF of denominators=LCM of (1,2)HCF of (1,3)=21=2

Exception to LCM rule LCM rule is not always true. There are exceptions to this rule. We do not apply
this rule, when functions are co-functions of each other or when functions are even functions. Further, if
individual periods are rational and irrational numbers respectively, then LCM is not defined. As such, this
rule can not be applied in such situation as well.

Two functions f(x) and g(y) are cofunctions if x and y are complimentary angles. The functions sinx and
consx are cofunctions as :

sinx=cos(π2−x)

Similarly, |cosx| and |sinx| are cofunctions as :

∣∣cosx∣∣=∣∣sin(π2−x)∣∣

In such cases where LCM rule is not applicable, we proceed to apply definition of periodic function to
determine period.

Example 7Problem : Find period of

f(x)=|cosx|+|sinx|

Solution : We know that |cosx| and |sinx| are co-functions. Recall that a function “f” is co-
function of a function “g” if f(x) = g(y) where x and y are complementary angles. Hence, we can not apply
LCM rule. But, we know that sin(x + π/2) = cosx. This suggests that the function may have the period
"π/2". We check this as :

f(x+π2)=∣∣∣cos(x+π2)∣∣∣+∣∣∣sin(x+π2)∣∣∣
⇒f(x+π2)=∣∣∣−cosx∣∣∣+∣∣∣sinx∣∣∣=∣∣∣cosx∣∣∣+∣∣∣sinx∣∣∣=f(x)

Hence, period is “π/2”.

It is intuitive here to work with this problem using LCM rule and compare the result. The period of
modulus of all six trigonometric functions is π. The periods of |cosx| and |sinx| are π. Now, applying
LCM rule, the period of given function is LCM of π and π, which is π.

Example 8Problem : Find period of

f(x)=sin2x+cos4x

Solution : Here, we see that f(-x) = - f(x).

f(-x)=sin2(-x)+cos4(-x)=sin2x+cos4x=f(x)

This means that given function is even function. As such, we can apply LCM rule. We, therefore,
proceed to reduce the given function in terms of one trigonometric function type.

⇒f(x)=sin2x+cos2x(1−sin2x)=sin2x+cos2x−sin2Xcos2x

⇒f(x)=1−14sin22x=1−14X(1−cos4x)2

⇒f(x)=1−18+(cos4x)8

⇒T=2π4=π/2

Note that if we apply LCM rule, then period evaluates to "π".

Important results The results obtained in earlier sections are summarized here for ready reference.

1: All trigonometric functions are periodic on “R”. The functions sinx,cosx,secxandcosecx have
periodicity of "2π". On the other hand, periodicity of tanxandcotx is π.

2: Functions sinnx,cosnx,cosecnxandsecnx are periodic on “R” with period “π” when “n” is even
and “2π” when “n” is fraction or odd. On the other hand, Functions tannxandcotnx are periodic on “R”
with period “π” whether n is odd or even. 3: Functions |sinx|,|cosx|,|tanx|,|cosecx|,|secx|and|
cotx|

are periodic on “R” with period “π”.

4: A constant function is a periodic function without any fundamental period. For example,

f(x)=c

f(x)=sin2x+cos2x

5: If “T” is the period of f(x), then period of function of the form given below is “T/|b|” :

af(bx+c)+d;a,b,c,d∈Z

6: If f(x) is a periodic function with period “T” and g(x) is one one function (bijection), then "gof" is also
periodic with period “T”.

7: If f(x) is a periodic function with a period T and its domain is a proper subset of domain of g(x), then
gof(x) is a periodic function with a period T.

Example 9Problem : Find period of function :

f(x)=sin(x)
 where {} denotes fraction part function.

Solution :

The fraction part function {x} is a periodic function with a period “1”. Its domain is R. On the other hand,
sinx is a function having domain R. Therefore, domain of {x} is a proper subset of the domain of sinx.
Hence, period of sin{x} is 1.

Example 10Problem : Find period of function

tan⁻¹tanx

Solution : Inverse trigonometric function tan⁻¹x is one one function in [1,1] and tanx is a periodic
function with period π in R. Hence, function tan⁻¹tanx function is a periodic function with period π.

     Introduction to some simple signals

 

                                    Type of signal                                                                              

Properties of signal

    

finition of Signal ♦ Random and Deterministic Signal

♦ Amplitude-scaling of Signal
♦ Causal, Non-causal and Anti-causal Signal
ntinuous-time Signal ♦ Time-scaling of Signals

screte-time Signal ♦ Even and Odd Signal

♦ Time-shifting of Signal

♦ Real and Complex Exponential Signal

gital Signal  

riodic and Aperiodic Signal ♦ Impulse Signal  

                

 
                  

                                      Introduction to some simple

signal
 

Definition of Signal:

 Any time varying physical phenomenon that can convey information is called signal.
Some examples of signals are human voice, electrocardiogram, sign language, videos
etc. There are several classification of signals such as Continuous time signal, discrete
time signal and digital signal, random signals and non-random signals .

Continuous-time Signal:

A continuous-time signal is a signal that can be defined at every instant of time. A

continuous-time signal contains values for all real numbers along the X-axis. It is
denoted by x(t). Figure 1(a) shows continuous-time signal.

 
    

                                             Fig.1(a)

Continuous-time signal                               Fig.1(b) Discrete-time signal
 

Discrete-time Signal:

Signals that can be defined at discrete instant of time is called discrete time signal.
Basically discrete time signals can be obtained by sampling a continuous-time signal.
It is denoted as x(n).Figure 1(b) shows discrete-time signal.

Digital Signal:

The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in amplitude are called digital
signal. The term "digital signal" applies to the transmission of a sequence of values of
a discrete-time signal in the form of some digits in the encoded form.

                                                                                                                                                             
                               Top

Periodic and Aperiodic Signal: 

  

A signal is said to be periodic if it repeats itself after some amount of time

x(t+T)=x(t), for some value of T. The period of the signal is the minimum value of
time for which it exactly repeats itself. 

   

                 Fig.2(a) Periodic signal               Fig.2(b)  Aperiodic signal

Signal which does not repeat itself after a certain period of time is called aperiodic
signal. The periodic and aperiodic signals are shown in Figure 2(a) and 2(b)
respectively.

                              

Random and Deterministic Signal:

A random signal cannot be described by any mathematical function, where as a

deterministic signal is one that can be described mathematically. A common example
of random signal is noise. Random signal and deterministic signal are shown in the
Figure 3(a) and 3(b) respectively.

 
        

                            Fig.3(a) Random signal                                                   Fig.3(b)

Deterministic signal

Causal, Non-causal and Anti-causal Signal:

Signal that are zero for all negative time, that type of signals are called causal signals,
while the signals that are zero for all positive value of time are called anti-causal
signal.

A non-causal signal is one that has non zero values in both positive and negative time.
Causal, non-causal and anti-causal signals are shown below in the Figure 4(a), 4(b)
and 4(c) respectively.
      
