RICA A. MOYA MR.

ERROL MELLA
3-B PHILI. LITERATURE

ACTIVITY 1: mellaerrol80@gmail.com
Discuss with your classmates the biography works of the following:

1. JOSE P. RIZAL
 José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda,
(born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896,
Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration
to the Philippine nationalist movement.

The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated

in Manila and at the University of Madrid. A brilliant medical student,
he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his
home country, though he never advocated Philippine
independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he
resided between 1882 and 1892.

In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social
Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in
the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed),
established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine
reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890;
reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had
a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the
leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous
articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona.
Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a
province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish
parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests,
freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and
Spaniards before the law.

2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

 Marcelo H. Del Pilar (1850-1896) was a Philippine revolutionary
propagandist and satirist. He tried to marshal the nationalist
sentiment of the enlightened Filipino ilustrados, or bourgeoisie,
against Spanish imperialism.

Marcelo Del Pilar was born in Kupang, Bulacan, on Aug. 30, 1850, to
cultured parents. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at
 the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in
1880. Fired by a sense of justice against the abuses of the clergy, Del
Pilar attacked bigotry and hypocrisy and defended in court the
impoverished victims of racial discrimination. He preached the
gospel of work, self-respect, and human dignity. His mastery of
Tagalog, his native language, enabled him to arouse the
consciousness of the masses to the need for unity and sustained
resistance against the Spanish tyrants

3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

 Graciano Lopez Jaena subsequently become very well known for
addressing the injustices that occurred amongst the Filipino people.
His first attempt at addressing problems in local society was through
a story entitled “Fray Botod.”

This story made reference to the less-than-kind ways of the local

priests. Although no one could prove that Jaena wrote the story, he
received many threats to his life as a result of his ridicule of the unholy
ways of the local priests.

Likewise, while continuing to provide medical services to the local

community, Jaena also discovered that many people were dying at
the hands of the local mayor. When Jaena refused to testify that the
deceased individuals died of natural causes, he was threatened
again and decided to move to Spain to escape potential harm.

Upon arriving in Spain, Jaena would eventually become a very well-

known advocate for Filipino issues. He and two other men, Jose P
Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar would become the main propagandists
speaking out for Filipino reform. Thus, the biography of Graciano
Lopez Jaena is one of a man who was committed to changing the
way in which the Filipino population was treated.

4. ANTONIO LUNA
 Antonio Luna (October 29, 1866–June 5, 1899) was a soldier, chemist,
musician, war strategist, journalist, pharmacist, and hot-headed
general, a complex man who was, unfortunately, perceived as a
threat by the Philippines' ruthless first president Emilio Aguinaldo. As a
result, Luna died not on the battlefields of the Philippine-American
War, but he was assassinated on the streets of Cabanatuan.
5. MARIANO PONCE
 On March 23, 1863, Mariano Ponce, a Filipino physician noted for his
works and contribution in the Philippine Revolution, was born in
Baliuag, Bulacan.

Ponce took his medical degree at the University of Santo Tomas,

then traveled to Spain to finish his advanced studies at
the Universidad Central de Madrid in 1889.

From there, he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena and
José Rizal in the Propaganda Movement which espoused Filipino
representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish
colonial authorities of the Philippines.

He wrote in the propaganda publication La Solidaridad (The

Solidarity) pertaining to history, politics, sociology and travel under
various pseudonyms some of which were Naning, Kalipulako,
and Tigbalang.

When the revolution broke out in 1896, he was imprisoned in

Barcelona for 48 hours on suspicion of having connections with the

6. PEDRO PATERNO
 Politician, writer and intellectual, filipino, born in Manila on February
27, 1858 and died in 1911, which was the main representative of the
ideological current favorable to the Philippines under the sovereignty
of Spain. It exerted a significant influence among the Philippine
Creole class at the end of the 19th century as opposed to the figure
of José Rizal.

Coming from a wealthy family, Paterno studied at the Athenaeum of

the Philippine capital before travelling to Spain to complete his
academic training. He/She received his doctorate in civil and Canon
law at the University of Salamanca, entering into contact with the
filipino student circle, who by then was in the peninsula. Until the
appearance of Rizal, Pedro Paterno somehow played the role of the
Philippine Creole elite reference, although not much less left the
political mark him not exerted its influence on the emergence of a
nationalist ideology. Its proven moderate character and remarkable
prestige that enjoyed among the Spanish elite of Manila motivated
to be called by the Governor Fernando Primo de Rivera to mediate
in the peace negotiations with the Philippine revolutionaries (July
1897). Showing great diplomatic skill, Paterno carried out successfully
 its mission, for as a result of which signed the peace of Byak-Na-Bato
(December 1897), which temporarily ended the hostilities.

7. ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Andres Bonifacio, (born Nov. 30, 1863, Manila—died May 10, 1897,
Mt. Buntis, Phil.), Philippine patriot, founder and leader of the
nationalist Katipunan society, who instigated the revolt
of August 1896 against the Spanish.

Bonifacio was born of poor parents in Manila and had little formal
education, working as a messenger and warehouse keeper before
becoming involved in revolutionary activity. He was, however, well-
read. Unlike the nationalist poet and novelist José Rizal, who wanted
to reform Spanish rule in the Philippines, Bonifacio advocated
complete independence from Spain. In 1892 he founded the
Katipunan in Manila, modelling its organization and ceremony on
that of the Masonic order. The Katipunan at first grew slowly, but by
1896 it had an estimated 100,000 members and branches not only in
Manila but also in central Luzon and on the islands of Panay,
Mindoro, and Mindanao. Its members were mostly workers and
peasants; the urban middle class supported reform rather than
revolution.

In August 1896 Bonifacio led the long-planned insurrection on Luzon;

but his forces were defeated by Spanish troops, and he was forced
to retreat to Montalban in the north, while Emilio Aguinaldo, one of
his lieutenants, carried on resistance. As the Spanish systematically
routed the insurrectos, it became increasingly clear that Bonifacio
was an ineffective military leader. In March 1897 a convention at
Tejeros named Aguinaldo, rather than Bonifacio, president of a new
Philippine republic. Refusing to recognize the convention, Bonifacio
tried to establish his own rebel government. In April 1897 Aguinaldo
had Bonifacio arrested and tried for treason; he was executed by a
firing squad.

8. EMILIO JACINTO
 Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (December 15, 1875 – April 16, 1899) was
a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the
highest-ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution and was one of
the highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-
taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or
simply and more popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its
Supreme Council. He was elected Secretary of State for the Haring
Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established
 during the outbreak of hostilities. He is popularly known in Philippine
history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend
he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the Revolution"
(Filipino: Utak ng Himagsikan, a title that is usually given to Apolinario
Mabini). Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin (or
Cry of Balintawak) with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo (Supreme
President) of the Katipunan, and others of its members which
signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial
government in the islands.

9. APOLINARIO MABINI
 Apolinario Mabini, (born July 23, 1864, Talaga, Phil.—died May 13,
1903, Manila), Filipino theoretician and spokesman of the Philippine
Revolution, who wrote the constitution for the short-lived republic of
1898–99.

Born into a peasant family, Mabini studied at San Juan de Letran

College in Manila and won a law degree from the University of Santo
Tomás in 1894. In an insurrection organized in August 1896 by
nationalists, he joined the forces of the patriot general Emilio
Aguinaldo and soon became his right-hand man. When the Spanish–
American War broke out in 1898, Mabini urged cooperation with
the United States as a means to gain freedom from Spain. At a
convention held at the market town of Malolos in September and
October 1898, an independent republic was proclaimed with
Aguinaldo as its president; Mabini drew up its constitution, which
resembled that of the United States. When the United States
announced, however, that it would annex the Philippines, Mabini
joined Aguinaldo in a renewed struggle for independence. He was
captured by U.S. troops in December 1899 and, because he refused
to swear allegiance to the United States, was exiled to Guam, not
being allowed to return home until a few months before his death.
Mabini wrote La revolución filipina, which was published in 1931.

10. JOSE PALMA

 José Palma y Velásquez (June 3, 1876 – February 12, 1903) was
a Filipino poet and soldier. He was on the staff of La
independencia at the time he wrote "Filipinas", a patriotic poem
in Spanish. It was published for the first time in the issue of the first
anniversary of La independencia on September 3, 1899. The poem fit
the instrumental tune "Marcha Nacional Filipina" by Julián Felipe, and
it has since been the basis for every translation of the Philippine
National Anthem.
Palma was born in Tondó, on June 3, 1876, the youngest child
of Don Hermogenes Palma, a clerk at the Intendencia Office, and
Hilaria Velásquez. His older brother was the politician, intellectual
and journalist Rafael Palma.
After finishing his primera enseñanza (first studies) in Tondó, Palma
continued his studies at the Ateneo Municipal. While there, he
gradually honed his skills by composing verses. One of his earliest
works was La cruz de sampaguitas ("The Cross of Jasmines") in 1893.
In the same year, he had a brief romantic relationship with a
woman named Florentina Arellano, whose parents did not approve
of him.