Psychology of Learners (Theories of

Development)
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The three behavioral styles identified by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess in their
early research on infant temperament are
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1 point

Easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent
Emotional, sociable, inhibited
Introverted, extroverted, agreeable

Which of the following is NOT regarded as an important area of personality

development in the first 3 months of life?
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1 point

Developing a balance between optimism and pessimism

Developing self-efficacy
Developing gender identity
Avoiding learned helplessness

According to psychologists, which type of aggression do adolescent girls use more

frequently than do adolescent boys?
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1 point

Instrumental
Relational
Physical
Instinctive
One of the major criticisms of the stages of dying identified by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross is
that
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1 point

There are too many stages in her theory

There are not enough stages in her theory
Not everyone goes through the stages in the order she describes
The stages vary by sex

The stage of formal operations is characterized by 

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1 point

The application of logical thought to concrete objects and situations

Intuitive and animistic thought
Abstract thought and hypothetical problem solving
The development of transductive reasoning

Sandra insists that her balloon is heavier than her rubber ball because the balloon is
bigger. Sandra is in Piaget’s ______ stage.
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1 point

Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Pre-operational
Sensorimotor

Which description matches the Mirror Principle of John Maxwell?

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1 point

When we help others, we help ourselves

Trust is the foundation of any relationship
The first person we must examine is ourselves
The journey with others is slower than the journey alone

Social class differences in vocabulary development result from social class differences
in the amount of ______.
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1 point

Maternal anxiety
Verbal stimulation
Paternal illness
Sibling rivalry

Of the following, which is most true to adolescents?

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1 point

Hormonal changes
Defiances of peer groups
Last splurge of dependence
Unruly behavior

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range between what a child can do alone and what a
child can do with assistance is referred to as 
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1 point

Scaffolding
Inner speech
Egocentric speech
Zone of Proximal Development

When a person’s moral choices are determined by the direct consequences of action,
he is most like in the stage of 
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1 point

Pre-operational
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post conventional

Who is best equipped to lead in the formulation of an Individual Educational Plan for
Special children?
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1 point

Child therapists
Special education teachers
Parents of special children
Child psychologists

The developing organism is most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens during the
period of the 
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1 point
Ovum
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus

Both stunted growth and delayed menarche are strongly influenced by

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1 point

Use of day care

Malnutrition
Nuclear family structure
High protein intake

Jimmy saw his favorite candy for sale in the store. He had no money, so he planned to
steal it. However, he changed his mind and decided not to do it, because stealing is
wrong. According to Freud’s theory, which part of Jimmy’s personality prevented him
from stealing?
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1 point

Id
Ego
Superego
Anima

In ecological systems theory, the exosystem includes

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1 point

Values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is developing, such as the acceptance of
violence
Settings in which a child spends time, such as classrooms and neighborhood play groups
Social settings that indirectly influence a child, such as parents’ workplaces
Connections among the different settings in which a child develops, such as the home and the
school

Most 3- and 4- year olds believe that magic

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1 point

can turn a picture into a real object

could change their teacher into a witch
accounts for events they cannot otherwise explain
does not exist
According to Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory, which of the following are the three
major components of adult love?
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1 point

Friendship, Compassion, Commitment

Commitment, Intimacy, Compassion
Intimacy, Commitment, Passion
Compassion, Infatuation, Intimacy

Complete Name(Surname, Given Name, Middle Initial)*

Your answer

What is the main goal of teenagers according to Erik Erikson?

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1 point

Trust
Calling
Identity
Integrity

Which of the following points to authoritative parents?

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1 point

Parents who befriend their children and do not use discipline

Parents who are less controlling and behave with a more accepting attitude
Parents who try to control the behavior of their children in accordance with a set standard of
conduct
Supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children

Formal operational thinking is mostly characterized by

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1 point

Infants
Preschoolers
Elementary-aged children
Teenagers and adults

A sudden, loud noise made in the vicinity of a newborn infant is likely to elicit which of
the following reflexes?
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1 point

Moro
Rooting
Palmar grasp
Stepping

According to Piaget, the infant’s central way of knowing the world is through
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1 point

reflexes
mental representations
sensorimotor schemes
logical and mathematical operations

Which of the following is most central to the concept of sensitive period?

