SAGARMATHA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SANEPA, LALITPUR

TU AFFILIATED

CASE STUDY

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Tirtha Lal Balami. Department of Bsc. Csit.

E-Governance Initiatives in Nepal

Nepal is passing through a critical state of political transformation. E-governance is

the use of a variety of information technologies by government agencies in order to
renovate their public services in the course of improving the efficiency and
effectiveness of their service delivery. A number of policy and regulatory frameworks
governing the ICT sector provide a foundation for the DNF. For example, the
National ICT Policy introduced in 2015 seeks to enhance the vision of transforming
Nepali society into a knowledge and information-based society by harnessing rapid
advances in the ICT sector. Similarly, the National Broadband Policy announced in
2016 puts forth a framework for stimulating broadband access and availability across
the country. Among others, policy emphasis that has been placed on effectively
leveraging Universal Service Access Funds as a means of bridging the digital divide
will provide a strong mechanism for expanding broadband access to communities
beyond urban areas if implemented effectively (Kautish et al, 2008, 2012, 2013,
2020). Nepal gained considerable success in cyber adoption as compared to its
neighboring countries, which has been evident from the country’s growth trend over
the following few years. The fast-developing status of social media is a prime
achievement factor for cyber adoption in Nepal. Facebook users in Nepal are at the
count Case Study on E-Government Initiatives in Nepal of millions and the number of
users sharing videos on social media has increased tremendously (NTA,2017).

Although Nepal stands at the lower portion in the global scenario of ICT, there have
been noticeable development in the ICT sector in the recent years. The
telecommunication facilities have improved remarkably. The academic
institutes/universities producing ICT professional resources have been expanded. The
communication technologies, both electronic and print media, have extended their
access to general people. Uses of the internet, emails and computers are gaining
popularity. Several e-government applications are being introduced. Among the
country’s recent e-government initiatives Nepal’s E-Government Master Plan,
completed in November 2006.Another milestone is the preparation of an ICT
Development Project which has worked out detailed investment proposals for
prioritized projects. The Government of Nepal is thus keen and committed to promote
e-government for implementation of various G2G, G2C and G2B projects defined
under respective priority areas.

Cyber Laws

Cyber law is the part of the overall legal system that deals with the Internet,
cyberspace, and their respective legal issues. Cyber law covers a fairly broad area,
encompassing several subtopics including freedom of expression, access to and usage
of the internet, and online privacy. The first cyber law was the computer fraud and
Abuse Act (CFAA), enacted in 1986. This law prohibits unauthorized access to
computers and includes detail about the levels of punishment for breaking the law.

Why cyber laws are needed?

Like any law, a cyber law is created to help protect people and organizations on the
internet from malicious people on the internet and help maintain order. If someone
breaks a cyber law or rule, it allows another person or organization to take action
against that person.

Some of the Cyber laws in Nepal are:

1. The Electronic Transactions Act, 2008

2. The children’s Act, 1992
3. The Copyright Act, 2002
4. The Individual Privacy Act, 2018

All the above laws that Nepal has promulgated for cyber-crimes are yet not enough.
The country needs to address loopholes in these laws and encourage its citizens to
report cyber-crime incidents. There is also a need for comprehensive laws on e-
commerce, social media, and cyber terrorism, among other spheres of cyber space.
Another requirement is that of a clear definition of child pornography. A dedicated
cyber-crime cell is also a need of the hour. Nepal needs to work further on its cyber
laws to survive in this technologically advanced world.

Implementation of Land Reforms

In Nepal, where over 75% of the population is involved in agriculture, land is an

important resource. But, for centuries, unequal distribution of land has been
characteristic of Nepali society. Therefore, the issue of land reform, whereby the
available land is justifiably distributed to the population, has been an important
agenda after democracy replaced autocracy in 1951. Different governments attempted
to implement land reform programs, but without much success.

The Ministry has the following functions as mentioned in the work division
regulation, 2064 of the Government of Nepal

 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies, plans and

programs.
 Land administration and Revenue collection.
 National and International issues related to land.
 Establish and maintenance of Geodetic control networks, production of
topographic maps, aerial survey and Geo-information.
 Management of Guthi Corporation and trust land.
 Implementing Land reform programs.
 Human resource development through professional trainings in land
survey and mapping and land management.
 Administration and management of human resources within the
ministry

Delivering transparent, efficient, and effective land related services to the citizens is

the main objective of any Government. In 21st Century, this can be easily achieved
through e-service. In this course, ADB Granted ICT Development Project entitled
Land Records Information Management System (LRIMS) is on the way that
automates the land administration's functions of fourteen land revenue offices, namely
Dillibazar, Chabahil, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kalanki, Kavre, Dhading, Kaski, Baglung,
Banke, Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Morang-Biratnagar. The main objective of this
project is to provide citizen centric land related services through a web-based
application installed in Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) and Department
of Land Reform and Management (DOLRM) (as standby backup) and to make the
information easily accessible to land owners and related authorities

This newly launched responsive website contains all required information which can
be easily viewed on electronic devices like computer, laptop, mobile, iPad etc. It is a
great pleasure to mention that Nepal is ranked 1st in South Asia Region in Land
Administration Service (Registering Property) and 21st out of 185 countries in the
world according to Doing Business 2013 Report, IFC, World Bank. Moreover,
Registering Property is ranked as 1st among 10 services provided in Nepal.

Land Reform is a program especially undertaken by a national government, involving

in redistribution of agricultural land among the landless. It is the reform of the
regulatory and administrative frameworks, including laws, regulations, and rules, for
better management of land ownership. Nepal has been attempting to reform rural land
relations for more than 50 years. Following are the issues facing equitable land
ownership in Nepal today:

 The real picture of land ownership is not known.