      
Fig.4(b) Fig.4(c)
Fig.4(a)
Non- Anti-
Causal
caual causal
signal
signal signal

                                                                                                                                                             
                             Top

Even and Odd Signal:

An even signal is any signal 'x' such that x(t) = x(-t). On the other hand, an odd signal
is a signal 'x' for which x(t) = -x(-t). Even signals are symmetric around the vertical
axis, so that they can easily spotted.

        Fig.5(a) Odd signal           Fig.5(b) Even signal

 
An even signal is one that is invariant under the time scaling t→ - t and an odd signal
is one that is invariant under the amplitude and time scaling x(t) → - x(-t).

A simple way of visualizing even and odd signal is to imazine that the ordinate [x(t)]
axis is a mirror. For even signals, the part of x(t) for t > 0 and the part of x(t) for t < 0
are mirror images of each other. In case of an odd signal, the same two parts of the
signals are negative mirror images of each other. Some signals are odd, some signals
are even and some signals are neither odd nor even. But any signal x(t) can be
expressed as a sum of its even and odd parts such as x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t) or we can say
that every signal is composed of the addition of an even part and odd part. The even
and odd parts of a signal x(t) are 

                                                and    

Here xe(t) denotes the even part of signal x(t) and xo(t) denotes the odd part of signal
x(t). Figure 5(a) and 5(b) shows the odd signal and even signal respectively.

                                                                                                                                                             
                          Top

Amplitude-Scaling of Signal:

There are some important properties of signal such as amplitude-scaling, time-scaling

and time-shifting. Among these properties now we are discussing about amplitude
scaling. Consider a signal x(t) which is multiplying by a constant 'A' and this can be
indicated by a notation x(t) → Ax(t). For any arbitrary 't'  this multiplies the signal
value x(t) by a constant 'A'. Thus, x(t) → Ax(t) multiplies x(t) at every value of 't' by a
constant 'A'. This is called amplitude-scaling. If the amplitude-scaling factor is
negative then it flips the signal with the t-axis as the rotation axis of the flip. If the
scaling factor is -1 then only the signal will be flip. This is shown in the Figure 6(a),
6(b), 6(c) which is given below.
        

        Fig.6(a) A signal x(t)                  Fig.6(b) A signal x(t) scaled by -1       Fig.6(c) A
signal x(t) scaled by 1/2

Time-Scaling of Signal:

Time scaling compresses or dilates a signal by multiplying the time variable by some
quantity. If that quantity is greater than one, the signal becomes narrower and the
operation is called compression. If that quantity is less than one, the signal becomes
wider and the operation is called dilation. Figure 7(a), 7(b), 7(c) shows the signal x(t),
compression of signal and dilation of signal respectively.
 Fig.7(a) Signal x(t) Fig.7(b) Compression of signal Fig.7(c) Dilation of signal

                                                                                                                                                             
                          Top

Time-Shifting of Signal:

In signals and system amplitude scaling, time shifting and time scaling are some
important properties. If  a continuous time signal is defined as x(t) = s(t - t1). Then we
can say that x(t) is the time shifted version of s(t).

Consider a simple signal s(t) for 0 < t < 1

Fig.8(a) Signal within 0< t < 1 Fig.8(b) Signal shifted by 2 sec. Fig.8(c) Signal shifted by -1 sec.

Now shifting the function  by time t1 = 2 sec.

   x(t) = s (t-2) = t-2                     for     0 < (t - 2) < 1

                            = t-2                   for   2  < (t - 2 ) < 3

                                         

Which is simply signal s(t)  with its origin delayed by 2 sec.

Now if we shift the signal by t1 = -1 sec.

             then x(t) = s (t+1) = t+1     for      0 < (t+1)

                                         = t+1     for     -1 < t < 0.

                                                   

Which is  simply s(t) with its origin shifted to the left or advance in time by 1 seconds.
This time-shifting property of signal is shown in the Figure 8(a), 8(b) and 8(c) given
above.

                                                                                                                                                            
Top

Impulse Signal: 

The Dirac delta function or unit impulse or often referred to as the delta function, is
the function that defines the idea of a unit impulse in continuous-time. Informally, this
function is one that is infinitesimally narrow, infinitely tall, yet integrates to one.
Perhaps the simplest way to visualize this as a rectangular pulse from a -D/2 to a +D/2
with a height of 1/D. As we take the limit of this setup as D approaches 0, we see that
the width tends to zero and the height tends to infinity as the total area remains
constant at one.
The impulse function is often written as 
                                                             

Fig.9(a)  Dirac delta functoin Fig.9(b) Unit impulse

Since it is quite difficult to draw something that is infinitely tall, we represent the
Dirac with an arrow centered at the point it is applied. The dirac delta function and
unit impulse are shown in Figure 9(a) and 9(b) respectively.

The impulse function has some special properties.

  The sampling property.

                        

  Another important property is the scaling property.

                    
Since the derivative of the unit step u(t) is zero everywhere except at t=0, the unit
impulse is zero everywhere except at t=0. Since the unit step is the integral of the unit
impulse, a definite integral of the unit impulse whose integration range includes t=0
must have the value one.

 
           , where u(t) is the unit step.

 This scaling property can not be applied for discrete-time impulse.

                                                                                                                                          
           Top

Real and Complex Exponential Signal: 

Exponential signal is of two types. These two type of signals are real exponential
signal and complex exponential signal which are given below.

Real Exponential Signal:  

A real exponential signal is defined as

                                                                     

Where both "A" and "σ" are real. Depending on the value of "σ" the signals will be
different. If "σ" is positive the signal x(t) is a growing exponential and if "σ" is
negative then the signal x(t) is a decaying exponential. For σ=0, signal x(t) will be
constant. Figure 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c) shows a dc signal, exponentially growing
signal and exponentially decaying signal respectively.
Fig.10(a) A dc signal Fig.10(b) Exponentially growing signal Fig.10(c) Exponentially decaying signa

    

                       

 Complex exponential Signal:

The complex exponential signal is given by

                                                                                     

Where "s" is a complex variable and it is defined as 

                                                                        

Therefore

                                                             ........................(1)

Using Eulers identity

                                                                              
...............................(2)

Substituting eqn.(2) in eqn.(1) we have

                                                           

 A complex exponential signal can not be plot in a two dimentional (2D) graph, it
should be plot in a three dimentional graph. Figure given below shows the three
dimentional view of a complex exponential signal.

Real sines and real cosines can be expressed by the combinations of complex
sinusoids through the trigonometric identities

                                                  and              

Complex exponential signal , out of phase complex exponential signal and

the addition and substraction of complex exponentials to form the real cosine and real
sine are shown in Figure 11(a), 11(b), 11(c) and 11(d) respectively.