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1 point

Growth spurts must occur at specific ages

Children who do not develop at the same time as their peers experience distress
A given function emerges automatically during a particular time period regardless of learning
experiences
Particular experiences are especially influential at a certain time in development

What is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among individuals in very late
adulthood?
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1 point

Schizophrenia
Dementia
Hypochondriasis
Mood disorder

In Erikson’s Stage Theory of Development, which affirmation belongs to the stage of

identity versus role confusion?
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1 point

When people look at my work, I feel embarrassed

I get a good deal of pleasure from working
I wonder what sort of person I’ve become
I feel competent and abled on what I do
The process by which fluid from the uterus is taken early in pregnancy to determine
whether the developing fetus has a genetic anomaly is called
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1 point

amniocentesis
chorionic villus sampling
positron-emission tomography
insemination

David overeats, smokes cigarettes, and is verbally aggressive. Freud would probably
have said that David has a/an
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1 point

Anal personality
Oral personality
Phallic personality
Latency

The active process of self-definition that occurs during adolescence is called

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1 point

Gender experimentation
Role expectation
Identity crisis
Gender identity

A defining characteristic of children with autism is ______.

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1 point

Obsessive attachment to their mothers

Lack of motor coordination
Unresponsiveness to others
Hyperactivity

The first negative emotion clearly exhibited during infancy is ___.

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1 point

Fear
Shame
Guilt
Distress
If Elise’s mental age is 20 and chronological age is 20, his or her IQ would be
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1 point

80
90
100
12

A child who has an IQ of 55 to 70 and delayed social development is classified as

having a
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1 point

Mild intellectual disability

Moderate intellectual disability
Severe intellectual disability
Profound intellectual disability

The major problem with having a science based on identifying  developmental change is
that the term “developmental” is 
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1 point

subjective – no two people can agree on the meaning of the term

relative – people define the term relative to their theoretical assumptions
unscientific – people cannot prove claims that development change has occurred
meaningless – nobody can see developmental change so it can’t be measured

New born infants were given either smooth or knobby pacifiers to suck. They were later
allowed to look at both types of pacifiers. They looked longer at the type of pacifier they
had previously sucked. This finding indicates that newborn infants have
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1 point

Categorical perception
Intermodal perception
Shape constancy
Depth perception

A child explains thunder as “the clouds yelling at each other.” This is an example of
_____.
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1 point
Reversibility
Animistic reasoning
Egoistic thinking
Logical inference

In which way does heredity affect the development of the learner?

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1 point

By compensating for what the environment fails to develop.

By placing limits beyond which the learner cannot develop.
By blocking the influence of environment.
By providing equal potential to all.

According to Piaget, cognitive development begin with which of the following?

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1 point

Pre-operations
Concrete operations
Sensorimotor activities
Formal operations

The length of time that it takes to toilet train a child depends mostly on which of the
following?
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1 point

Presence or absence of older siblings

Severity of the training practices the caregivers use
Verbal ability of the caregivers
Age at which the child begins toilet training

Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?

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1 point

Vision
Hearing
Smell
Touch

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following mechanisms (and the attitude
accompanying it) would be most important for health resolution of a little boy’s Oedipus
complex?
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1 point

Identification with the father (“I am like Daddy.”)

Object-choice of the father (“I love Daddy best.”)
Identification with the mother (I am like Mommy.”)
Object-choice of the mother (“I love Mommy best.”)

With regard to sexual maturity, females generally mature

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1 point

Two years earlier than males do

Four years earlier than males do
Two years later than males do
Four years later than males do

Which of the following is the symptom most closely associated with Alzheimer’s
disease?
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1 point

Manic behavior
Loss of ability to walk
Loss of memory
Loss of reflexes

Object permanence refers to the concept that _______.

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1 point

an object’s identity remains the same even when its appearance changes
some objects will exist forever
an object is most likely to be found in the location it was last seen
an object has a permanent existence that is independent of our perceptual contact with it

Which parenting style uses a “hands off” approach to disciplining their children, where
children learn from the consequences of their actions; and the parents consider
themselves as a friend to their child?
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1 point

Authoritative
Neglecting
Permissive
Authoritarian
What is mainly addressed by early intervention program for children with disabilities,
ages 0 to 3 years old?
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1 point

Preventing labelling of disabled children

Ensuring inclusion for special children
Early growth development lag
Identifying strengths and weaknesses in special children

As a preschooler, Emma has developed a number of cognitive and social skills that she
will use to assume responsibility According to Erikson, in what stage of psychosocial
development is Emma?
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1 point

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. self-doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Identity vs. role confusion

Which of the following reflex movements that refers to rooting?

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1 point

The baby throws his legs up in the air.

