Tables For Statistics

Aczel−Sounderpandian: Back Matter Appendix C: Statistical © The McGraw−Hill 835
Complete Business Tables Companies, 2009

Statistics, Seventh Edition
APPENDIX C Statistical Tables
TABLE 1 Cumulative Binomial Distribution
F(x) P(X x) a 1ni2 pi(1 p)nI Example: if p 0.10, n 5, and x 2, then F(x) 0.991
i0
p
n x .01 .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 .99
5 0 .951 .774 .590 .328 .168 .078 .031 .010 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .999 .977 .919 .737 .528 .337 .187 .087 .031 .007 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .999 .991 .942 .837 .683 .500 .317 .163 .058 .009 .001 .000
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 .993 .969 .913 .813 .663 .472 .263 .081 .023 .001
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .990 .969 .922 .832 .672 .410 .226 .049
6 0 .941 .735 .531 .262 .118 .047 .016 .004 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .999 .967 .886 .655 .420 .233 .109 .041 .011 .002 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .998 .984 .901 .744 .544 .344 .179 .070 .017 .001 .000 .000
3 1.000 1.000 .999 .983 .930 .821 .656 .456 .256 .099 .016 .002 .000
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .989 .959 .891 .767 .580 .345 .114 .033 .001
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .996 .984 .953 .882 .738 .469 .265 .059
7 0 .932 .698 .478 .210 .082 .028 .008 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .998 .956 .850 .577 .329 .159 .063 .019 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .996 .974 .852 .647 .420 .227 .096 .029 .005 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 1.000 .997 .967 .874 .710 .500 .290 .126 .033 .003 .000 .000
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .971 .904 .773 .580 .353 .148 .026 .004 .000
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .981 .937 .841 .671 .423 .150 .044 .002
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .992 .972 .918 .790 .522 .302 .068
8 0 .923 .663 .430 .168 .058 .017 .004 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .997 .943 .813 .503 .255 .106 .035 .009 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .994 .962 .797 .552 .315 .145 .050 .011 .001 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 1.000 .995 .944 .806 .594 .363 .174 .058 .010 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 .990 .942 .826 .637 .406 .194 .056 .005 .000 .000
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .989 .950 .855 .685 .448 .203 .038 .006 .000
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .991 .965 .894 .745 .497 .187 .057 .003
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .996 .983 .942 .832 .570 .337 .077
9 0 .914 .630 .387 .134 .040 .010 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .997 .929 .775 .436 .196 .071 .020 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .992 .947 .738 .463 .232 .090 .025 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .999 .992 .914 .730 .483 .254 .099 .025 .003 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 1.000 .999 .980 .901 .733 .500 .267 .099 .020 .001 .000 .000
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 .997 .975 .901 .746 .517 .270 .086 .008 .001 .000
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .975 .910 .768 .537 .262 .053 .008 .000
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .980 .929 .804 .564 .225 .071 .003
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .990 .960 .866 .613 .370 .086
10 0 .904 .599 .349 .107 .028 .006 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .996 .914 .736 .376 .149 .046 .011 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .988 .930 .678 .383 .167 .055 .012 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .999 .987 .879 .650 .382 .172 .055 .011 .001 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 1.000 .998 .967 .850 .633 .377 .166 .047 .006 .000 .000 .000
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .953 .834 .623 .367 .150 .033 .002 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .989 .945 .828 .618 .350 .121 .013 .001 .000
755
836 Aczel−Sounderpandian: Back Matter Appendix C: Statistical © The McGraw−Hill
756 Appendix C
TABLE 1 (continued) Cumulative Binomial Distribution
n x .01 .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 .99
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .988 .945 .833 .617 .322 .070 .012 .000
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .989 .954 .851 .624 .264 .086 .004
9 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .994 .972 .893 .651 .401 .096
15 0 .860 .463 .206 .035 .005 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .990 .829 .549 .167 .035 .005 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .964 .816 .398 .127 .027 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .995 .944 .648 .297 .091 .018 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 .999 .987 .836 .515 .217 .059 .009 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
5 1.000 1.000 .998 .939 .722 .403 .151 .034 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 .982 .869 .610 .304 .095 .015 .001 .000 .000 .000
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .950 .787 .500 .213 .050 .004 .000 .000 .000
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .985 .905 .696 .390 .131 .018 .000 .000 .000
9 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .966 .849 .597 .278 .061 .002 .000 .000
10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .991 .941 .783 .485 .164 .013 .001 .000