 The rule of land law has been seriously undermined.
 Divisions of positions and rising doubt.
 Faith in the capacity of the state as land reformer is low.

Human Resource Management Software

Human Resource Management Software (HRMS) is a software used to

manage human resources and related processes throughout the employee lifecycle. An
HRMS enables an organization to fully understand its workforce while staying
complaint with changing tax laws and labor regulations. Candidate management,
Employee management, Optimization, Workforce management etc. are the functions
of HRMS.

The function of the human resources department involves tracking employee

histories, skills, abilities, salary and their accomplishments. When an organization
takes care to reduce the manual workload an organization performs, they choose to
replace those processes with various levels of HRMS systems. Executives within a
HR department either rely on internal IT experts or third-party vendors to develop and
implement an integrated system. Each module performs a separate function within the
HRMS. The functions current HRMS systems can perform include:

 Payroll
 Database for employee information
 Attendance records
 Performance evaluation
 Benefits administration
 Learning and recruiting management
 Employee self-service
  Employee scheduling
 Tracking of employee absenteeism
 Analytics

Human resource management is concerned with the development of both individuals

and the organization in which they operate. HRM, then, is engaged not only in
securing and developing the talents of individual workers, but also in implementing
programs that enhance communication and cooperation between those individual
workers in order to nurture organizational development.

The primary responsibilities associated with human resource management

include: job analysis and staffing, organization and utilization of work force,
measurement and appraisal of work force performance, implementation of reward
systems for employees, professional development of workers, and maintenance of
work force.

Human Resource Development for e-Governance will not only include building
training Programs in e-Governance but should start up with building strategy for IT
qualified manpower. A complete framework with performance-based promotion
needs to be incorporated in Government Services. HRMS software support E-
governance by helping to increase efficiency and productivity of work, saving cost,
reducing error, attendance monitoring, data security, improved decision making etc.

NICNET

National Informatics Centre (NIC) was established in 1976, and has since emerged as
a "prime builder" of e-Government / e-Governance applications up to the grassroots
level as well as a promoter of digital opportunities for sustainable development. NIC,
through its ICT Network, "NICNET", has institutional linkages with all the Ministries
/Departments of the Central Government, 35 State Governments/ Union Territories,
and about 625 District administrations of India. NIC has been instrumental in steering
e-Government/e-Governance applications in government ministries/departments at the
Centre, States, Districts and Blocks, facilitating improvement in government services,
wider transparency, promoting decentralized planning and management, resulting in
better efficiency and accountability to the people of India.

"Informatics-led-development" program of the government has been spearheaded by

NIC to derive competitive advantage by implementing ICT applications in social &
public administration. The following major activities are being undertaken:

 Setting up of ICT Infrastructure

 Implementation of National and State Level e-Governance Projects
 Products and Services
 Consultancy to the government departments
 Research and Development
 Capacity Building

During the last three decades, NIC has implemented many "network centric"
application software for Program implementation in various ministries and
departments, using state-of-the-technology software tools. During 1980s and early
part of 1990s, the policy thrust was on creating "Management Information System
(MIS)" and "Decision Support System (DSS)" for development, planning and
responsive administration in governments which led to the genesis of present day "e-
Governance" / "e-Government". "Bridging the Digital Divide", "Social and Financial
Inclusion through ICT" and "Reaching- the-Unreached" concepts were tried and made
operational in the late nineties. NIC has vast expertise and experience in the design,
development and operationalization of various e-Government projects in the areas of
Public Administration and Governance like Agriculture & Food, Animal Husbandry,
Fisheries, Forestry & Environment, Industry, Health, Education, Budget and
Treasury, Fiscal Resources, Transport, Water Resources, Court Management, Rural
Development, Land Records and Property registration, Culture & Tourism, Import &
Exports facilitation, Social Welfare Services, Micro-level Planning, etc. With
increasing awareness leading to demand and availability of ICT infrastructure with
better capacities and program framework, the governance space in the country
witnessed a new round of projects and products, covering the entire spectrum of e-
Governance including G2C, G2B, G2G, with emphasis on service delivery.

NIC has set up state-of-the-art ICT infrastructure consisting of National and state Data
Centers to manage the information systems and websites of Central
Ministries/Departments, Disaster Recovery Centers, Network Operations facility to
manage heterogeneous networks spread across Bhawans, States and Districts,
Certifying Authority, Video-Conferencing and capacity building across the country.
National Knowledge Network (NKN) has been set up to connect
institutions/organizations carrying out research and development, Higher Education
and Governance with speed of the order of multi-Gigabits per second. Further, State
Government secretariats are connected to the Central Government by very high-speed
links on Optical Fiber Cable (OFC). Districts are connected to respective State
capitals through leased lines.

The NIC offers a host of services including:

 Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Digital-signature certification
 Geographical-information system (GIS)
 Domain-name registration for gov.in and nic.in
 Informatics

 Biomedical informatics
 Patent informatics
 Rural informatics

 Internet data centre (IDC)

 Mathematical modeling and simulation
 Computer networking
 Office-procedure automation (OPA)
 Training
 Cyber Security
 Videoconferencing
 Website hosting & website development
Various initiatives like Government eProcurement System (GePNIC), Office
Management Software (eOffice), Hospital Management System (eHospital),
Government Financial Accounting Information System (eLekha), etc. have been taken
up which are replicable in various Government organizations.

Thus, NIC, a small program started by the external stimulus of an UNDP project, in
the early 1970s, became fully functional in 1977 and since then has grown with
tremendous momentum to become one of India's major S&T; organizations
promoting informatics led development. This has helped to usher in the required
transformation in government to ably meet the challenges of the new millennium.