The infant’s tendency to wave arms when startled
The infant grasp nearby objects and hand of the caregiver
The baby opens mouth and turns head when touched on the cheek

Which type of mental ability is generally assumed to increase over the life span of an
individual?
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1 point

Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

According to Kohlberg, during the pre-conventional stage of moral development children

to do which of the following?
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1 point
Use abstract thoughts or principles to determine their behavior
Make behavioral decisions based on legal issues
Understand morality based on customs or values
Interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

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1 point

Piaget regarded class inclusion (hierarchical classification system like Living Things-Animals-
Dogs-Poodles) as the single most important achievement of the concrete operational stage
By middle childhood, children begin to insist that objects can be sorted in only one way
Concrete operational children recognize that certain physical characteristics of objects remain
the same even when their outward appearance changes
School-age children come up with a general principle of conservation and apply it to all relevant
situations

Carolyn tripped on the carpet and fell. When she got up, she looked at her mother, who
was laughing, and she laughed, too. This is an example of
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1 point

empathy
sympathy
social referencing
semantics

According to Vygotsky, children speak to themselves

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1 point

because they are egocentric

because they are lonely
for self-guidance
for the pleasure of hearing their own voice

What are 3- and 4-year-olds typically not learning yet?

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1 point

Colors
Shapes
Numbers and letters
Complex words

Research on children without siblings reveals that they

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1 point

Have lower levels of self-esteem

Demonstrate lower levels of prosocial behaviour
Do better in school
Are less popular with peers

Eighteen-month-old Michael sees his mother about to put his juice away, and he yells
out, “More juice! Michael’s expression is an example of 
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1 point

Telegraphic speech
Receptive speech
A holophrase
Private speech

Heather is currently taking courses in several different academic departments and doing
volunteer work to help identify and develop her interests. She also spends a lot of time
thinking about her values and goals but has not chosen a career path. Heather’s identity
status is referred to as
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1 point

Identity achievement
Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium

A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and
become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider the woman to be?
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1 point

Identity vs. Role confusion

Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego integrity vs. Despair
Industry vs. Inferiority

Instruction by teachers who employ Piagetian principles is most likely to be

characterized by which of the following?
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1 point

Use of lecture as the dominant form of instruction

Encouragement of active experimentation
Encouragement of private speech
Discouragement of group activities

During Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage, what is the ability to flexibly altering existing
schemas into new schemas called?
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1 point

Accommodation
Adaption
Assimilation
Equilibrium

Caring for students and helping students learn to care was advocated by this proponent
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1 point

Erik Erikson
James Marcia
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan

In Erikson’s Stage Theory of Development, which of the following needs to be

developed for a child which is 18-month old?
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1 point

Autonomy
Initiative
Industry
Trust

Katie, a pre-schooler, sees a llama at the zoo for the first time and calls it a sheep. This
is an example of 
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1 point

Semantic overextension
Chaining
Fast mapping
Divergent thinking

Ethel, who is 80 years old, lost her husband last year, and her children hardly ever
come to visit. She looks back on her life with a lot of regret. What is being experienced
by Ethel, according to Erikson?
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1 point

Stagnation
Depression
Regression
Despair

Which among the following cognitive activities will the sensorimotor primarily focus on? 
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1 point

Gross and fine motor skills

Language development
Understanding other's perspectives
Solving mathematical problems

Which of the following refers to egocentrism as defined by Jean Piaget?

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1 point

The belief that young adults don’t listen to their parents

The belief that children cannot do more than one task at a time
The idea that preschool children cannot see things from another’s point of view
The understanding that young children cannot learn outside of a structured classroom

Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though
she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the
wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress her, Jane brushes her mother off and insists
on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes jane’s
behavior?
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1 point

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority

In comparison with Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on ______.

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1 point

physical development
intellectual development
role of parents
social and cultural influences

What two developmental milestones occur around the age of one year?
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1 point

Walking and speaking first words

Crawling and gesturing to communicate
Running and climbing on furniture
Smiling and pulling to a stand

Which of the following theorists did NOT develop a stage theory?

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1 point

Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
B. F. Skinner
Lawrence Kohlberg

Two young boys sitting next to each other, each drawing a separate picture with his own
set of crayons, are engaging in which type of play?
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1 point

Cooperative
Independent
Parallel
Onlooker

Harry Harlow’s experiment with monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the
importance of ____.
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1 point

Satisfying hunger
Body temperature
Fulfilling needs
Contact

Which of the following pairs of theorists proposed stage theories of development?

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1 point

Piaget and Bandura

Brofenbrenner and Erikson
Freud and Lorenz
Freud and Piaget

Which of the following is TRUE of menopause in men?

