TEMPERATURE SCALE BIMETALLIC STRIP Cu CALORIMETRY ICE-WATER SYSTEM

Cu 1 calorie=4.2J
Problem solving methodology
Result C F-32 K-273 (celcius-fahrenheit- Fe
= = Heat Supplied (ΔQ)
5 9 5 kelvin conversion) Fe 1. m1 g ice [-θ,0C] mixed with m2g water [-θ2 0C]
any scale conversion formula > So when temperature increases
cu Fe 2. Convert -θ 0C ice 00C ice
Reacting on any scale - lower fixed point Δl of Cu > Δl of Fe
1

= = constant change temperature of body change state of body Δ Q1=m1Sice θ 1

Upper fixed point - lower fixed point strip with higher value of will be on
convex side
1. ΔQ=ms Δ T 3. Convert 00C ice 00C water
S-specific heat capacity Melting Boiling
Δ Q2=m1Lf
EXPANSION OF CAVITY Δθ :mLf Δθ:mLv
THERMAL EXPANSION Joule
SIunit- J Kg-1K-1 Lf-Latent heat Lv-Latent heat
Area of hole increases body expands on Kg Kelvin 4. Convert θ20C water 00C water
A-LINEAR of fusion of vapourisation
l heat
l
l =l+ Δl heating.Expansion of area of body is Δ Q3=m2Swater θ 2
independent of shape and size of hole 2. Swater= 1 cal = J = J
g0C 4.2 g0C 4200 kg0C
1. Δ.l= l Δ θ |
Δθ
cal J J
2. ll = l (1+ Δ θ) Lf=Lice=80 g =80 4.2 g =80 4200 kg Δ Q3=,>,or< Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
check

+
[or use Kelvin instead of 0C]

+
3. = Δ l unit / 0c or / k, dimension-K-1 SUPERFICIAL/AREA EXPANSION cal J J
Lv=Lsteam=540 g =540 4.2 g =540 4200 kg
lΔ θ Sice= 1 cal =2.1 J0 = 2100 J0

+
+
1.Δ A=Aβ Δ θ β -coefficant of area 2 g0C gC kg C
2.A1=A(1+βΔ θ) expansion Δ Q3> Δ Q1+ Δ Q2 Δ Q3< Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
Whatever be the change l1, Ssteam= 1 cal =2.1 J0 = 2100 J0
3.β = Δ A 2 g0C gC kg C 1. Whole ice melts into water 1. Only m‛ g of ice melts
1
Δl unit / 0c or / k,dimension-[K-1]
in temperature, the A ΔT
difference in length l2, 2
4.β =2 2. Additional heat is used 2. Mass of ice melts can be
remains constant to increase the temperature found by
Δθ
HEAT CAPACITY of system from 0 0C m Lf=Q
l1 1=l2 2
l1‛, 1
CUBICAL EXPANSION/VOLUME EXPANSION Heat supplied at constant rate
3. Final temperature can
Δl
Graph & equation Heat capacity=mass+ specific heat capacity 3. Final temperature is 00C
1. ΔV=V Δ θ be found out by
Unit= cal =>SI unit J
l2‛,
2. V =V(1+ Δθ) 0
C K Δ Q = MtotalSwaterT
3. = Δ V unit / 0c or /K where ΔQ additional heat
APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EXPANSION VΔθ
k, dimension-[K-1] WATER EQUIVALENT
Pendulum clock : β : = 1:2:3
4. =3 CONVERSION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY TO HEAT ENERGY
Fact When temperature increases, time period The mass of water that will absorb
increases, clock runs slow msT1 mLf ms(T2-T1) mLv or lose as same quantity of heat as
Varation of density with temperature = t = = t 1. Potential energy to Heat energy
When temperature decreases, time period Δ t1 Δ 12 Δ t23 Δ 34 substance for the same changes in
decreases, clock runs fast Density 1 temperature Δ U=mgh= >Δ Q=m Lf
1) Loss of time in any given time interval t, Volume

Δt= 1 θ Δt V = V(1+ Δθ) if speecific heat is variable T2 mWsW=mbsb

w=water
b=body
When equaling multiply with 4200 for Δ Q (if Lf is in calorie
g )
2 ΔQ = ∫ msdT ie, mgh= m L + 4200
>
then = (1- Δθ) S=f(T) T1 T2 T1
f

2) Time lost by clock in a day 2. Kinetic energy to Heat energy

Δt= 1 θ Δt = 1 Δ θ 86400=43200 Δ θ K.E= 1 mv2 = > Δ Q=m Lf
2 2 ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY 2
if Lf is in calorie
1. Water has maximum density at 4 C (minimum volume)
O g
Cu glass Liquid Hot iron
Thermal Stress in a rigidly fixed rod 2. On heating, Fe phere then
0 OC 4OC water contracts Vessel
1 mv2
3. Graphs 4CO
above water expands m1 m2 m3 2
= >m Lf+ 4200
Δθ
Cu glass
l ll Vessel s1 s2 s3
Y-Young‛s Modulus HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal Stress=Y Δ θ
water T1 T2 T3 1. Conduction
Thermal Force=YA Δθ -coefficent of linear initial Heat flows from hot end to cold end, medium is necessary,
expansion
slow process
Δ θ -temperature change Heat lost by the hotter body = Heat gained by colder bodies ΔQ = Rate of flow of heat
A -Area of rod Q3=Q1+Q2 ΔQ Δθ Δt
=K A
Δt l A = Area of cross section
Final equilibrium temperature,
REAL AND APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID Unit of ‘k‛= watt or watt
Δθ
ERROR IN SCALE READING DUE TO m1s1T1+m2s2T2+m3s3T3 ∑ msT metre0C metre K = Temperature gradient
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION Teq= = ∑ l
1. Expansion of liquid includes Real expansion of liquid + m1s1+m2s2+m3s3 ms ‘K‛ depends on the nature of material K = coefficient of thermal
Expansion of solid in which liquid
Result (1) At θ‘>θ True value> Scale reading 2. Apparent change in volume conductivity
is contained
At θ‘<θ True value< Scale reading Facts :
1. Δ Vapparent=V0 apparent
Δθ Calorimeter -
True value= Scale reading (1+ Δ θ) 2. Δ Vapparent=V0 ) - ) Δθ -Real expansion of liquid A device in which