 
                

                Fig.11(a) Complex exponential signal    Fig.11(b) Out of phase complex

exponential signal
                      

Fig.11(c)Real cosine after addition of complex sinusoids Fig.11(d) Real sine after
substraction of complex sinusoids

                                                                               
                                                                                 
Even and Odd Functions
 They are special types of functions

Even Functions

A function is "even" when:

f(x) = f(-x) for all x

In other words there is symmetry about the y-axis (like a reflection):

This is the curve f(x) = x2+1

They got called "even" functions because the functions x2, x4, x6, x8, etc behave like that, but
there are other functions that behave like that too, such as cos(x):

Cosine function: f(x) = cos(x)

It is an even function

But an even exponent does not always make an even function, for example (x+1)2 is not an even
function.

Odd Functions

A function is "odd" when:

-f(x) = f(-x) for all x

Note the minus in front of f: -f(x).

And we get origin symmetry:

This is the curve f(x) = x3-x

They got called "odd" because the functions x, x3, x5, x7, etc behave like that, but there are other
functions that behave like that, too, such as sin(x):

Sine function: f(x) = sin(x)

It is an odd function

But an odd exponent does not always make an odd function, for example x3+1 is not an odd
function.

Neither Odd nor Even

Don't be misled by the names "odd" and "even" ... they are just names ... and a function does not
have to be even or odd.

In fact most functions are neither odd nor even. For example, just adding 1 to the curve above
gets this:
 This is the curve f(x) = x3-x+1

It is not an odd function, and it is not an even function either.

It is neither odd nor even!

Even or Odd?
Example: is f(x) = x/(x2-1) Even or Odd or neither?

Let's see what happens when we substitute -x:

Put in "-x":   f(-x) = (-x)/((-x)2-1)

Simplify:     = -x/(x2-1)

     = -f(x)

So f(-x) = -f(x) and hence it is an Odd Function

Special Properties

Adding:

 The sum of two even functions is even

 The sum of two odd functions is odd
 The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd (unless one function is zero).

Multiplying:

 The product of two even functions is an even function.

  The product of two odd functions is an even function.
 The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.

                                                                

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TV / Monitor / Fault Diagnosis

From OCAU Wiki

Category:

 Audio Visual

Back to Audio Visual

Monitor diagnosis. - adapted from the OCAU forum sticky here.

I make no claims to being an expert. But I have been doing this line of work for over 25 years.
When I first had the idea to write this it was going to be a simple guide. It Grew! - Shepete

Televisions & Computer Monitors share many similarities. As such, the following article
contains reference to both. Generally speaking, what applies to one applies to the other.

This is by no means a comprehensive list of faults, But should cover the most common faults. I
have the intention of adding or removing material as I see fit.
Contents

 1 Dangers
 2 Images with Terminology
 3 Fault conditions & possible causes
o 3.1 1 - No power.
o 3.2 2 - Picture comes on for a while, but gradually fades away,sometimes the pic. will
fade back on for a while & then fade away again
o 3.3 3 - Screen comes up intensely white. Sometimes with fine white diagonal lines
through it
o 3.4 4 - Screen comes up intensely Red, Green, or Blue, with fine lines diagonally through
it
o 3.5 5 - Screen intermittently drops one colour, or one colour missing
 3.5.1 Normal colour bars
 3.5.2 Red missing
 3.5.3 Green missing
 3.5.4 Blue missing
o 3.6 6 - Vertical collapse
o 3.7 7 - Horizontal collapse
o 3.8 8 - Picture geometry faulty at the sides
o 3.9 9 - De Gauss
 4 Other conditions
o 4.1 Why do some monitors screatch and what the noise from TV's is?
o 4.2 What would one do to fix the #6 problem? I have an old crt that does this with the
stand, but once the stand is taken off it works fine
o 4.3 The causes and cures to 'vertical fold-over' in a TV set
o 4.4 You say that a Horizontal collapse will bring a line running down the screen. Isn't up
and down VERTICAL and left to right HORIZONTAL?
o 4.5 Do you know anyone who could build a new cable for a monitor?
o 4.6 I have a 34cm tv that worked perfectly ... But now it strays off channel all the time (it
slowly gets fuzzy then just loses the channel altogether). It's ok with the 2 VHF channels
in my area but anything UHF is buggered
o 4.7 The problem is similar to #2 and 3 in that there are fine white lines (see image for
angle of lines) going across the screen.
o 4.8 I've got are vertical retrace lines, happening about every inch or so all the way down
the screen. They're green, so at first I thought maybe the green gun was being
overdriven.
 5 Monitor questions
o 5.1 How Do You make a Proview monitor last longer than its warranty period?
o 5.2 I have an intermittent loss of red colour on my Acerview 56c, and have concluded
that a tap at the back of the monitor (coinciding with the back board on the crt) fixes the
problem temporarily.
 6 Are these dry joints?
 7 Definitions
 8 What brands do you work on the most?
 9 Where do you get all your service manuals from though?
  10 External Links

Dangers

There are many "bightee's" inside a TV or monitor case. Delve inside entirely at your own risk.
The major dangers, apart from electrocution, while switched on are.

 a: Getting zapped from a charged electrolytic capacitor. The main filter capacitor can store a
substantial charge for days, if not weeks.It has a charged capacity of about 350 volts. They
hurt.The capacitor can be discharged (obviously power off & disconnected) by shorting a 220
ohm 5 watt resistor across it for 5 or 10 seconds.
 b: Getting belted by the charge stored in the picture tube. Stay away from the lead (with the
suction cup on it) that goes to the picture tube.The pic tube can store over 27,000 volts.Once
again this charge can be stored for days or weeks.
 c: Injury from an "Implosion". The glass on the back of a picture tube is very thin. It is very easy
to break the neck off the pic. tube. Usually this results in no more than a quick "Hiss" as the
outside air gets into the tube. But I have heard stories of the glass shattering, being sucked into
the tube,

then bouncing out with great velocity.

Images with Terminology
Fault conditions & possible causes
1 - No power.

Is the power switched on? Is the power light on? If not it is possible that it is a fuse, but not very
likely. Fuses usually blow for a good reason. Do you have high tension? When switched on at
the power switch, monitors usually make a "SSST" sound. This is the picture tube energising.
Inside the glass, it is recieving approx. 27 Kv. (Kilo Volts) If you hold your arm. (or something
else hairy,) in front of the pic. tube when you turn it on, you will feel the hairs stand on end, due
to an intense static charge inside the tube. This can sometimes be followed by the sound of a
relay. This is the Degauss cct kicking in. If you here & feel this it is reasonably safe to assume
that (most) of the power supply is operating.

2 - Picture comes on for a while, but gradually fades away,sometimes the pic. will fade back
on for a while & then fade away again

This is an indication of a "dry joint" in the heater cct. For the electrons to be emitted properly,
their need to be a "heater" at the back of the tube. That is the orange glow you see around the
neck of the tube while it is running. The heater operates off 6.3 volts, usually supplied by the
power supply in monitors, & usually from the LOPT (Line OutPut Transformer) in televisions.

