2 - Numerical Systems - G

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PDFelement
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Numerical Systems
Eng. Aurelio Garcia

PDFelement
NUMERICAL SYSTEMS
• We know that the main purpose the Electronics has is to process, analyze,
storage and transmit information by the use of electrical signals and
electronic devices.
• We can see that the main word in this definition is the word information.
• In this case we have to understand that the information that will be
processed by the Electronics, it will be useful for all of us.
• The way the information is exchanged among us is by using a messages
and numbers.
• In the case of messages they will be informing about different kind of
situations and the numbers will be informing about the amount of
something.
• These messages and numbers will be created by the use of alphabets and
numerical systems.
• At the end, the information that is processed by the Electronics must be
converted to a digits, characters, words and letters so that can be
understandable by us, the human beings.
• That’s the reason the first topic to discussed in Digital Electronics will be
the numerical systems.
Introduction!Digital!Electronics!- Eng.!Aurelio!Garcia 2
PDFelement
NUMERICAL SYSTEMS - CHARACTERISTICS

• The numerical systems make possible to represent a numbers by using a
specific group of digits that will have a numerical weight according with
their position among them and the use of specific numerical base.
• Any numerical system has the following characteristics:

– It uses a numerical base
– The numerical base defines how many digits the numerical system has
– The digits that are part of number will have a numerical weight according with
the position they have among the others
– The numerical weight of each digit will be the numerical base of represented
number elevated to the position of the specific digit.
• Difference between digit and number

– Digit is just the representation of number but it does not have a numerical
weight so that it can not be used on mathematical expressions.
– Number is the opposite of digit; it has numerical weight and can be used on
mathematical expressions.
PDFelement
NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – GENERAL FORMULA

• The equivalent decimal number for any number represented in
other numerical system is defined by the following formula (general
formula):
• !("#) = $'*"
%&# + % . , %
– where:
• !("#) represents the equivalent decimal number for number that is
represented using another numerical system.
• ∑ represents the sequential sum of terms +% . ,%
• -/ represents an iteration variable which has relationship with the position of
each of the digits that are part of the represented number.
• 0, represents the number of digits that are used to expressed an specific
number in some specific numerical system
• + , represents each of the digits that are part of the represented number.
• B, it represents the numerical base that is used to expressed the represented
number.
PDFelement
NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – GENERAL FORMULA

• By using the general formula verify that 345(10)
is equal to 345(10).
• !("#) = $'*" +
%&# % . , %
1*"
• !("#) = %&# +% .23% => !("#) = $4%&# +% .23%
$
=!("#) = +# . 23# + +" . 23" + +4 . 234
= 5. 23# + 4. 23" 5 3. 234
=5(1)+4(10)+3(100) = 5 + 40 + 300
= 345(10)
Finally:
345(10) = 345(10)
PDFelement
THE MOST IMPORTANT NUMERICAL SYSTEMS

• The information may be represented and codified
and different way when it is processed by digital
systems. Digital information may be represented
in the following numerical systems:
– Decimal numerical system
– Binary numerical system
– Octal numerical system
– Hexadecimal numerical system
– Any other numerical system using an specific
numerical base.
PDFelement
NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOME OF THEM

DECIMAL N(10) BINARY N(2) OCTAL N(8) HEXADECIMAL N(16) BASE5 N(5)
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2 2
3 11 3 3 3
4 100 4 4 4
5 101 5 5 10
6 110 6 6 11
7 111 7 7 12
8 1000 10 8 13
9 1001 11 9 14
10 1010 12 A 20
11 1011 13 B 21
12 1100 14 C 22
13 1101 15 D 23
14 1110 16 E 24
15 1111 Analog Electronics
Introduction 17- Eng. Aurelio Garcia F 30
7
PDFelement
LSD, MSD, LSB & MSB

5678(10)
LSD: Least Significant Digit
MSD: Most Significant Digit
10011(2) Bit: It is a BInary digiT
LSB: Least Significant Bit

MSB: Most Significant Bit
Introduction!Digital!Electronics!- Eng.!Aurelio!Garcia
8
PDFelement
CONVERSION METHODS AMONG NUMERICAL SYSTEMS

• N(x) à N(10)
– General Formula
– Multiply By The Base and Add (MB&A)
• N(10) à N(x)
– Residue Method
– Extracting Powers Method
• N(2) à N(8) / N(16)
– Bit Grouping Method
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) – GENERAL FORMULA