The full form of NICNET is National Informatics Centre Network. The National
Informatics Centre (NIC) is an attached office under the Ministry of Electronic and
Information Technology in the Indian Government. This NIC provides infrastructure
to help support the delivery of government IT services and the delivery of some of the
initiatives of Digital India. National Informatics Centre Services include: Government
Local Area Networks, Video Conferencing, Email and Messaging, Remote Sensing &
GIS, Domain Registration, National Cloud, Data Centre, Security, etc. Through
NICNET, NIC has been instrumental in steering e-Governance applications in
Government Ministries/ Departments at the Centre, States, Districts and Block level,
facilitating improvement in Government services, wider transparency, promoting
decentralized planning and management, resulting in better efficiency and
accountability to the people of India.

Computer-aided Administration of Registration Department (CARD)

Computer-aided Administration of Registration Department (CARD) project has

brought about computerized counters at land registration offices throughout Andhra
Pradesh. The state had a flourishing business of brokers and middlemen who
exploited citizens selling or buying property. The CARD project is an attempt to
reform this system through the use of IT. With the introduction of CARD, citizens
now complete registration formalities within a few hours. The CARD project
illustrates some of the key implementation issues the state and national governments
may face in their efforts to use IT to improve citizen-government interfaces and
serves as a best practice to be replicated by them.

 The manual system in all the activities caused long delays, red-tape and corrupt
practices. The project aimed at altering the antiquated procedures that had governed
the registration system of the state, which included the laborious copying, and
indexing of documents as well as their unscientific space consuming preservation in
ill-maintained backrooms. The CARD project is an attempt to reform this system.

The CARD project aims at providing improved quality of services at the registration
department by providing a computer interface between citizens and government. The
tedious procedures that took weeks have been replaced by a system that can be
accomplished in just a few minutes. The market value assistance and issue of the
Encumbrance Certificate (EC) takes five minutes each. The sale of stamp papers,
document writing and registration of the documents takes ten minutes, thirty minutes
and one hour respectively.
Goals of CARD

• To simplify the registration procedure.

• To enhance the speed, reliability and consistency of the system.

• To provide transparency in valuation.

• To replace copying/filing systems with imaging.

• To preserve documents on CDs.

• To automate all back-office functions.

• To enable a system that enables setting time and quality standards.

• To smoothen the government-citizen interface

E-governance in USA
In the last 15-20 years we have seen an enormous boom in technology, the way we
communicate and interact, and the way that business gets done. As technology
enabled private businesses to improve their operations in the U.S. and around the
world, thereby making them more efficient and effective, public sector slowly began
to do the same. As local, state and federal governments began to provide more
information and services to constituents using the
Internet, the concept of e-government was born. While various definitions of e-
government exist, a very general explanation is, “using information and
communication technology (ICT), and especially the Internet, to improve the delivery
of government services to citizens, businesses, and other government agencies”.
The idea of e-government in itself is exciting and empowering for citizens. In theory,
it eliminates some of the bureaucratic red tape that people often complain about. E-
Government serves as a way to provide information and services to citizens
nationwide.
A successful e-government system could be defined as one that has the dual benefit of
providing greater accessibility and efficiency for citizens while attempting to decrease
the costs of service delivery for the government. However, while e-government has
improved the online delivery of some government services in the United States, there
are unique costs, threats, and challenges that must be addressed in order to advance its
success, as defined above. In unveiling such issues, this paper will also analyze e-
government systems and strategies from around the world to discover the best
practices for an efficient, effective system. Using this information, recommendations
will be made for how the U.S. can tackle the e-government challenges that it currently
faces in achieving the dual objectives of better citizen service and more efficient
government.
The president of the United States, issued President’s Management Agenda (PMA)
for E-government in the US in 2001. This document laid down clearly the policy,
challenges, strategies, direction and future implementation plans along with past
achievements in e-governance activity in the US. A key goal was set to reduce the
time taken by citizens to ‘three clicks on the internet’ to access government
information or service. The agenda identifies three governing principles of e-
government:
 Citizen centric, instead of government centric
 Result oriented, instead of procedure oriented.
 Market based, instead of regulation based.
Strategy Objectives
The Digital Government Strategy sets out to accomplish three things:
Enable the American people and an increasingly mobile workforce to access high-
quality digital government information and services anywhere, anytime, on any
device.
Operationalzing an information-centric model, we can architect our systems for
interoperability and openness, modernize our content publication model, and deliver
better, device-agnostic digital services at a lower cost.Ensure that as the government
adjusts to this new digital world, we seize the opportunity to procure and manage
devices, applications, and data in smart, secure and affordable ways.Learning from
the previous transition of moving information and services online, we now have an
opportunity to break free from the inefficient, costly, and fragmented practices of the
past, build a sound governance structure for digital services, and do mobile “right”
from the beginning.Unlock the power of government data to spur innovation across
our Nation and improve the quality of services for the American people.We must
enable the public, entrepreneurs, and our own government programs to better leverage
the rich wealth of federal data to pour into applications and services by ensuring that
data is open and machine-readable by default.
E-governance in China
Although China is not among the top 50 in the United Nation’s 2012 ranking of
national e-government performance—it ranks 78th—Chinese leadership has
increasingly encouraged e-government programs, which have outpaced China’s
economic and demographic peers. In 2012, a UN survey labeled China’s e-
government gains “impressive.”
Chinese e-government may also help address the staggering disparity between rural
and urban Chinese. Many commentators argue that the large gaps between rural and
urban income, services and infrastructure in China—some of the world’s most drastic
—can be addressed by closing the “digital divide” between the two regions.
Central government is employing the Internet as an instrument to assist or accelerate
the process of reformation and to efficiently implement some political measures. The
e importance of e-government in China is now acknowledged. By introducing a
rational and transparent e-government, the Chinese government has taken a
significant step towards technical legitimacy, even if the government’s fate cannot be
predicted.
E-government services are now available in more than 90 percent of China's cities and
80 percent of its towns, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Governance Hong
Yi said Thursday.
All central government departments and provincial-level governments have
established websites and 99.1 percent of municipal governments have done the same.
Over 90 percent of core central government services, such as those relating to
customs, taxation, public security and social security, are now offered online.
The Zhongguanccun Hi-tech E-park in Beijing in China has implemented a pilot
project that applies the latest techniques in ICT to improve the effectiveness and
responsiveness of the government transactions. Since the year 2000, more than 6000
business enterprises in the Hi-tech park have been able to apply for licenses, submit
monthly financial reports, submit tax statements and also conduct more than 50 B2B
transactions online. This has resulted in enhanced speed and reduced scope for
corruption. This example was planned as a model for all the transactions of the
government in Beijing city in future.
Chinese e-government services have seen progress in terms of networking,
infrastructure, digitalization, sharing and security over the last decade.
Despite several efforts in recent years, weak infrastructure and poor education levels
of the rural population have continued to hamper the promotion of the Internet in the
countryside, Therefore, the Chinese Government was now exploring different and
more pragmatic methods to improve e-governance in these areas, rather than merely
trying to spread the use of the Internet.
E-governance in Brazil
The electronic government in Brazil had a shy beginning in 2000, with the launch of
official websites of a few governmental agencies and institutions, containing only
their basic information, static links and very little interaction with the users.
After more than a decade of existence, the Brazilian electronic government evolved to
the point of becoming an example on how the governments can better interact with
citizens and [companies](, improve the efficiency of internal management, cut costs
and provide information and public services in a much more organized platform.
In Brazil’s Sao Paulo city the Time Saver or Poupatempo centers bring together
logically multiple, state, municipal or federal governmental agencies to provide
services to citizens in a single location. Time saver provides uniform standards for
service quality. In addition to speed, time saver also ensure certain standards of
service to the people, irrespective of occupation, caste, sex, or religion.
Services provided by the government on internet:
Accountability and transparency
Provision of public expenditure data and documents, financial transactions, disclosure
of budgets, bids, closures and cancellations and signing of contracts. This allows
citizens and businesses to be aware of the government's activities as well as
supervising the use of public money.
Requests
Tools that allow the citizens to make requests for public services, complain about
poor and incomplete services and check schedules for public works. Because it
provides the direct contact between the citizen and the public entities, this tool
eliminates the need for an intermediary person, like a politician for example, who can
subject the information to his interests, as a representative in the legislature.
Space for discussion
Forums in which citizens can publish their feedback about public services and
campaigns, discuss or propose ideas and projects for the executive and legislative, or
use of public funds. It is a way to open discussions that were restricted to the public
sphere to those most interested, and also permits to achieve democratic and economic
farther from public discussions of public affairs and once again, eliminating the need
for intermediaries.
Registration and online services
Use of software programs and online registration for data services or perform
mandatory or optional. This tool reduces cost for the public shift, manpower and time.
At the same time, when only shows the alternative on-line can be exclusive. Examples
of services:
 Declaration of income
 Renovation of voter card
 Issuance of criminal background check
 Police report for burglary or theft
 Police report for loss of documents
 Check of lawsuits
 Check of debts related to taxes
 Check of traffic fines
 Inscription for public jobs
 Reading the state and federal official gazettes
 Issuance of passport
 Check of grades of students from public schools
 Online library
 Public courses
 Job advertisement

