SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

a b c
1. Sine Rule:   .
sin A sin B sin C
2. Cosine Formula:
b 2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b 2
(i) cos A = (ii) cos B =
2b c 2 ca

a 2  b 2  c2
(iii) cos C =
2a b

3. Projection Formula:
(i) a = b cosC + c cosB (ii) b = c cosA + a cosC (iii) c = a cosB + b cosA

4. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule:

BC bc A CA c a B

(i) tan = cot (ii) tan = cot
2 bc 2 2 ca 2

AB ab C
(iii) tan = cot
2 ab 2
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:

A (s  b) (s  c) B (s  c) (s  a )
(i) sin = ; sin = ;
2 bc 2 ca

C (s  a ) (s  b)
sin =
2 ab

A s (s  a ) B s (s  b ) C s (s  c)
(ii) cos = ; cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A (s  b) (s  c)  abc
(iii) tan = = where s = is semi
2 s (s  a ) s (s  a ) 2
perimetre of triangle.

2 2
(iv) sin A = s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c) =
bc bc

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6. Area of Triangle () :
1 1 1
= ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B = s (s  a ) (s  b) (s  c)
2 2 2

7. m - n Rule:
If BD : DC = m : n, then

(m + n) cot   m cot   n cot 

 n cot B  m cot C

8. Radius of Circumcirlce :
a b c a bc
R=   =
2 sinA 2 sinB 2 sinC 4
9. Radius of The Incircle :

 A B C
(i) r = (ii) r = (s  a) tan = (s  b) tan = (s  c) tan
s 2 2 2

A B C
(iii) r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2

10. Radius of The Ex- Circles :

 ;  ; 
(i) r1 = r2 = r3 =
sa sb sc

A ;
B ;
C
(ii) r1 = s tan r2 = s tan r3 = s tan
2 2 2

A B C
(iii) r1 = 4 R sin . cos . cos
2 2 2

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11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :
2 bc cos A
2
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A =  a = ;
bc

1
(ii) Length of median from the angle A = m a = 2 b2  2 c2  a 2
2

2
& (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = A a =
a
12. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is
called the Pedal Triangle.

(i) Its angles are  2A,  2B and  2C.
(ii) Its sides are a cosA = R sin 2A,
b cosB = R sin 2B and
c cosC = R sin 2C

(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal.

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13.
The triangle formed by joining the three excentres  1,  2 and  3 of  ABC is
called the excentral or excentric triangle.
(i)  ABC is the pedal triangle of the   1  2  3.

 A  B  C
(ii) Its angles are  ,  &  .
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(iii) Its sides are 4 R cos , 4 R cos & 4 R cos .
2 2 2
A B C
(iv)  1 = 4 R sin ;  2 = 4 R sin ;  3 = 4 R sin .
2 2 2
(v) Incentre  of  ABC is the orthocentre of the excentral   1  2  3.
14. Distance Between Special Points :
(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre
OH2 = R2 (1 – 8 cosA cos B cos C)
(ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre
A B C
O2 = R2 (1 – 8 sin sin sin ) = R2 – 2Rr
2 2 2
(iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid

1 2
OG2 = R2 – (a + b2 + c2)
9

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