• The General Formula allows to obtain the equivalent decimal
number for any number represented on another numerical system.
• The General Formula expression is the following:
• !("#) = $'*" +
%&# % . , %
– where:
• !("#) represents the equivalent decimal number for number that is
represented using another numerical system.
• ∑ represents the sequential sum of terms +% . ,%
• -/ represents an iteration variable which has relationship with the position of
each of the digits that are part of the represented number.
• 0, represents the number of digits that are used to expressed an specific
number in some specific numerical system
• + , represents each of the digits that are part of the represented number.
• B, it represents the numerical base that is used to expressed the represented
number.
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) GENERAL FORMULA

• By using the general formula determine the
decimal equivalent number of 101011(2).
• !("#) = $'*" +
%&# % . , %
• !("#) = $6*" +
%&# % .7 %
=> ! ("#) = $ 8
+
%&# % .7%
=!("#) = +# . 7# + +" . 7" + +4 . 74 + +1 . 71 + +9 . 79 5 +8 . 78

= 1. 7# + 1. 7" 5 0. 74 + 1. 71 + 0. 79 + 1. 78
=1(1)+1(2)+0(4) + 1(8)+0(16)+1(32)
= 1+2+0+8+0+32 = 43(10)
Finally:
101011(2) = 43(10)
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) GENERAL FORMULA

• By using the general formula determine the
decimal equivalent number of 7AFC(16).
• !("#) = $'*" +
%&# % . , %
9*" 1
• !("#) = %&# +% .2: => !("#) = %&# +% .2:%
$ % $
=>!("#) = +# . 2:# + +" . 2:" + +4 . 2:4 + +1 . 2:1
= 12(2:# )+ 15(2:" ) 510(2:4 )+7(2:1 )
=12(1)+15(16)+10(256) + 7(4096)
= 12+240+2560+28672 = 31484(10)
Finally:
7AFC(16) = 31484(10)
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) – Multiply By The Base & Add

• This method will allow to obtain the equivalent decimal
number of any other number represented on another
numerical system by following the next procedure:
– Digits of number to be converted will be taken from left side to
right side (from MSD to LSD)
– First digit will be multiplied by the numerical base that is being
used to represent the number that wants to be converted.
– Now the result of previous multiplication will be added to the
value of next digit
– Now the result of the sum will be multiplied by the numerical
base that is being used to represent the number.
– Repeat step number 3 (the sum)
– Continue the process of multiplication – sum until last digit
located at the right side is reached
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) USING MB&A Method

• By using the MB&A method determine the decimal equivalent number of
101011(2).
1 0 1 0 1 1
1x2
2+0
2x2
4+1
5x2
10+0
10x2
20+1
21x2
42+1
43
Finally:
101011(2) = 43(10)
PDFelement
N(x) à N(10) USING MB&A Method

• By using the MB&A method determine the decimal equivalent
number of 7AFC(16).
7 A F C
7x16
112+10
122x16
1952+15
1967x16
31472+12
31484
Finally:
7AFC(16) = 31484(10)
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) – Residue Method

• This method will allow to convert a decimal number to
other numerical system.
• The procedure of this method is the following:
– The number given (and results obtained) must be divided
continuously by the base to which you want to convert the
decimal number.
– The division operations will be performed until the
quotient of last division is equal to zero.
– The residues of each division will be used to determine the
equivalent number on the new numerical system.
– The last residue will represent the MSD and the first one
will be the LSD of the equivalent number.
– Digits must be written using their order according with the
LSD and MSD obtained.
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) Using Residue Method

• By using the residue method convert 234(10) to N(8)
234/8 = 29 , R= 2
29/8 = 3, R= 5
3/8 = 0, R= 3
3 represents the MSD

2 represents the LSD
Finally:
234(10) = 352(8)
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) Using Residue Method

• By using the residue method convert 987(10) to N(16)
987/16 = 61 , R = 11
61/16 = 3 , R = 13
3/16 = 0 , R = 3
3 represents the MSD

11 represents the LSD
Finally:
987(10) = 3DB(16)
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) – Extracting Powers Method