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1 point

Menopause is physically impossible because males do not menstruate

Menopause is differentially damaging to the male psyche, depending on age
Menopause may result from work-related stress
Menopause may result from a lack of exercise

A toddler with a secure attachment to a primary caregiver would be expected to

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1 point

Avoid the caregiver when they were reunited after a brief separation
Stay in caregiver’s lap rather than explore a new environment
Cry when the caregiver left the toddler with a babysitter
Have a close bond with only one parent or primary caregiver

Which refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he progresses in chronological

age?
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1 point

Development
Growth
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal

Which refers to the inherited tendency of some newborn animals to follow the first
moving object they see?
*
1 point

Imprinting
Egocentricity
Surrogacy
Maturation

According to Piaget, what type of learning do individuals acquire during the formal
operational stage?
*
1 point

Abstract thought
Symbolism
Memorization skills
Auditory learning

Which of the following theorists advanced the concept of the identity crisis?
*
1 point

Jean Piaget
Sigmund Freud
B. F. Skinner
Erik Erikson

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulty taking the perspectives of
other person that makes them unable to respond to the feelings and actions of other
person. This explains that children with ASD lack
*
1 point

Empathy
Intelligence
Egocentrism
Theory of mind

Proximodistal development is exemplified by which of the following?

*
1 point

Control of gross arm movements prior to fine motor control of the fingers
Control of the lower extremities prior to control of the head
Refinement of perceptual abilities prior to walking
Acquisition of differential skills prior to acquisition of complex skills

During a discussion in class regarding cheating in school, a student argues, “Cheating

is wrong; it is important to follow rules.” In what stage of moral development does the
student is? 
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1 point

Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post conventional
Advanced conventional

According to Kohlberg, parents can best foster their children’s moral development by
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1 point

Setting high expectations for moral behavior

Exposing their children to more advance moral reasoning by discussion of both sides of moral
dilemmas
Directly teaching their children what to do when they face specific moral dilemmas
Promptly and consistently punishing their children’s misbehavior

Although Elizabeth’s seven-year-old son wants to stay up past his bedtime to watch a
television special, she insists that he go to bed at the usual time. She explains that he
will be too tired to do well in school if he does not het his rest, and she promises to
record the show for him. Diana Baumrind would classify Elizabeth’s parenting style as
which of the following?
*
1 point

Uninvolved
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive

Which of the following is the common life stage among Ana, Alma and Amy? 
*
1 point

Infancy
Old age
Late adolescence
Late adulthood

Which of the following theories describes development as being dependent on the

unconscious mind and early experiences with parents?
*
1 point

Ecological
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Psychodynamic

Adam shows a rigid inability to appreciate the views of others. This characteristics of
pre-operational stage is called as
*
1 point
Object permanence
Accommodation
Assimilation
Egocentricity

Which milestone is for four to five-year-olds, not 3 and 4-years old?

*
1 point

Start to tell stories

Use appropriate grammar
Answer simple questions
Strong together few words

On which of the following types of problems would you expect a four-year-old child and
a seven-year-old child to perform most similarly?
*
1 point

Conservation of number
Classification
Transformation
Object permanence

Order the types of play below from the least cognitively mature to the most cognitively
mature. Choices are: I. Cooperative Play; II. Pretend Play; III. Functional Play
*
1 point

II-I-III
II-III-I
III-I-II
III-II-I

Rico is 15 years old and is fixated with anal stage. According to psychoanalytic theory,
he is expected to be excessively
*
1 point

Aggressive
Dependent
Inhibited
Neat
A researcher is evaluating the effects of three different types of parent-education
programs on adolescent mothers’ interactions with their toddlers. What is the
independent variable in this investigation?
*
1 point

Adolescent mothers’ interaction with their toddlers

Level of parent-child communication
Type of parent education program
Child’s attachment to the mother

If teacher Angel wants to follow Piaget’s Theory, what should she provide for her pupils
who are in the sensorimotor stage?
*
1 point

Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering

Games and other physical activities to develop motor skills
Activities which formulate hypothesis
Wide space with minimal object to play with

A boy who believes that he will become a girl if he wears his sister’s clothes has not
achieved the concept of 
*
1 point

Gender stability
Gender labelling
Gender constancy
Gender schema

Understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even
though their outward appearance has changed is ______.
*
1 point

animism
conservation
egocentrism
object permanence

Which theory calls for adaptation to the learner’s biological and developmental set of
characteristics?
*
1 point

Learning Style Theory

Emotional Intelligence Theory
Reading Readiness Theory
Multiple Intelligences Theory

Babbling is best described as ______.

*
1 point

linguistic production without comprehension

non-linguistic vocalization
linguistic comprehension without production
a social behavior

Which is known as children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the
child to experience different points of view?
*
1 point

Role taking
Imprinting
Learning
Conserving

Laughing at a two-year-old child who uttered a bad word is not a proper thing to do
because in this stage of the child’s life, the child is _________.
*
1 point

considering the views of others

distinguishing sex differences
socializing
distinguishing right from wrong

In what stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is a child where he exhibits intuitive

intelligence and was able to make mental representations and close to the use of
symbols?
*
1 point

Formal Operational Stage

Concrete Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
Pre-operational Stage
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