E-governance in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka lies in Indian Ocean, southeast of India. Covers an area of 65,610 sq. km.
Home to 21.92 million people. Adult literacy rate: 92.3%. The Government
Information Centre (GIC) was established as Sri Lanka’s first one-stop
Government call centre under the Re-engineering Government Programme in August,
2006 to enable citizens to obtain Government information and services in an efficient,
effective and friendly manner. The GIC was launched as a public / private sector
partnership and it is
a single, electronic, trilingual, online knowledgebase of over 1,500 services available
from more than 120 key Government organizations
By using GIC (call centre), general public can obtain accurate information
immediately. It is easy, time saving and the information about many services can be
obtained from one place. There is no need to visit Government institutes to get
information, no need to wait and waste time in institutions to obtain information;
hence it saves time and expenses during the visits. Ultimately the GIC helps people to
make their day to day work easier by minimizing the burden of obtaining information
on Government services
The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) launched “e-Sri Lanka”, a national
development initiative in November 2002, with the aim of enhancing growth and
equity through: (1) improved access and use of information and communication
technology; (2) access to and use of public services on-line by businesses and
citizens; and (3) enhanced competitiveness of the private sector and in particular of
knowledge industry and small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
The Kothamale Radio/Internet project in Sri Lanka is an experiment in attempting to
bridge the digital divide. The purpose of the Kothamale Radio/Internet project was to
test and demonstrate an access model that reduces the digital divide and empower the
marginalized communities in rural areas, by enabling them to enjoy benefits from
ICT, to expand their knowledge base and thereby support their efforts to tackle the
developmental problems themselves. Following are the benefits of this project:
 An increased level of awareness concerning the benefits of ICTs.
 New livelihood ideas and model projects.
 A high level of community participation and increased involvement of youth.
e-Sri Lanka is a roadmap with the objective of harnessing ICTs towards achieving
socio-economic development in the country. It is comprised of six core programmes:
Re-Engineering Government, e-Society, ICT Policy, Leadership and Capacity
Building, Information Infrastructure, and ICT Investment and Private Sector
Development.
Specifically the project work supports (1) establishing an effective, citizen centered
and business friendly government; (2) empowering the rural poor, disadvantaged
groups, women and youth through increased and affordable access to information and
communication tools developing leadership and skills in ICT; and (3) creating
employment in the ICT industry and ICT enabled services, and enhancing the
competitiveness of user industries and services.
The project comprises the following component Programmes:
- ICT Policy, Leadership and Institutional Development Programme
- ICT Human Resource Development and Industry Promotion Programme
- Backbone Communications Infrastructure
- Tele-Centre Development Programme
- Re-engineering Government Programme
- e-Society Programme

Government Organizations are the main stakeholders of GIC project. At present over
120 Government Institutes are linked with GIC and the information on services of
those organizations are available in GIC knowledgebase. GIC activities in
Government Organizations are coordinated through a “GIC Coordinator”, who is
appointed by the organization.
After the introduction of GIC, positive changes have been observed in providing
Government services to general public. Other than public awareness on Government
Organizations and its services, other changes have not been very significant but still
the changes show a positive impact on the Government Sector.