3 - Screen comes up intensely white. Sometimes with fine white diagonal lines through it

Probably a fault with the ABL (Automatic Beam Limiter) part of the cct. The electron guns are
being overdriven.

4 - Screen comes up intensely Red, Green, or Blue, with fine lines diagonally through it

Possibly a shorted picture tube, but probably a faulty drive transistor, or accociated drive
circuitry
5 - Screen intermittently drops one colour, or one colour missing

 a: Faulty cable.Monitor cables frequently fail around the HD15 plug (High Density 15 Pin Plug)

 b: Possibly pic. tube again. But more likely a faulty drive transistor, or accociated drive circuitry.

Normal colour bars

Red missing
Green missing
Blue missing

6 - Vertical collapse

Sometimes intermittent. Sometimes only partial collapse. A solid white line across the screen.
Fault with the vertical deflection circuitry. Many causes, Dry joints, elecrolytic capacitors,
Vertical output I.C., vertical Oscillator etc.
7 - Horizontal collapse

The same as a vertical collapse but the line goes down the screen instead of across. This is not
often seen because usually the device dies as soon as it happens. If you see a solid white vertical
line on your monitor or TV, turn it off IMMEDIATELY, & have it repaired. If it is still running,
not to much damage has been done. If you are very lucky, you may find a dry joint around the
LOPT. If the set no longer runs, the horizontal stage has probably blown up. This is serious
repair stuff. Probably not worth repairing. Far too many causes to list.

8 - Picture geometry faulty at the sides

Pin cushion problems. Because a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) tries to make a rectangular picture
from a pin-point, also the characteristics of the tube, Circuitry is required to try & straighten out
the sides. Pin-cushion problems will cause "bowing" of the sides,or picture distortion. on the
sides.

9 - De Gauss

Picture tubes being electro-magnetic devices are effected greatly by stray magnetic fields.
Magnets, speakers or even turning the picture tube on its side, while running are enough to upset
the purity of the screen. If you have green, red or blue patcheson the screen. It is because of
either a problem with the automatic Degauss cct, or the automatic degauss cct is unable to cope
with the degree of induced magnetism in the screen. Usually a sweep with a degaussing wand is
enough to rectify the problem.
A degaussing wand in action.
This is a superb image of what misconvergence looks like. You can see that the RGB beams
don't line up, so you get three distint images, in red, green & blue.
The most common reason most electronic devices fail is due to electrolytic capacitors being
"cooked". They can only stand so much heat for so long.This is a common occurrance. One of
the power supply signal capacitors, mounted up against a radiator.(Oops, I mean heatsink) Do
you think they know what built in obsolescents is?
Other conditions
Why do some monitors screatch and what the noise from TV's is?

TV's & monitors's are "full" of oscillators. Virtually everything relies on an oscillator. I would
guess that you are quite young, your hearing is very good. I think, What you are hearing is the
oscillation of the deflection yoke, The deflection yoke is just a transformer. As the coils oscillate,
they vibrate. Although they are dipped in varnish to reduce the vibrations (by glueing them
together) sometimes they still emit an audible sound. I suspect that you have acutely good
hearing, & can hear sounds that most people can't. I have middle age deafness, which is a big
problem for me, Customers bring in TV"s with louder than "normal" "sounds". I can't hear them
at all. Incidentally, women, (In general) have superior hearing to men. Men's hearing,
deteriorates after about age 18. I think the excepted standard is 20 Hz to 20 Khz. If you are
young with good hearing. As you age "evertthing" works less efficiently. I suspect my hearing is
about 20 hz to 9 Khz. Such is life.

I heard the CRT squeal on most TVs is 16kHz?

I don't know "off hand" but that sounds about right. Except, it is not the CRT that is squealing.
What would one do to fix the #6 problem? I have an old crt that does this with the stand, but
once the stand is taken off it works fine

Presumably, if you tap the case the fault comes on & off. If so it is a "dry joint".

Could this be in any perticular part, or on any of the pcb's?

If you are are not qualified, do not take the cover off.

Look for a "largish" aluminium heatsink, located probably near the middle of the PCB. (It may
be on the right hand side.)

If you are confident enough to do this. With the cover off & an image showing, tap the heatsink
with the "handle" of a screwdriver. Search for the most sensitive heatsink. Disconnect the power
look closely at the other side of the heatsink & you will probably find a "dry jointed" I.C.

If you kill yourself, I have never heard of you.

The causes and cures to 'vertical fold-over' in a TV set

It will probably be an "Electrolytic capacitor" around the vertical output I.C.

You say that a Horizontal collapse will bring a line running down the screen. Isn't up and
down VERTICAL and left to right HORIZONTAL?

What you say is correct, BUT, we refer to Horizontal & Vertical deflection That is, if the scan is
not deflected vertically, you are left with a thin white horizontal line. If the scan is not deflected
horizontally you are left with a thin white vertical line. ( & usually smoke.)

Do you know anyone who could build a new cable for a monitor?

This is actually one of the more difficult problems to overcome. I presume the cable is damaged
at the plug end. This is where thy normaly fail You can buy HD15 plugs from WES components
for about $5.00. The problem is, the only way I know to do it is to "cut off", the old plug. Then
slice it open with a Dremel to figure out the colour coding. Then re-terminate the cable on the
new plug, using heatshrink. It takes a couple of hours. Not difficult, but time consuming.

I have a 34cm tv that worked perfectly ... But now it strays off channel all the time (it slowly
gets fuzzy then just loses the channel altogether). It's ok with the 2 VHF channels in my area
but anything UHF is buggered

Probably a faulty tuner. These are mostly generic and are available from WES Components for
about $30.00. It probably has a dry joint in it. But they are just about impossible to repair. If you
look inside one, you will know what I am talking about.
The problem is similar to #2 and 3 in that there are fine white lines (see image for angle of
lines) going across the screen.

At the top of the screen the lines are closer together than at the bottom (they spread from the top
to the bottom). If I look carefully I can just make out a blue line about 2 pixels above the white
line (a white kind of colout, but it can still be seen on a white background). The blue line can
barelly be seen compared to the white. The colour is also very washed out even with contrast on
max.

Sounds like screen current. Possibly a faulty electrolytic capacitor. Look for a capacitor around
the LOPT Probably about 10 or 22 uf 250V. Could also be a resistor.

I've got are vertical retrace lines, happening about every inch or so all the way down the
screen. They're green, so at first I thought maybe the green gun was being overdriven.

Either the green gun is being overdriven, or the picture tube is stuffed. If you are handy with a
soldering iron, you can swap the three largish transistors on the neck board around. If the fault
changes to red or blue lines, it is a faulty transistor.

Monitor questions

 Monitor blurringness is easy to fix. you will need to take the cover off and down one side you
should see two or three adjustment pots (they maybe labled). if two one is brightness and the
other is focus. if three then two for focus and one for brightness.

