ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

COURSE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECW 437 / ECW 421
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 2
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) 66
PERIODOF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK
EXPERIMENT HYDRAULIC JUMP

Introduction

The need for an open-ended laboratory activity is emphasized in enhancing

independent learning activities and inculcating creativity and innovation of
students. It is now a required element in an accreditation exercise as stipulated in
the EAC Manual 2012.

Objectives

To investigate the characteristic of a hydraulic jump (standing wave) produced

when water flows beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns
obtained.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Identify and compare the upstream and downstream depths of the
respectively for a hydraulic jump.
2. Compute the energy dissipated in the jump and power loss at the
hydraulic jump section based on the specific energy consideration.

PREAMBLE Theoretical Background

A hydraulic jump occurs when a supercritical flow changes to a subcritical flow. In

such cases, the elevation of the water surface increases suddenly in the direction of
flow. The violent motions of flow are accompanied by a significant loss of energy
head through the jump. It is an important phenomenon associated with the
dissipation of energy in flows over dams, weirs and other hydraulic structures. The
strength of the jump depends on the Froude Number of the flow entering the
jump. Figure 1 below shows an experimental set up which consists of a rectangular
flume and a sluice gate at the upstream part of hydraulic jump.

Figure 1: A hydraulic jump in a rectangular flume.

© FKA UITM SHAH ALAM P a g e |1

ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

The type of jump is characterized by the Froude Number, Fn at n sections of

rectangular flume which is defined as follows:

𝑣𝑛 𝑄 (i)
𝐹𝑛 = =
√(𝑔ℎ𝑛 ) 𝐵ℎ𝑛 √(𝑔ℎ𝑛 )

It will be found that the jump is characterized by a strong dissipative action. The
specific energy (upstream and downstream of the jump) is calculated as follows:

𝑣2 (ii)
𝐸 =ℎ+
2𝑔

The energy dissipated in the jump is given by:

Em = E1 – E2 (iii)

The power loss due to the jump in the rectangular flume can be estimated by:

𝑃𝐿 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑚 (iv)

The conditions which generate hydraulic jump are:

𝐹1 ≥ 1.7 𝑜𝑟 𝐹2 ≥ 0.6

Where F1 and F2 represent the Froude Number of the upstream and downstream
flow respectively.

Students are required to use the Rectangular Flume which is installed in the
Hydraulics Laboratory. You are required to fix the sluice gate in the Rectangular
Flume at the location to be identified by the Laboratory Assistant/ Lecturer. You
are assigned to identify the differences between the upstream and downstream
depths of flow from the experiment. By referring to the Figure 1, the values of h, h1
and h2 are measured. Based on the depths measured, the specific energy located at
PROBLEM STATEMENT
upstream and downstream and the power loss due to the jump can be calculated.
In addition, the head loss and power loss that occur due to the hydraulic jump are
also to be calculated. Then, based on the Froude Number obtained classify the
types or categories for the particular hydraulic jump. The experiment is to be
carried out over a range of discharge, ensuring behaviour over a range of Froude
Number. Discuss on the application of hydraulic jump in the civil engineering field.

Students are required to measure the width of the rectangular flume. The flume
should be adjusted to a horizontal position. You are required to start the pump and
regulate the discharge valve in order to reach the required flow rate. Measure the
discharge in the flume using the flow meter. Calculate the upstream and
downstream velocities, v1 and v2 respectively. Calculate the Froude Numbers and
WAYS AND MEANS check that their values are within the given limits. Calculate the energy dissipated
in the jump. Finally, calculate the power loss.

© FKA UITM SHAH ALAM P a g e |2

ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

The group will be required to prepare the technical report of the laboratory result
highlighting the procedures of the experiment, data taken and recommendations
RESULTS
to be adopted in order to obtain good results. Show at least one sample
calculation. Submit you report one week or before the next experiment started.

© FKA UITM SHAH ALAM P a g e |3