Ekal Sewa Kendra: 

The project “e-DISHA Ekal Seva Kendra (Common Service Centers)” is an effort
towards creating a Citizen Services Network, a way to take the governance to the
citizens at their doorstep and hence make it available even at the grass-root level. The
key objectives are to improve the quality of life of the people, upgrading the standard
of administration, especially in social and public services, and to provide public
centered efficient and cost effective governance. The project is seen as a trendsetter in
the State and will ensure delivery of services with efficiency, effectiveness and
transparency. It is a progressive step towards people friendly, need based e-
governance. This has been set up at the district secretariat, Haryana with a mission of
providing services in professional and citizen friendly environment. The services
under Ekal Seva Kendra can be summarized as follows:
 Driving License
 Conductor License
 Vehicle registration
 Caste registration
 Caste certificate
 Residence certificate
  Birth and death certificate
The system is technologically full proof and upgradable to provide more services and
information. It is a people friendly, need based, technologically empowered and self-
sustaining system.

Broad Objectives
• To make governance transparent, thereby maximizing citizen interaction with
government,
• Improve relationships with citizens by enabling online transactions, and feedback to
administration and legislation,
• Reduce the costs of service delivery through reduced duplication of efforts by
individuals and
departments.
• Set-up information kiosks owned and run by local entrepreneurs financially
sustainable,
• Extensive percolation of functional as well as IT Literacy,
• Provide effective, efficient, timely, transparent, hassle-free services to the citizens at
their doorsteps,
• Eliminate corruption and middlemen from the process,
• Create knowledge-based jobs in the district and extend benefits of ICT to the
masses.
Haryana government has established the DLeDCs (District level e-DISHA Centers) in
all district mini secretariats in Haryana. These DLeDCs are providing the services,
which are strictly in government domain. These services include issue of various
certificates, driving license, vehicle registration, birth and death certificates, passport,
and services related to arms licenses etc. The time bound service delivery has resulted
in improving the efficiency of delivery of the services and elimination of corruption
and middlemen from the process. By providing a wide spectrum of services at a single
place has helped in saving citizens from the trouble of running around various
departments. These centers are also expected to help in integration of databases of
Government departments and organizations. This integration can also force the user
departments to carry out process reengineering and standardization in delivery of
services.
Besides, these centers are creating jobs in the districts for the local IT savvy youths
and spreading the utility of Information Technology among the masses. This has also
helped in improving the financial health of District Red Cross / IT Societies. The
project has been found as one of the best self-sustainable models.

E-Khazana:
E-Khazana is an online application that takes care of entry level validation and
budget control and pre-audit rues at Auditor level and finally for issue of cheque/pass
order at passing level. After reconciliation with bank, monthly accounts will be
generated for submission to Accountant General. The Administrator’s role is very
important in this application, as he will be responsible for
 Assigning the roles
 Watching budget expenditure
 Head of accounts and
 Drawing and Disbursing Officer
Schivalaya Vahini: (OR E-Governance in Secretariat)
Secretariat is the highest policy-making body and the apex seat of the State
Government. It is a repository of a wealth of governmental knowledge, which needs
to be efficiently managed for achieving the desired objectives. Sachivalaya Vahini is a
suite of Letter Monitoring System, File Monitoring System, Court Cases Monitoring
System, Document Management System and Disciplinary Enquiry Cases Monitoring
System. The objective of this project is to automate all major Office procedures
followed in all the departments of Karnataka Government Secretariat.
‘Sachivalaya Vahini’ has following services:
 Letter Monitoring System (LMS): This is a useful package to manage the
bulk of letters received in any department. The letters can be moved from desk
to desk and even across the departments for actions to be taken, till the letters
are filed or disposed. Status of letter like where the letter is pending and for
what reason can be known without any time delay. The entire movement of
the letter can be traced and action taken at each section or department is made
available.
 File Monitoring System (FMS): It is a decision support system to monitor,
track and help in the speedy disposal of files. Electronic files can be moved
from desk to desk and across the departments. Status of file can be known
instantaneously all the letters in the file can be viewed. Individually. Section-
wise, and department-wise Pendency of files can be obtained.
 Court Cases Monitoring System (CCMS): This package is used to manage
efficiently the number of cases received, petitioner/respondent details, court
orders, cases having hearing date the next day etc. Integration between CCMS
and FMS enables case related files to be tracked and status known whenever
required.
 Document Management System (DMS): This package is an essential tool to
track the documents like Circulars, Notification and Government Orders. The
system consists of a friendly interface where the users can create the
Documents, move the document for approval, scan and upload it. Content
search and the specific search provided by this system enable the user to
reduce the delay in search the required documents.
 Disciplinary Enquiry Cases Monitoring System (DECMS): This package is
an essential tool to monitor various enquiry cases initiated by the Department
on the government employees. The system consists of a friendly interface
where the users can input the details of all the case details, officer details and
enquiry details. This application is integrated with the File Monitoring System.

Bhoomi Project:

Bhoomi (meaning land) is the project of on-line delivery and management of land
records in Karnataka. It provides transparency in land records management with better
citizen services and takes discretion away from civil servants at operating levels.