 You will need to have the monitors on for about 15 mins for best results and leave them on
while you are adjusting.

 Be very careful not to touch any other part of the monitor as it could contain high voltage.

How Do You make a Proview monitor last longer than its warranty period?

TAKE THE BASE OFF! The pressure on this flimsy plastic causes the circuit board to crack this
problem makes up for around 50% of the warranties 40% are Dry Joints and 5% Colour Guns
and 5% Power Units. Be very careful when moving them around is all i can say.

I have an intermittent loss of red colour on my Acerview 56c, and have concluded that a tap
at the back of the monitor (coinciding with the back board on the crt) fixes the problem
temporarily.

What specific area of the board or yoke would I have to look at to fix this problem?

The Neck board.. If it has covers, remove them, They are usually soldered on.

You will probably find 3 largish transistors with heat sinks attached. If not it will be a single In
Line I,C, Look for a " dry joint' on one of the legs.
Are these dry joints?

That looks like flux used in the soldering process..

Definitions

 HOT stands for "Horizontal Output Transistor".

Also known as LOPT, or "Line OutPut Transistor". It switches the EHT transformer."Extra High
Tension transformer" on & off, thus generating, most of the secondary voltages in the TV or
monitor. Also the "High Tension" for the picture tube.

The focus pot is located on the eht transformer. The big black thing with the red wire going up to
the tube. Ther will be 2 or 3 pots, one will be marked "focus".

What brands do you work on the most?

Sorry if you don't like the answer. (Putting on flameproof suit now). In order of most frequently
repaired.

 TEAC
 AKAI
 PALSONIC
 Rebranded "Yum - Cha". sets. AWA, Rank Arena, etc.

Where do you get all your service manuals from though?

I usually dont. Most stuff, you just figure out. Service manuals for TV's are available from "High
Country Services". Monitor sevice manuals or schematics are virtually impossible to get. As are
spare parts.

External Links

 Help on soldering
 How to Solder

I hope this is of interest. - Shepete

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_Fault_Diagnosis&oldid=18572"

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 Samsung C1537V
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id:= 011878
Failure of Q901 (2SC3552) at switch on
Replace R910 (270Kohms)

id:= 011879
Field roll when changing stations
Replace tantalum capacitor C307 (0.47uF,50v)

id:= 011880
No vision, just blank raster
The tuner was faulty (a different tuner is now supplied)

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id:= 011881
Whistle on sound
Change RC11 from 1uF to 10uF

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id:= 011884
Blank raster, takes input from front socket
The tuner was faulty

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Samsung CI1683
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id:= 017976
Intermittent dead, led flashed
Change C808 (47uF, 25V) in the start up circuit
(Steve b)

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id:= 013901
Black and white bars int, goes to standby
Check / replace C239 (1000uF,25v)
id:= 013902
Dead, 5A fuse o/c
The d.c power socket SK103 was s/c

id:= 013903
No blue
Check L107 (22uH) for o/c

id:= 013904
No sound or picture, standby led lit, relay clicks
Check D106 (FR304) for s/c

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id:= 011885
Volume stuck at full / maximum
Check Q119 (2SC1685) for s/c

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( P58 Chassis )
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id:= 011882
High H.T on B1 (125v) line, causing Q402 to fail
Check R807 (11Kohms), Pt no. samsung 31018177113 (reason: no input on pin 3 of IC801 for control
amp)

id:= 011888
Lack of height
Check R302 (470Kohms) if the i.c is ok

id:= 011886
No luminance or video overload when used with amiga computer
Cannot modify chassis so modify scart lead as follows: a) fit insulated link from pin 20 to 16, b) fit 3 x
47ohm 1/8w resistors in series with r.g.b inputs on pins 7 (blue), 11 (green), 15 (red)

id:= 011887
No switching between cvbs and a/v
Monitor the voltages on IC201 (TEA2014), pin 5 should go high on cvbs and low on a/v, if ok check RQ08
(at pin 12 of RIC01)
id:= 011889
Tuning drift
Check / replace R124 (33Kohms), R116 and R126 (120Kohms)

id:= 011890
Tuning info lost on channel change and set needs retuning
This was due to RIC02 (PCD8572) being faulty

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id:= 011892
Arcs then goes dead. R412 overheats, KA2131 s/c
Remove the field i.c and check the H.T, if high (should be approx 110v/120v) R807 (11Kohms) in p.s.u is
high

id:= 011891
Either 3.15A mains fuse or surge limiter resistor R601 (5.6ohms,7.5w) o/c (no
obvious short circuits)
Check C816 (2.2nF,2kV) which may be dead short or leaky (connected in parallel with the chopper
transistor)
id:= 011894
No search tuning, tuning rail stuck at 30v
This was due to RQ01 being dry

id:= 011875
No tuning, 0-30v line not varying
Check RR05 (10Kohms) for open circuit

id:= 011893
Patchy colour, requires degaussing repeatedly
The degaussing coils plug and socket connections were poor, removed plug and soldered directly

id:= 011876
Volume stuck at maximum although osd does change
Check R625 (10Kohms) for open circuit

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id:= 011895
Int dead when hot
Check / replace C808 (330pF)

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id:= 011896
Dead
Check the resistors feeding pin 4 of IC801, if ok replace IC801 itself

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id:= 013905
Dead
Check IC801 (SCH209B), R803 (270Kohms) and R804 (270Kohms)

id:= 013906
Field collapse, no sound
Check R418 (1ohm) for o/c

id:= 013907
Int goes into search tune
Check / replace RX01 (10MHz)

id:= 013908
Int loss of colour
Check for loose connection (bcgnd) on c.r.t base

id:= 013909
Interference on picture / int
The aquadag earthing was found to be loose
id:= 013910
No raster, sound ok
Check R925 (2.4ohms,2w) for o/c

id:= 011897
No red but osd correct colour or loss of blue
This was due to failure of IC501 (TDA4661)

id:= 013911
No sound or raster, standby l.e.d ok
Check D402 (KF105) for s/c, R826 (1ohm) for o/c and C908 (1uF,250v) for o/c (on c.r.t base)

id:= 013912
No tuning
Check the 33v zener DZ824 for leakage and R822 (15K,2w) for o/c

id:= 013913
Standby only
Check 5.6v zener RD201 for leakage and IC802 (MC7808) for s/c

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( P68 Chassis )
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id:= 016964
Dead, LED lit (no 8 volt rail)
Check Q802 for o/c then check C206 (470uF) for s/c
(Steve C)

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id:= 014602
Dead with fuse blown
Check ZD8011 for s/c

id:= 013914
Faint picture
Set to `mild` on handset, reset to normal
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( P50 Chassis )
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id:= 013917
No colour when warm
Check ZD501 for leakage

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id:= 013918
Distorted sound
Check R614 for o/c and R601 (2.7Kohms) for high resistance