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

l s l
the measurement
3. Δ Vapparent=V0 ) l -3 s ) Δθ s -coefficent of linear expansion of heat can be
of solid done.
4. apparent= l -3 s
 OHM‛S LAW OF CONDUCTION CONVECTION
For ordinary body E= e σ T4 NEWTON‛S LAW OF COOLING
Requires a medium, actual movement of fluid,occus naturally or ΔQ = eA σ T4
Electrical Conduction e=emissivity EQUATION FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Thermal Conduction forced. Δt

[( (- θ[
dq Natural convection takes place due to the effect of granity -[ θ2- θ1 [ θ2+θ1
1) current, I= dQ =K
dt 1) Heat current, H= Δt 2 0

dt In the presence of a surrounding

2) H= θ1- θ2 = Δθ Sea Breeze Land Breeze (T0) (black body)
2) I= ΔV (Vhigh-Vlow) θ0 θ0
R R R Wind blows from sea to land
Wind blows from land to sea θ1 Δt θ2
3) Thermal resistance, l occus during day time ΔQ =σ A (T4-T 4)
R = KA E= σ (T4-T04)
3) electrical resistance, R= l occus during night Δt 0
A
θ1> θ2
V -V (V -V ) =σ A (V1-V2) 4) H= θ1- θ2 = θ1- θ2 = KA (θ1- θ2(
4) I= 1 2 = 1 2 A R (l/KA) l RADIATION In the presence of a surrounding Δt=time
R l l
T0) (general body) θ surrounding temperature
5) Combination of conductors Absorptive, reflective and Transmitted power 0
5) Combination of resistors
E= σe (T -T0 ) ΔQ =σ eA (T4-T 4)
Qa = Energy absorbed
4 4
θ1 θ2 θ3 θn-1 θn Q Qt 0
i) Series Combination Absorptive power(a)= Δt
k1 k2 kn Q Energy incident
R1 R2 Rn Qa
l1 l2 ln Qr = Energy reflected

=
.........
Reflective power(r)= WIEN‛S LAW
Q Energy incident

>
Req=R1+R2+.......+Rn replace to resistors
Qr Wien‛s displacement law
......... Qt = Energy transmitted
Here ‘I‛ is same R1 R2 Transmitted power(t)= Eλ 1
a+r+t=1 Q Energy incident

THERMAL PROPERTIES
λm
l1 l2 T
R 1= R2 = Find Req=R1+R2+........
ii) Parallel Combination K1A K2A λ mT =b
R1 From that find ‘Keq‛. EMISSIVE POWER/INTENSITY OF THERMAL RADIATION
b=Wien‛s constant
Here ‘H‛ is same Energy radiated λ
Watt
[ [
R2 Emissive power(E)= area+ time unit A1 T 4
Parallel Combination m2 Hence = 1
Energy radiated Watt λ m T1=λ m T2 A2 T2
Rn θ1 θ2 Spectral emissive power(Eλ)= area+ time+ wavelength unit
m3 value- 2.89+ 10-3 mk
1 2
k1 A1 b
| ∫
Area E λ d λ=E= σ T4
-

k2 A2 Relation between E & E λ=>E = ∫ [dimension]=[b]=LK

OF MATTER
0

1 = 1 + 1 +...... Eλ d λ
Req R1 R2 0

kn An EMISSIVITY (E)
θ1
l
θ2 “As the temperature of the body increases, the
Here (V1-V2) is same
=

Energy radiated by a general body wavelength at which the spectral intensity (E) is
e=
>

replace to resistors Energy radiated by a black body maximum shift towards left.”
R1 >0<e<1
value of e =
Eλ
l If e=0 , means general body radiates no energy
R2 R1 =
K1A1 If e=1 , it indicates a perfect black body T3
l T2 T1<T2<T3
R3 R2 =
K2A2
KIRCHHOFF‛S LAW λm1>λm2>λm3
T1
Ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is same
Find 1 = 1 + 1 +.... for all surfaces at the same temperature and is λ
Req R1 R2 λm3 λm2 λm1
equal to the emissive power of a perfectly balck
from that find Keq body at that temperature.
E1 E2 E =E
a1 = a2 =.........= A NEWTON‛S LAW OF COOLING
TEMPERATURE OF INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION Rate of cooling directly proportional to excess
STEFAN‛S LAW of temperature of the body
θ2 over that of surrounding.
l2,A θ i= Σθ/R Emissive power of a black body \ 400C]
[when (T-T0)>
Σ1/R fourth power of absolute temperature
θ1 k2 -dT
dt (T-T0)
θ1 θ2 θ3 E= σ T4 ΔQ = σ AT4
+ + ,
k1 Δt
R1 R2 R3 T=Temperature of body
θ i= ΔQ T0=Temperature of surounding
1 + 1+1 σ Stefan‛s constant
Δt
Radiant power
l1,A k3 R1 R2 R3 negative sign indicates rate of cooling
value of σ 5.67+ 10-8 W/m2K4 decreases with time.
l3,A θ3 [σ[ =MT-3K-4
Dimension