The Revenue Department in Karnataka, with the technical assistance from National
Informatics Centre (NIC), Bangalore, has built and operationalized the BHOOMI
system throughout the state. The BHOOMI has computerized 20 million records of
land ownership of 6.7 million farmers in the state.
BHOOMI has reduced the discretion of public officials by introducing provisions for
recording a mutation request online. Farmers can now access the database and are
empowered to follow up. In the BHOOMI project, a printed copy of the RTC can be
obtained online by providing the name of the owner or plot number at computerized
land record kiosks in 177 taluk offices, for a fee of Rs.15. A second computer screen
faces the clients to enable them to see the transaction being performed. A farmer can
check the status of a mutation application on Touch Screen Kiosks. If the revenue
inspector does not complete the mutation within 45 days, a farmer can now approach
a senior officer person with their grievance.
Now, mutation requests are being handled strictly on a first-come-first-served basis
eliminating preferential treatment and discretionary powers of the civil servants.
Operators of the computerized system are made accountable for their decisions and
actions by using a bio-login system that authenticates every Login through a
thumbprint. A log is maintained of all transactions in a session.
The new system has brought about a sea change in the way land records are
maintained and administered in the state. The system has not only simplified the
process of record keeping but has also provided many collateral benefits. This
governance model has proven to be financially self-sustainable. It has become a
trendsetter for e-Governance projects in the state as well as other parts of the country.
In the next phase of BHOOMI, the ‘LAND RECORDS ON WEB’ has be established
wherein, all the taluk databases are getting uploaded to a web-enabled central
database so as to allow the private agencies to set up the village – level kiosk to
download the land records documents at the village and issue to the farmers. In this
Private Public Participation (PPP) model, all the stakeholders will be benefited in land
records delivery.
Benefits of Bhoomi
 Farmers
+ Farmers can quickly get their land records from Kiosks and are
protected from harassment and extortion.
+ Reduction in processing time for mutation.
+ Online tracking of mutation status.
+ Easy access to Farm Credit.
 Administrators
+ Ease of maintenance and updation of land records documents.
+ Quick and easy access to Land records.
+ Quick and easy access to Land records for analysis purpose.
+ Ease of monitoring Government Lands.
 Others
+ For Financial Institutions, Online Farm credit related activities.
+ Information availability for Private Sector.

IT in Judiciary:
The role of information technology in the Judiciary is also on
the verge of increase. In 1990, the National Informatics Centre (NIC)
of the Ministry of Information Technology started the process of
computerization in the Supreme Court. This process has enabled the
court administration to eliminate the manual processes like generating
 daily case list, creating database of fresh cases and pending cases. It
has made it possible for the courts to dispose cases faster. As the cases
having the same point of law can be grouped and posted before one
bench through the use of this information technology. It has also
become easier to recall dismissed cases when review respondents are
filled.

Smart Nagarpalika
The urban local bodies in the towns and cities of the country are autonomous and are
managed by elected representatives. These bodies, also know as Municipalities, are
responsible for the management and upkeep of the civic amenities in the town or the
city. For this purpose they collect taxes such as property tax, water tax, etc. which
form the revenue for the local body/municipality. In addition , the local body is also
responsible for registration of births and deaths, and issue of building permissions and
trade license. Following is the comprehensive list of function executed by
municipality/local body:
 Birth and deaths registrations
 Property tax
 Water tap connections and charges
 Advertisement tax
 Financila accounting
 Building permisssions
 Grivenance redressal
 Project and works monitoring system(PROMS)
 Dangerous and offensive trade license
 Assets and inventory
 Court cases monitoring

The NIC, Under the Department of Information Technology of the Ministry of

Communications and Information’s Technology, Government of India, has taken the
lead in constituting a national level project called “SMART Nagarpalika” wherein all
the above subjects have been studied in-depth with Andhra Pradesh as the pilot State.
A detailed systems requirements specifications (SRS) reprt has been prepared and the
same has been utilized as basis for developing the software on the above subjects. The
following sections deal in details with the functionalities of each of these software
modules:

Birth and Death Registration

Objectives :
The following are the objectives of the births and deaths registration module
 Registering of births and deaths
  Issuing of birth, death and non-availability certificates
 Generation of field verification report
 Generation of birth and death registers
 Generation of monthly and yearly statistical report
 Povision of inclusion of name

Sailent Features :
The following are the sailent features of births and deaths registration module:
 Maintaining the fee collection
 Standardization of maser details
 Maintenance of statistical information
 Printing of ackknowlegement/receipt
 Online status enquiry
Property tax
Objectives:
 Standardization of procedures and norms for assessment and collection
leading to uniformity.
 Standardization of revenue zones, wards, blocks, locality, complex
apartments, building age and depreciation.
 Ease in tracking demand and collection of assessments category-wise.
 Fixation of monthly rental values, tax standards,penalty rate and tax
components.

Conclusion
This case study surveys the software for computerzation of Urban Local Bodies under
the title “SMART nagarpalika-Computerzation of Urban Local Bodies”. Various
subject such as Births and Deaths, Property Tax, etc. are covered in details in terms of
their software functionality and capabilities.
National Reservoir Level and Capacity Monitoring System
Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human and a precious national asset, and
hence planning and development of water resources need to be governed by national
prespectives. The National Water Policy (1987) has addressed the issue related to
develop, conserve utilize and manage this important natural resource in this new
millennium.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications in water resources
development and management in India are being given adequate attention during the
Tenth Plan, facilitating deplyment of Decision Support System (DSS) of various
levels of planning and management of water resources of the country.
National/State Model
With the current available technology of Internet and GUI environment, it has become
possible under Java and SQL Server environment to evolve a new version
state/national Model to provide support to the State Government
Important Features
Login Procedure
The reservoir level and capacity monitoring system could be assessed through a
browser to access the “National User Interface”.
National Level User Interface
The format of the “National Level User Interface” is same as the Super User (CWC)
1. Data Entry: User can feed the data on the basis of their privileges
 Super user can feed data of any reservoir in India.
 State user can feed of all reservoirs in the particulaer state.
 Reservoir use can feed data of a particular reservoir.