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id:= 011900
Int sound
Resolder IC101

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Samsung CI348
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id:= 013919
Int blows Q404
Check for dry joints on C414

id:= 013921
Int low or distorted sound
This was due to dry joints on IC101 (under shield)

id:= 013920
Intermittent low contrast
Check for dry joints on the front pots

id:= 013922
No sound
RL801 had dirty contacts

id:= 013923
Sound faulty, IC601 overheats
Check / replace C909 (100nF)

id:= 013924
Standby only
Check Q404 (2SD1650) for s/c and R800 (0.47ohms) for o/c
id:= 013925
Tripping
Check Q404 (2SD1650) for s/c, R413 (1Kohms) for high resistance and for dry joints on L401

id:= 013926
Tripping
Check / replace C461 (1uF,250v) and C414 (0.7uF,200v)

id:= 013927
Tripping / int
This was due to a broken print near L401

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id:= 011901
No sound, no 18v supply on pin 5 of the TDA2006
The standby relay was o/c on one contact, clean or replace

id:= 017423
Set dead, low ht voltages
Electrolytic C813 (100uF, 25v working) beside R802
(Gfm)

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id:= 013928
Dark picture
Check the 5.6v zener at pin 8 of RIC02

id:= 013929
Dead
Check R801 (5.6ohms,7w), R807 (2.7Kohms,3w), P802 (P160), R812 (0.68ohms) and R813 (100ohms), all
were found to be o/c

id:= 013930
Field collapse
Check fusible resistor R412 (1ohm,1/2w) for o/c

id:= 013931
No colour
Check R522 (2Kohms) for high resistance
id:= 016026
No luminance or video overload when used with amiga computer
Cannot modify chassis so modify scart lead as follows: a) fit insulated link from pin 20 to 16, b) fit 3 x
47ohm 1/8w resistors in series with r.g.b inputs on pins 7 (blue), 11 (green), 15 (red)

id:= 016546
No picture
Replace RR31
(Kagouras)

id:= 013932
No remote control functions
Check 5.6v zener JM02 for leakage (on pin 8 of RIC02)

id:= 011902
No sound
Check C605 (22nF) for s/c (on pin 13 of iC101)

id:= 016028
No switching between cvbs and a/v
Monitor the voltages on IC201 (TEA2014), pin 5 should go high on cvbs and low on a/v, if ok check RQ08
(at pin 12 of rIC01)

id:= 013933
No tuning
Check DZ824 (KA33V) for leakage and R822 (12Kohms,2w) for o/c

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id:= 011903
Dead
Check R801 (5.6ohms) for o/c and C816 for s/c also check the bridge rectifier diodes

id:= 011904
Dead, R801 (5.6ohms,7w) o/c
Check C816 (222pF,1kV) for s/c

id:= 011877
Drifts off tune
Check / replace R116 (120Kohms)

id:= 011905
Poor field linearity
Check / replace C306 (2.2uF,50v)

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( P58 Chassis )
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id:= 016041
High H.T on B1 (125v) line, causing Q402 to fail
Check R807 (11Kohms), Pt no. samsung 31018177113 (reason: no input on pin 3 of IC801 for control
amp)

id:= 016027
No luminance or video overload when used with amiga computer
Cannot modify chassis so modify scart lead as follows: a) fit insulated link from pin 20 to 16, b) fit 3 x
47ohm 1/8w resistors in series with r.g.b inputs on pins 7 (blue), 11 (green), 15 (red)

id:= 016029
No switching between cvbs and a/v
Monitor the voltages on IC201 (TEA2014), pin 5 should go high on cvbs and low on a/v, if ok check RQ08
(at pin 12 of rIC01)

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 Samsung CI5030
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id:= 011913
No sound
Check xtal X601

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Samsung CI5337
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id:= 013936
No sound after warm up with slightly darkened picture
The input and output of the 12v regulator IC802 was low, diode D802 (1N4003) in its feed supply was
leaky

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Samsung CI5373T
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id:= 014596
Dark picture, gradually increases
The l.o.p transformer was faulty

id:= 014603
Dead
Replaced C803, DZ801, HC801, IC801 and R802/803

id:= 014604
Reduced field and no video or sound
Replace or reset the eeprom ic

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 Samsung CI537V
( P55 Chassis )
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id:= 011925
Blank raster, works on video input
The tuner unit was faulty

id:= 011923
Dead, power supply working but no channel display
This was due to the 12MHz xtal

id:= 011926
Replacement tuner modify with ECC-2885PLE(S) type, two pins must be cut off the
tuner - bh and bl. pins read as follows starting with socket:
On left and reading from left to right - bu - vt - bh - a.g.c - bl - a.f.t, the old unit type was 34519-990-040
ECU5883PLE, new unit type is 34519-991-060 ECC2885PLE

id:= 011924
Set comes out of standby but returns in 10secs
D912 was o/c resulting in no line oscillator start up supply
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Samsung CI537Z
( P55 Chassis )
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id:= 011927
Flashing one colour then no picture
Suspect R407 (330Kohms,1/2w), fit 140K and 190K 1/2w in series in place of link J52 and fit wire link in
place of R407

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Samsung CI541Z
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id:= 016030
Flashing one colour then no picture
Suspect R407 (330Kohms,1/2w), fit 140K and 190K 1/2w in series in place of link J52 and fit wire link in
place of R407

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Samsung CI591
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id:= 013938
Dark picture with ringing
Caps in 175v supply to r.g.b low, check C560 (2.2uF,400v) on c.r.t base and C410 (220uF,200v) on main
pcb

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 Samsung CI5913
( U88 Chassis )
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id:= 011928
Dark picture
Check 155v smoothing capacitor C416, replace with 47uF,250v

id:= 011929
Failure of C560 (2.2uF,250v) on c.r.t base
Change C410 to new type and carry out modification

id:= 011930
High frequency vibration noise, flyback transformer vibration, and vibration between
R414, R406 and R415
Replace the flyback transformer (3 hole fixing type) also bond R414

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others who may be stuck !!
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Samsung CI5937AN
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id:= 013939
Dead
Check the TDA2616A audio output chip for s/c

id:= 011931
Set whines with no picture or sound
Overvoltage zener D808 (170v) was s/c and optocoupler PC801 was dry jointed

id:= 013940
Standby only
Micro not giving power on signal, the front panel was faulty (works by remote if disconnected), panel no
longer available

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Samsung CI6229T
( U88MT (RM113) Chassis )
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id:= 014594
Int dead or does not switch on from cold
Replace C806 (100uF,25v)

id:= 011932
Will not come on unless standby button is held in as on/off switch is operated
Replace C806, C808 (100uF,35v)

