Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phil. Literature
Phil. Literature
ERROL MELLA
3-B PHILI. LITERATURE
ACTIVITY 1: mellaerrol80@gmail.com
Discuss with your classmates the biography works of the following:
1. JOSE P. RIZAL
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda,
(born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896,
Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration
to the Philippine nationalist movement.
In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social
Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in
the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed),
established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine
reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890;
reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had
a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the
leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous
articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona.
Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a
province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish
parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests,
freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and
Spaniards before the law.
Marcelo Del Pilar was born in Kupang, Bulacan, on Aug. 30, 1850, to
cultured parents. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at
the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in
1880. Fired by a sense of justice against the abuses of the clergy, Del
Pilar attacked bigotry and hypocrisy and defended in court the
impoverished victims of racial discrimination. He preached the
gospel of work, self-respect, and human dignity. His mastery of
Tagalog, his native language, enabled him to arouse the
consciousness of the masses to the need for unity and sustained
resistance against the Spanish tyrants
4. ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna (October 29, 1866–June 5, 1899) was a soldier, chemist,
musician, war strategist, journalist, pharmacist, and hot-headed
general, a complex man who was, unfortunately, perceived as a
threat by the Philippines' ruthless first president Emilio Aguinaldo. As a
result, Luna died not on the battlefields of the Philippine-American
War, but he was assassinated on the streets of Cabanatuan.
5. MARIANO PONCE
On March 23, 1863, Mariano Ponce, a Filipino physician noted for his
works and contribution in the Philippine Revolution, was born in
Baliuag, Bulacan.
From there, he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena and
José Rizal in the Propaganda Movement which espoused Filipino
representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish
colonial authorities of the Philippines.
6. PEDRO PATERNO
Politician, writer and intellectual, filipino, born in Manila on February
27, 1858 and died in 1911, which was the main representative of the
ideological current favorable to the Philippines under the sovereignty
of Spain. It exerted a significant influence among the Philippine
Creole class at the end of the 19th century as opposed to the figure
of José Rizal.
7. ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio, (born Nov. 30, 1863, Manila—died May 10, 1897,
Mt. Buntis, Phil.), Philippine patriot, founder and leader of the
nationalist Katipunan society, who instigated the revolt
of August 1896 against the Spanish.
Bonifacio was born of poor parents in Manila and had little formal
education, working as a messenger and warehouse keeper before
becoming involved in revolutionary activity. He was, however, well-
read. Unlike the nationalist poet and novelist José Rizal, who wanted
to reform Spanish rule in the Philippines, Bonifacio advocated
complete independence from Spain. In 1892 he founded the
Katipunan in Manila, modelling its organization and ceremony on
that of the Masonic order. The Katipunan at first grew slowly, but by
1896 it had an estimated 100,000 members and branches not only in
Manila but also in central Luzon and on the islands of Panay,
Mindoro, and Mindanao. Its members were mostly workers and
peasants; the urban middle class supported reform rather than
revolution.
8. EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (December 15, 1875 – April 16, 1899) was
a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the
highest-ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution and was one of
the highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-
taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or
simply and more popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its
Supreme Council. He was elected Secretary of State for the Haring
Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established
during the outbreak of hostilities. He is popularly known in Philippine
history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend
he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the Revolution"
(Filipino: Utak ng Himagsikan, a title that is usually given to Apolinario
Mabini). Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin (or
Cry of Balintawak) with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo (Supreme
President) of the Katipunan, and others of its members which
signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial
government in the islands.
9. APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini, (born July 23, 1864, Talaga, Phil.—died May 13,
1903, Manila), Filipino theoretician and spokesman of the Philippine
Revolution, who wrote the constitution for the short-lived republic of
1898–99.