2. Query : Different kinds of queries for National/State level as per their

privilege include
 Data entry of a particular reservoir.
 Data of a particular reservoir on the basis of data.
 Particular data of all reservoirs.
 Query abour users privilege

3. Administration: Following options are available for this module

 Add user
 Delete/Update user
 Add Reservoir
 Delete/update Reservoir
 Add Basin Information
 4. Reports: Reports are available under uniform protocol of communication and
reporting under NICNET/Internet, for Basin/National State level as per their
privileges,reflecting current year and last 10 year average performance.
5. Graphical Report: Capacity versus date graph in near real-time environment
for stage/national level as per their privileges.

Conclusion
In this case study we have seen how a critical resouces as water level can be
monitored, with the help of a specialized software, at various levels.

Computerization in Andhra pradesh

The Existing System
Andhra pradesh State Trading Corporation Limited is an approved terminal
operator of Cargo Air terminal Complex Hyderabad . In this capacity APSTC is
authorized to handle the work relating to export ,import and unaccompanied
cargo.
APSTC cargo terminal complex has four major sections,
 Import godown
 Export godown
 Unaccompanied Baggage (UB) godown
 Accounts section
Summary of the work flow of the cargo operations follows:
Import of Commercial Goods/Unacccompanied Baggage
This involve the following steps:
1. Unloading of cargo/unaccompanied baggage by airlines at Hyderabad Airport
2. Transprotation under custom escort and deposit of import cargo at import
godown of APSTC by airliners.
3. Verification of goods against IGM/air way will by APSTC.
4. Presentation of cargo for examination/inspection to customs by APSTC on
requisition by
Customs.
5. Raising of bills by APSTC for handling and other service.
6. Collection of APSTC charges from importer/ consistence.
7. Preparation of gate pass and delivery of goods to importer by APSTC.
Export of Commercial Goods/Un accmopanied Baggage
The entails the following steps:
1. Exporter deposits commercial cargo at export godown.
 2. Verification of goods by APSTC based on documents presented by
exporter.
3. Presentation of cargo for customs inspection/examination by APSTC on
customs
requisition.
4. Customs clearance of export cargo on the basis of documents presented by
exporter.
5. Raising of bills by APSTC for handling and other service, and payment of
the same by the exporter.
6. Handling over of the export cargo to airlines under customs escort.

PRAJA
Overview
 Project to facilitate ease of access to government services for people in rural areas.

 Provides several Government-to-Citizen (G2C) and Citizen-to-Citizen (C2C) services

to people in rural area
 Also called the Rural e-Seva Program it started after the success of the E-Seva
program started in Hyderabad.
 Runs Web-enabled rural kiosks called “Praja Seva Kendram” at each Mandal (local
gov.) level and village level
 Praja Seva kendrams are fully computerized and connected to a district-wide network
with the help of the National Informatics Center (NIC)

Establishment and Pilot Project

 Praja was started in January 2003 in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh,
India
 First provided 18 services including G2C, C2C and B2C services

 The technical responsibility like network support, software development, support, and
coordination was provided by NIC, West Godavari district center, Eluru, Andhra
Pradesh

Objectives
 Aims to provide services to people from issuance of various certificates to providing
essential information about government programs.
 Aims to network citizens with each other and allow them the flexibility and
convenience of mutually beneficial transactions.
 Connects with the World Wide Web and hence helps to integrate with the vast amount
of information resources from the web to the portal itself.
 Provide employment to youths and women of the community under Chief Minister
Employment Plan (CMEY) and Prime Minister’s Rural Employment Plan (PMGRY)

Service Provided
 Issuance of Certificates

 Online Application Registration

 Online Filing of Complaints and Grievance

 Issuance of Land records

 Online Auctions and bidding

 Online Market rates

 Payment of utility bills and dues

 Easy access to Information

 Online civil supplies allotment

 Consumables Management

 Forms Download

 Common Accounts keeper for Self-help groups

 Message Board

Working Mechanism
 Each Tehsil/Mandal (township) has a Praja Seva Kendram and all are managed by the
district collector’s office.
 Each Praja Seva Kendram has kiosks with networked computers.

 These networked computers run district portal applications that provide various
services after logging in.
 Praja Seva Kendrams are run by self-help groups of women or unemployed youths.
They help people to log in to the district portal and access the services.
 Praja Seva Kendrams are funded by the government but they also charge minimal fees
for the services provided.
Current Status
 In the West Godavari district, the program runs 47 kiosks in 47 mandals with two
kiosks in Eluru.
 In addition, 103 Rural Service Delivery Points (RSDPs) are also run as a part of the
project.
 Similar pilot programs have been run in other districts of Andhra Pradesh like Gudur
in Tirupati district.
 All 46 Tahsils of Gudur have had their own Praja Seva Kendram since October 2010.

Conclusion
 The Praja program helped to narrow the information gap between the citizens of
urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh.
 It not only facilitated access to government services but also encouraged rural e-
commerce.
 Since 2003 it is still running successfully which proves the sustainability of these
kinds of programs.
 The project has been emulated by other districts of Andhra Pradesh and a statewide
rollout plan for 6000 Rural Service Delivery Points (RSDPs) is in the works.