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Samsung CI6230
( U88MT1 Chassis )
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id:= 011933
Dead with just a high pitched squeal from the power supply
C416 (2.2,uF,250v) was short circuit, it decouples the supply to the line output stage
id:= 013941
Dead, C416 (2.2uF,250v) blasted
Check D814 (RU4AM) for s/c (used BYW95C in leiu)

id:= 013942
Field non linearity and short picture
This was due to the TDA3654

id:= 013943
No sound (ok via scart)
There was audio in at IC601 (TDA8415) but no output, there was no osc due to the 10MHz xtal being
faulty

id:= 011935
Odd video, no colour
Check the 12v supply from the regulator

id:= 015891
Partial or complete field collapse
Check / replace IC301 (TDA3654)

id:= 011934
Partial or complete field collapse, IC301 (TDA3654) fails after replacement
Modify as follows: add a 1N4148 from pin 9 of IC301 to pin 3 of IC301 (anode to pin 3), add a 1N4148
from pin 3 of IC301 (anode to ground) and add a 12pF ceramic capacitor from pin 3 to ground

id:= 013944
Standby only
Check C808 and C806 (100uF,25v)
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Samsung CI6813
( U88 Chassis )
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id:= 016042
Dark picture
Check 155v smoothing capacitor C416, replace with 47uF,250v

id:= 016043
Failure of C560 (2.2uF,250v) on c.r.t base
Change C410 to new type and carry out modification

id:= 016031
High frequency vibration noise, flyback transformer vibration, and vibration between
R414, R406 and R415
Replace the flyback transformer (3 hole fixing type) also bond R414

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others who may be stuck !!
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 Samsung CX5012
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id:= 016545
No sound, volume at maximum
Check R625
(Kagouras)

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Samsung S15A Chassis

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id:= 016557
Dead, 3.15amp fuse blown
IC801 was found to be s/c, other components that should also be replaced are D804, D810, DZ809,
DZ808 and DZ807
(John Coombes)

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Samsung SCT11C Chassis

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id:= 017172
Rainbow symptom
Change IC301 (vertical) and jungle IC
(KM)

id:= 017799
Rainbow symptom
Change IC301 (vertical) and jungle IC. Also check HIC301(VPG 301)
(Anonymous)

Samsung SCT11D Chassis

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id:= 013947
Field collapse
Check R410 (1ohm) in feed to D403 for o/c

Samsung TTB1340W
( CKA50ZM Chassis )
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id:= 017183
Dead set
Replaced Q902 type KSC1507, also replaced C950 (10uF, 250V)

Samsung TXL2791F/X/XAA
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id:= 017923
Dead
Replace C427 HOT-KSD5703 I used NTE2331. Check ALL non lytic caps for bad solder joints
(Wheelie)

Samsung TYB5050
( TV/Video Combi )
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id:= 216896
VCR section does not work
Check Mode switch. (pip breaks off, 1 arm has broken off)
(Roger - STS)

Samsung U88MT1 Chassis

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id:= 013951
No colour
There was no 5v at pins 1 and 9 of delay line chip IC502 (TDA4661), zener D

Samsung VM3105
( TV/Video Combi )
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id:= 217602
No high voltage
Replaced Q402 transistor type D1650, and resistor R417 (1 ohm, « w)
(BenRose)

Samsung Z68 Chassis

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id:= 013952
Dead
The audio output chip IC603 (TDA2616A) was s/c

Sanyo 2144
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id:= 011942
No tuning when cold
Check capacitor C398 (100uF) in the 5v line

Sanyo 2145
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id:= 011943
Int shut down
Check the 100uF capacitors in the 5v and 12v lines
 Sanyo 21DN1
( EB4-A21 Chassis )
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id:= 017123
Powers up then shuts down with LED flashing.
1. Check R620 and R621 in SMPSU both 120K. 2. Check R451 (1R8 2W) at rear of LOPTY for dry joint
(Nige - Airtime)

Sanyo 21MT
( EC5-A21 Chassis )
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id:= 016729
Goes off after 2 seconds, red l.e.d starts flashing
Resistor R495 (180Kohms) was found to be o/c
(Tech Vision)
 Sanyo 25XP1
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id:= 013953
Standby l.e.d flashes when asked to start by the remote
Check R624 (120Kohms) for o/c

Sanyo 28XP1
( EB4-A Chassis )
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id:= 017434
Set dead with LED on in stand-by but LED flashes when set turned on with remote on
front buttons
Check R621 in primary of power supply for open circuit. The marking for R624 is close beside R621 and
easily mistaken for it. It should be 120K 0.5W part

Sanyo 3024 Portable

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id:= 016684
Intermittent picture rolling etc
This was due to dry joints on the vertical output ic
(Ian)

id:= 011946
Line output transistor s/c, very high H.T
Check Q511 (2SA608) in primary circuit, also check the H.T smoothing capacitor for possible damage

Sanyo 6144
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id:= 011947
Poor vision, looks like c.r.t faulty
This was due to the thick film unit A602

Sanyo 91C620
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id:= 017663
Blank screen, humming sound
Replaced capacitor C003 (470uF, 180V)
(BenRose)

Sanyo AVM1301
( G2V-13010 Chassis )
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id:= 017664
No raster, no sound
Resoldered the terminals of Power Relay RL001
(BenRose)

Sanyo AVM1902
( G4S-19020 Chassis )
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id:= 017185
Intermittent vertical deflection
Resoldered the pins of: IC001 regulator type STR30135 and IC451 IC type LA7837
(BenRose)

Sanyo AVM2051
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id:= 017149
Vertical deflection problem. Top half of screen was low and non-linear, bottom half
was blank
Replaced capacitors C457 (47uF, 35V) and C452 (1uF, 50V)
(BenRose)

Sanyo AVM2052
( G2R-20521 Chassis )
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id:= 017184
Picture flashes intermittently, vertical deflection too low
Resoldered the cold-solder joints of IC001, R501 and IC451, Replaced C452 (1uF, 50V)
(BenRose)

Sanyo C20BG2TX
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id:= 017597
No picture, just high bright white raster. Sound ok.
Resistor R211 (220k) was found o/c causing an excessive beam current that damaged the 10ohm fuse
resistor R213 (+175v TRC cathodes supplier)
(Rui Loureiro - Portugal)

Sanyo C25EG95B
( EC3-A25 Chassis )
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id:= 017884
Dead set (no start up)
Replace R320 (120K). Be sure to discharge main smoothing cap first
(Richard Martin)

Sanyo C28EH25D
( EB3 Chassis )
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id:= 017489
TV starts normally, picture and sound are OK, but after 3-4 sec the set goes back to
standby
Replace R485 (180k) and all should be OK
 Sanyo C28EH85N
( EB2-A Chassis )
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id:= 017552
At power on the picture is normal and OK, but after 10 sec.
the set goes back to standby
R394 (390k) is open
(Hans Danmark)

id:= 017676
IC451 (LA7833) Vertical deflection i.c and IC171 (TDA7263)
Audio amp. i.c are blown
Power supply output voltages too high. Check D351 for dry joints, this is
the reference for the opto-couplers to regulate the power-supply
(Per-olof ahl)