• This method will allow to convert a decimal
number to other numerical system.
• The procedure of this method is the following:
– Powers of numerical base to which number wants to
be converted must be extracted in continuous way,
until the last value be zero. The power to extract must
be the maximum possible all the times. The power
value to extract shouldn’t exceed the result value on
each of the cases.
– At the end, the number of times each power was
extracted will be counted, and that number must be
located in the position related to the specific power.
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) Extracting Powers Method

• By using the extracting powers method convert 234(10) to N(8)
234 – 64 = 170
170 – 64 = 106 8^2 à 3
106 – 64 = 42
42 – 8 = 34
34 – 8 = 26 8^2 8^1 8^0
26 – 8 = 18 8^1 à 5
18 – 8 = 10
3 5 2
10 – 8 = 2
POWERS VALUE
2– 1 = 1
1– 1 = 0 8^0 à 2 8^6 262144
8^5 32768
8^4 4096
8^3 512
Finally: 8^2 64
234(10) = 352(8) 8^1 8
8^0 1
PDFelement
N(10) à N(x) Extracting Powers Method

• By using the extracting powers method convert 4112(10)
to N(16)
4112 – 4096 = 16 16^3 à 1
16 – 16 = 0 16^1 à 1 16^3 16^2 16^1 16^0

1 0 1 0
POWERS VALUE
16^4 65536
16^3 4096
Finally: 16^2 256
4112(10) = 1010(16) 16^1 16
16^0 1
PDFelement
N(2) à N(8) / N(16) Grouping Bits Method

• This method makes possible to convert a binary number to octal
or hexadecimal numerical systems.
• To convert a binary number to octal numerical system; a group of
3 bits must be created beginning at the right side and going to the
left side until all bits are grouped.
• Last group might have less than 3 bits; on that case, missing bits
must be considered zeros.
• Finally each of the groups created will be replaced by their
equivalent digit in the octal system.
• In the case that binary number needs to be converted to
hexadecimal numerical system, groups must have 4 bits. Each of
the groups will be replaced by their equivalent digit in the
hexadecimal system.
• Last group might have less than 4 bits; on that case, missing bits
must be considered zeros.
PDFelement

• By using the grouping bits method, converts
111001010101101(2) to N(8) and N(16):
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
N(8)=
7 1 2 5 5
N(16)= 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
7 2 A D
Finally:
111001010101101(2) = 71255(8) = 72AD(16)
PDFelement

• By using the grouping bits method, converts 111001110101111(2) to N(8) and
N(16):
N(8)= 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
N(16)= 7 1 6 5 7
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
7 3 A F
Finally:
111001010101101(2) = 71657(8) = 73AF(16)

2 - Numerical Systems - G

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2 - Numerical Systems - G

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Remove Watermark Wondershare

Eng. Aurelio Garcia

NUMERICAL SYSTEMS - CHARACTERISTICS

• Any numerical system has the following characteristics:

• Difference between digit and number

NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – GENERAL FORMULA

NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – GENERAL FORMULA

THE MOST IMPORTANT NUMERICAL SYSTEMS

NUMERICAL SYSTEMS – RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOME OF THEM

LSD, MSD, LSB & MSB

10011(2) Bit: It is a BInary digiT

LSB: Least Significant Bit

CONVERSION METHODS AMONG NUMERICAL SYSTEMS

N(x) à N(10) – GENERAL FORMULA

N(x) à N(10) GENERAL FORMULA

=!("#) = +# . 7# + +" . 7" + +4 . 74 + +1 . 71 + +9 . 79 5 +8 . 78

N(x) à N(10) GENERAL FORMULA

N(x) à N(10) – Multiply By The Base & Add

N(x) à N(10) USING MB&A Method

N(x) à N(10) USING MB&A Method

N(10) à N(x) – Residue Method

N(10) à N(x) Using Residue Method

3 represents the MSD

N(10) à N(x) Using Residue Method

3 represents the MSD

N(10) à N(x) – Extracting Powers Method

N(10) à N(x) Extracting Powers Method

N(10) à N(x) Extracting Powers Method

4112 – 4096 = 16 16^3 à 1

16 – 16 = 0 16^1 à 1 16^3 16^2 16^1 16^0

N(2) à N(8) / N(16) Grouping Bits Method

N(2) à N(8) / N(16) Grouping Bits Method

N(2) à N(8) / N(16) Grouping Bits Method

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