E-Seva
Introduction
The Project ‘e-seva’ (e-services) began in the district of West Godavari which falls in
the State of Andhra Pradesh. The Project is a tool to bridge the digital divide and has
used ICT for providing access to various (G2C) and (B2C) services to people living in
rural areas.
Establishment of E-Seva
E-Seva, Pioneered by the then IT secretary in Andhra Pradesh, J Satyanarayan,
currently CEO of the National Institute of Smart Governance, and driven by the then
chief minister, Chandrababu Naidu, e-Seva started as the TWINS project to provide
multiple citizen-facing services of the government under one umbrella. Instead of
citizens having to go from one department to another, multiple government services
are provided under a single window.
One of the major vision projects of the Indian Government is to enable all
Government services with information technology which will enable accessibility to
every man in the Indian village in a more efficient and reliable way. The vision
project name is e-Seva meaning service through electronic media.
Evolution of the E-Seva Project
The stages of evolution of e-Seva Project are mentioned below:
• 1999: Establishment of E-Seva with a single center offering 6 services with
1,000 transactions a month.
• June 2002: A pilot ICT initiative to strengthen the self-help groups started in
one block of the district of West Godavari.
• January 2003: The Project e-Seva in West Godavari district for providing
access to various C2C and C2G services to the people living in rural areas
through web-enabled rural kiosks started in 46 places.
• June 2003: The Project getting evolved and institutionalized recording over
3,00,000 transactions by this time
• September 2003: Partnership with Azim Premji Foundation forged to initiate
a model whereby children from the elementary government schools can daily
come and learn at the centers through multimedia CDs.
• November 2003: 120 more centers added to the Project fold; E-enabled
education reaches to over 28,000 students, and transactions cross 60,0000 in
number.
• October 2004: The number of transactions crosses 1.5 million.
• January 2005 : Transactions cross 2 million; Project conferred the ‘National
Award for Exemplary Implementation of E-Governance Initiative, 2004
(‘Gold Icon’) under the Innovative Operations and Best Practices –
Professional Category, by the Government of India.
Features Of E-Seva
• It is an integrated approach – A combination of State and Central Government
departments offering integrated services at one stop.
• Citizen-friendly – There are no jurisdiction limits that any citizen can avail of
the service at any E-Seva center at an affordable cost.
• Scalable and efficient – It has a well-organized system provided with printers,
and internet access to handle the processes.
• Safe and reliable – The information provided and the transactions done are
secured.
• Time-efficient – Instead of spending time in queues and going from
department to department, multiple services are furnished under a single
window.

Services offered through E-Seva

• Online Application Registration
 • Issuance of Certificates
• Issuance of Land Records
• Online Auctions and Bidding
• Online Mandi (market) Rates
• Payment of Dues
• Tele-agriculture
• Income Tax Payment
• Train/Bus Ticket Booking
• Movie Tickets Purchase
• Western Union Money Transfer

E-Panchayat
Introduction/Overview
• E-Panchayat stands for Electronic Knowledge Based Panchayat.
• Information communication technology + Panchayat = E-panchayat.
• Based on information and knowledge of Gram Panchayat, E-Panchayat was
designed and fits well into gram panchayat.
• It promotes the behavior of good governance and increases democratic values
in society.
• Different Governments has set up to facilitate the development process and
provide easy access to information to citizens.
• States such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Karnataka, Haryana, and Goa have implemented it.
Establishment/Start
• In the early 1990s, the Indian parliament by amending the Indian constitution
strengthened the local self-government.
• The traditional pattern of functioning carried all serious problems of ‘macro-
level’ governance. People remained ignorant and corruption prevailed.
• So to make them transparent in order to empower people to apply social audit
e-panchayat was developed.
• Designed and developed by the National Information Center, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh as part of E-governance initiatives.
 • e-Panchayats are the panchayat raj institutions equipped with ICT for all their
functions.
Objectives
• Making the local-self-governance cost-effective, result-oriented, and citizen-
centric.
• Enable panchayats to perform effectively through extensive use of ICT.
• To make better governance and greater people’s access to the governance
process.
• Facilitation of citizens’ participation in the decision-making process of
governance.

Components/Services
• Gram Panchayat Administration
• Agriculture and Fisheries
• Irrigation and Water Conservation
• Social Forestry
• Elections
• Housing
• Water
• Fodder and Fuel
• Road and Bridges
• Street lighting and Electric Supply
• Alternative Energies
• Poverty Eradication
• Primary and Technical Education
• Library
• Cultural Program
• Markets
• Health
• Women, Child, and Social Welfare
Use of IT in E-Panchayat
• Improving internal management and decision-making in Panchayats.
 • Panchayats use IT as a tool for transparency, disclosure of services to Citizens,
and social audits.
• To better deliver its order/services to the Citizens through IT.
• For electronic tagging and tracking of funds transferred to Panchayats from a
higher level of governments, including rapid bank transfer of funds, tracking
fund transfers to, and expenditures of the Panchayats.
Performance and Current Status
• It’s able to generate computerized certificates like trade licenses, caste
certificates, income certificates, domicile certificates, etc.
• The information about one’s placement in the list of beneficiaries of various
schemes including social security schemes can easily be gotten from the CSCs
or ICT kiosks of panchayat bodies.
• The most useful service in the favor of the poor is the public distribution
system food commodities will be checked and the identification of real
beneficiaries can be done.
• All the services of E-panchayat can be accessed by citizens.

Problem Faced/Facing
• The infrastructural problem is one of the major problems.
• The issue of electricity comes first. More than half of the rural households are
still not connected to electricity.
• Most Gram (village) Panchayat representatives and villagers are not computer-
literate; even a simple computer application would be difficult to handle for
them.
• Content creation in the local language is another challenge.
• Lack of skilled and technologically sophisticated teams within every state.

Conclusion
• In conclusion, creating simply the software and modules cannot work.
• It is people, not the goods that make things go.
• The first and foremost among them is the lack of infrastructure, IT
infrastructure, and e-readiness of the people to use the ICT at the panchayat
level.