DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN (EEE

241)
Lecture # 01
Subject Information
 SUBJECT CODE & NAME:
 EEE 241, DLD
 CREDIT HRS :
 03-01
 CONTACT HRS :
 03Hrs per week lecture and 03Hrs per week Lab
 TEXT BOOK :
 Digital Design (4th Edition)
 M. Morris Mano, Michael D. Ciletti
 REFERENCE BOOK :
 Digital Fundamentals (10th Edition)
 Floyd
Objectives

 Understand theory of operation for most of digital

electronic devices.
 Analyzing how can a digital computer perform the
complex operations based on simply manipulating
bits (zeros and ones).
 Design of digital logic systems.
Topics to be covered

 Digital Systems and Binary Systems

 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
 Gate-Level Minimization
 Combinational Logic
 Synchronous Sequential Logic
 Registers And Counters
 Digital Integrated Circuits
Evaluation Plan

 The Course assessment will be made up of the

following five components;

1. Sessional Exams --- 25%

2. Quizzes --- 15%
3. Assignments --- 10%
4. Final Examination --- 50%
5. Project
Students are responsible for:
1. Attendance. If a student misses more than 5 class
sessions, he/she may be dropped.
2. Arriving to each class on time. Late comers are
disruptive to the class.
3. Turning off all cell phones while in class.
4. Conducting themselves in a professional manner;
refraining from talking in class except as part of a
classroom discussion or to ask a question.
Students are responsible for:

5 Knowing and adhering to due dates for all assignments,

sessional and final exam.
6. Taking or acquiring class notes.
7. Knowing COMSATS policies and procedures, This
includes plagiarism and cheating.
8. Letting the instructor know if you are having difficulty
with any part of the course. Special time can be arranged
for individual assistance.
9. All assignments and quizzes will be submitted on A4 Page.
Any other paper is not acceptable and simply marked zero.
Student Interaction

 Brief Discussion

 Last semester experience

 Suggestions.
What’s the importance of Digital Logic
Flash back on Digital logic history

 1850: George Boole invents

Boolean algebra.
 1946: ENIAC: 1st electronic
computer
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 5,000 operations per second
 1,000 square feet
 It really cost a lot of power to
turn on the switch.
And it went on………

 1947: Shockley and Bardeen invent the transistor

 replaces vacuum tubes
 enable integration of multiple devices into one
package
 1955: TRADIC: AT&T Bell Laboratories
announced the first fully transistorized
 1958: 1st Integrated Circuit
 1972: Intel’s 8088 1st microprocessor.
Applications of logic design
 Conventional computer design
 CPUs, busses, peripherals
 Networking and communications
 Phones, modems, routers
 Embedded products
 Cars
 Toys
 Appliances
 Entertainment devices, e.g. MP3 players, PS3, and
many others
Classification of Signals/Systems
 They are classify into two categories
 Analog Signal:
 They have infinite number of different magnitudes or values.
 They varies continuously with time.

 Digital Signal:
 A signal is known as digitised if it has finite number of
magnitudes.
Analog Signals
An analog or analogue signal is any variable signal
continuous in both time and amplitude. e.g. Sound

 Example: They have infinite number of values

 They are continuous in nature
 Source of signals can be signal generator
 Sine wave is an example
Advantages of Analog signals
 They are used in

 Filter design
 Amplifier circuits
 Signal Generators
 Motor Speed Controller
 Drawback of Analog System

 Less accurate
 Less reliable

 Memory/Storage is an issue

 Performance changes as temperature varies

 Distortion and noise

 Digital Signals
Digital describes any system based on discontinuous
data or events.
 Computers are digital machines because at their most
basic level they can distinguish between just two
values, 0 and 1, or off and on.
 Number of values can be finite (2,8,16)
 Nature of signals are discrete
 Source can be computer or A to D converter
 Binary signal is an example
Advantages of Digital System
 It manipulates discrete element of information such
as decimal digits or alphabets.
 Signal in digital system represented by a binary
digit called a bit.
 Discrete elements of information are represented
by a group of bits called Binary Codes.
 They are reliable,flexible,programmable and
updating technology.
Basic Digital Devices

 Logic Gates
 Combinational circuits

 Sequential circuits

 ICs
Logic Gates
 Digital Logic Gates are the basic unit to build any
digital circuit.

 It operates on a number of binary inputs to perform

a logical function.

 There are different types of gates available ,e.g

AND,OR,NOT,NAND,EX-OR,NOR
Combinational Circuits
 When number of logical gates are connected
together to produce specified output by
combination of input variables.

 It has no memory element.