Sanyo C28ER55NB
( 28XP1 Chassis )
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id:= 017904
Stuck in standby, power led flashes when programme selected
Check resistor R624 for open circuit. Check to see if it is supplying the chopper controller ic. Be careful to
discharge the mains capacitor before handling !!
(Steve May)

Sanyo C28WN1
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id:= 013955
No sound after p.s.u blow up
This was due to the audio amplifier chip (TA8200H)

id:= 013956
No text after p.s.u blow up
Check the 27MHz xtal X2901

id:= 013957
Standby only, standby p.s.u running, main p.s.u faulty
Replaced chopper Q634 (2SC4429), Q633 (2SC3807) and R902 (3.9ohms,10w)
 Sanyo CB1443
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id:= 014613
Colours wrong order
Replace iC270 (TDA4662)

Sanyo CB5153
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id:= 014618
Dead
Check Q432 (2SD1651) for s/c (cpc code SC2SD1651)

Sanyo CB5956
( EC3-A25 Chassis )
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id:= 017885
Dead set (no start up)
Replace R320 (120K). Be sure to discharge main smoothing cap first
(Richard Martin)

Sanyo CBP2162
( E4 Chassis )
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id:= 011958
Blank raster with sound
This was due to IC101 (TDA4505M) being faulty

Sanyo CBP2180-00
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id:= 013964
Int picture
Check for dry joints on C554 (22uF,250v)

Sanyo CBP2180A
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id:= 011959
Dead
Check the 12v regulators IC551 and IC552

Sanyo CBP2572
( ED1 Chassis )
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id:= 011961
Blank raster, no sound, no on-screen displays, memory corrupt on signals pcb (two)
Replace or try re-programming by pressing the service switch and volume plus button together (service
switch behind small hole in front panel)

id:= 011962
Int loss of off air signals
Check Q173 for dry joints

Sanyo CBP2576
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id:= 011965
Data keeps getting corrupted
This was due to the sound processor i.c (MSP2400)

id:= 013966
Excessive width and pincushion distortion
Check / replace L750 and C653

id:= 014612
Just snow in tuning mode
Check for correct configuration number 02014, to enter service mode press memory on tv and within 5
seconds press menu button on remote then enter the above number
id:= 014611
No sound
Check / replace ICP853 and IC1680

id:= 016365
Procedure to enter the service mode
Press memory on tv and within 5 seconds press menu button on remote

id:= 014619
Very bright raster, sound ok
Check / replace R534

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Sanyo CBP2872
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id:= 013968
No sound from speakers (ok from scart)
Check / replace IC561 (APU2471) on the signals panel
id:= 017901
No video, flyback lines, white smeary patches on the right hand side of screen
Replace IC501 (VCU 2136) located on the digi board
(Sparky)

id:= 011969
Repeated failure of the l.o.p transistor (2SD1555)
This was due to the DPU2553 chip

Sanyo CBP3011-15
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id:= 011970
Dead
Check R320 and R321 (120Kohms)

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others who may be stuck !!
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 Sanyo CBP3012
( A3-A14 Chassis )
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id:= 013969
Dead, no output from p.s.u
Q511 (2SA608) was s/c after replacement the set was now tripping as Q533 (2SC536) was also faulty

id:= 011971
Picture blanks out intermittently
Check for dry joints at transistor Q241 (2SA1015) which is in the luminance signal feed between the
LA7680 jungle chip and the tubes base panel

id:= 011972
The H.T voltage was low and there was no regulation
The 2SC536 voltage error sensing transistor Q553 was leaky

id:= 016391
Tripping
Check transistor Q533 (2SC536) for failure

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others who may be stuck !!
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roubleshoot problems with DVDs and movies
in Windows Media Center
Applies to these editions of Windows Vista

Home Premium

Ultimate

Here are solutions to some common problems with playing DVDs and viewing movie
information in Windows Media Center.

Hide all

Why doesn't digital audio work for DVD?

DVD audio is determined by the speaker configuration you selected in Set Up Your Speakers,
the audio connection type that you use to connect your computer to your speakers or stereo
receiver, and the DVD audio settings in Windows Media Center. For more information about
setting up your speakers in Windows Media Center, see Set up your speakers.

Also, the availability of digital audio is dependent on the options that are enabled by the audio
hardware that is installed on your computer. For more information about your audio hardware
capabilities, refer to the documentation that came with your computer.

Why is the DVD video distorted?

DVD video might be distorted if another DVD player application has been installed on your
computer. This can occur because different DVD players install different software that is used to
decode the DVD video so that it can play back. Try removing the other DVD player application
to correct the problem.

Why doesn't a DVD play?

A DVD may not play for one or more reasons. The following is a list of possible reasons and
some steps you can take to try to solve this issue:
  Another DVD player application has been installed on your computer that prevents
Windows Media Center from playing the DVD. Try closing or uninstalling the other
DVD player application.
 Your DVD drive has been disabled. Verify that your DVD-ROM drive is enabled.
 Your display resolution or connection type does not support the copy protection
technology that is required to play the DVD. You may need to change your display
resolution to 640x480 or 720x480. Alternatively, you can change the cable connection
between your display and your computer to use a DVI or VGA cable. See Connect your
computer to a TV for information about the different types of cable connections.
 Your DVD-ROM drive cannot play back that type of DVD. For example, some DVD-
ROM drives can only read DVD+R or DVD-R discs. If you burn a video DVD to a type
of recordable DVD that the DVD-ROM drive does not support, the DVD will not play
back.

What happens if the DVD has a different region code and does not play?

Some DVDs are encoded for playback only in certain regions. Therefore, if you bought a DVD
in one country or region and then try to play it on a DVD player or computer that was bought in
a different country or region, that DVD may not play, due to the region coding for the DVD.

Why doesn't movie information or cover art display in Windows Media Center?

Movie information and cover art images may not display for any of the following reasons:

 You are not connected to the Internet, so it is not possible for Windows Media Center to
retrieve the information and cover art images.
 Movie information and images are not available in your country or region.
 Movie information and images are not available for the current movie or DVD.
 When setting up Windows Media Center, you chose not to download CD, DVD, and
movie information from the Internet. If you want to change this setting, do the following:
1. Connect to the Internet.
2. On the start screen, scroll to Tasks, click settings, click General, and then click
Automatic Download Options.
3. Select the Retrieve CD album art, media information for DVDs and movies, and
Internet Services from the Internet check box.
4. Click Save.

How can I change the program that AutoPlay opens when I plug in a device or insert a disc?

Follow these steps:

1. Open AutoPlay by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel, clicking Hardware
and Sound, and then clicking AutoPlay.
2. To never see the AutoPlay dialog box, select Take no action next to the device or disc. To
choose an action each time you plug in a device or insert a disc, select Ask me every
time. To have a program open automatically each time, select the program.