Combinational Logic
N Inputs Circuit M
Outputs
Sequential Circuits
 The circuit in which digital outputs are required to
be generated in accordance with the specified
sequence.
 It has the memory interface (Flip Flop)

Combinational
Circuit
Output
Input Memory
Element
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 For complex circuits which involves number of
gates,IC is used.

 Small Scale IC (SSI) 20 gates per circuit

 Medium Scale IC(MSI) 20-200
 Large Scale IC(LSI) 200 – 200,000
 Very Large Scale IC(VLSI) 1,000,000
Binary Logic
 Logic is defined as a statement which is true ,if
some condition is satisfied or vice versa.
 Binary logic has two levels
 High (1)
 Low (0)

OFF , LOW (Logic

0)
Negative
Lamp

ON , High (Logic 1)
Positive
Negative & Positive Logic
 Electrical Signals [ voltages or currents ] that exist
throughout a digital system is in either of two
recognizable values [ logic 1 or logic 0 ]
 Logic 0 and 1 can be represented by another way of logic

 Positive Logic Logic 0 (Low) 0V

Logic 1 (High ) +5V
 Negative Logic Logic 0 (Low) +5V
Logic 1 (High ) 0V
Introduction to Number System
 Number system is basis for counting various items.
 Modern computer operated in binary number
system.
 Decimal,Octal,Hexa,BCD represents more bits in a
binary numbers in a compressed form.
 Base/Radix of the number systems are 2,8,10,16
 Base decides the total no of digits available in a
system
 E.g Binary Base 2 0 or 1
Introduction to Number System

 Each digit position represent different multiples of

base.

3 4 9 . 2 5
Power 2 Power1 Power 0 Power -1 Power -2

Radix Point
Different Number Systems

 Decimal Base 10 0 to 9
 Binary Base 2 0 or 1
 Octal Base 8 0 to 7
 HexaDecimal Base 16 0 to 15
 Decimal Number System
 In decimal number system we can express any
decimal number in units, ten, hundred and
thousand.
 E.g Represent decimal number 98.72 in power of 10

9 8 . 7 2
N= 9*101 + 8 * 100 + 7*10-1 + 2*10-2
 Binary Number System
 E.g Represent binary number 1101.101 in power of
2 & find its decimal equivalent.

 N =1 1 0 1. 1 0 1
1*23 + 1*22 +0*21 + ...........................................

8+ 4+ 0+ 1+ 0.5+ 0+ 1.25

N
= (13.625)10
 Octal Number System
 Represent 0-7 digits in 3 bit format 000-421
 E.g Represnt octal number 567 in power of 8 &
find its decimal equivalent.

N= 5 6 7
5*82 + 6*81 + 7*80
320 + 48 + 7
(375)10
 Hexadecial Number System
DECIMAL BINARY HEX
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
Invalid state for Decimal 13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
 Hexadecimal Number System
 4 bits representation 0000 - 8421
 Represnt hexadecial number 3FD in power of 16 &
find the decimal equivalent.

 N = 3 F D
3*162 + 15*161 + 13*160

768 + 240 + 13

(1021)
10
 Binary to Octal Conversion
 Convert 111101100 to octal

 Solution: 111 101 100

7 5 4
(754)8
 Octal to Binary Conversion
 Convert (634)8 to Binary

 Solution: 6 3 4
110 011 100

(110011100) 2
 Binary to Hex
 Convert 1101100010011011 binary into hex.

 Solution: 1101 1000 1001 1011

D 8 9 B

(D89B)16
 Hex to Binary
 Convert (3FD)16 to Binary

 Solution: 3 F D
0011 1111 1101

(001111111101)2
 Octal to Hexadecimal
 Convert (615)8 to hex

 Solution : 6 1 5
110 001 101 Binary

Now we will change binary into hex

3 zero’s added to
the left 0001 1000 0101
1 8 B
 Hexa to Octal
 Convert (25B)16 to octal

Solution : 2 5 B
0010 0101 1011 Binary

Now we will convert convert into octal (Set of three bits)

001 001 011 011
( 1 1 3 3 )8
 Example
 Convert decimal 37 into binary
18 4 1

2 37 2 9 2 2
36 8 2

1 LSB 0
1

9 2 0

2 18 2 4 2 1
18 4 0

0 1 MSB
0
Binary = 100101
 Self TasK
 Convert decimal 214 to octal

 Determine Base 1st

 Ans = (326)8
 Class Exercises

 Convert (475.25)8 to decimal

 Convert (9B2.1A)16 to decimal

 Convert (3102.12)4 to decimal