11 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .982 .909 .703 .352 .056 .005 .000
12 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .973 .873 .602 .184 .036 .000
13 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .965 .833 .451 .171 .010
14 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .965 .794 .537 .140
20 0 .818 .358 .122 .012 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .983 .736 .392 .069 .008 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .999 .925 .677 .206 .035 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .984 .867 .411 .107 .016 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 .997 .957 .630 .238 .051 .006 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
5 1.000 1.000 .989 .804 .416 .126 .021 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 .998 .913 .608 .250 .058 .006 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 .968 .772 .416 .132 .021 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 .990 .887 .596 .252 .057 .005 .000 .000 .000 .000
9 1.000 1.000 1.000 .997 .952 .755 .412 .128 .017 .001 .000 .000 .000
10 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .983 .872 .588 .245 .048 .003 .000 .000 .000
11 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .943 .748 .404 .113 .010 .000 .000 .000
12 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .979 .868 .584 .228 .032 .000 .000 .000
13 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .942 .750 .392 .087 .002 .000 .000
14 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .979 .874 .584 .196 .011 .000 .000
15 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .949 .762 .370 .043 .003 .000
16 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .984 .893 .589 .133 .016 .000
17 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .965 .794 .323 .075 .001
18 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .992 .931 .608 .264 .017
19 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .988 .878 .642 .182
25 0 .778 .277 .072 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1 .974 .642 .271 .027 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .998 .873 .537 .098 .009 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .966 .764 .234 .033 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 .993 .902 .421 .090 .009 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
5 1.000 .999 .967 .617 .193 .029 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 .991 .780 .341 .074 .007 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
7 1.000 1.000 .998 .891 .512 .154 .022 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 .953 .677 .274 .054 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
9 1.000 1.000 1.000 .983 .811 .425 .115 .013 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
10 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .902 .586 .212 .034 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000
11 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .956 .732 .345 .078 .006 .000 .000 .000 .000
Statistical Tables 757
TABLE 1 (concluded) Cumulative Binomial Distribution
n x .01 .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 .99
12 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .983 .846 .500 .154 .017 .000 .000 .000 .000
13 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .922 .655 .268 .044 .002 .000 .000 .000
14 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .966 .788 .414 .098 .006 .000 .000 .000
15 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .987 .885 .575 .189 .017 .000 .000 .000
16 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .946 .726 .323 .047 .000 .000 .000
17 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .978 .846 .488 .109 .002 .000 .000
18 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .993 .926 .659 .220 .009 .000 .000
19 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .971 .807 .383 .033 .001 .000
20 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .991 .910 .579 .098 .007 .000
21 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .967 .766 .236 .034 .000
22 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .991 .902 .463 .127 .002
23 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .973 .729 .358 .026
24 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .928 .723 .222
758 Appendix C
TABLE 2 Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution
Table area for z
0 z
The table areas are probabilities that the standard normal random variable is between 0 and z.
Second Decimal Place in z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
3.5 0.4998
4.0 0.49997
4.5 0.499997
5.0 0.4999997
6.0 0.49999999
TABLE 3 Critical Values of the t Distribution

t
Degrees of
Freedom t.100 t.050 t.025 t.010 t.005
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576
Source: M. Merrington, “Table of Percentage Points of the t-Distribution,” Biometrika 32 (1941), p. 300.
Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika trustees.
760 Appendix C
TABLE 4 Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution

0 2
Degrees of
Freedom
2.995
2.990
2.975
2.950
2.900
1 0.0000393 0.0001571 0.0009821 0.0039321 0.0157908
2 0.0100251 0.0201007 0.0506356 0.102587 0.210720
3 0.0717212 0.114832 0.215795 0.351846 0.584375
4 0.206990 0.297110 0.484419 0.710721 1.063623
5 0.411740 0.554300 0.831211 1.145476 1.61031
6 0.675727 0.872085 1.237347 1.63539 2.20413
7 0.989265 1.239043 1.68987 2.16735 2.83311
8 1.344419 1.646482 2.17973 2.73264 3.48954
9 1.734926 2.087912 2.70039 3.32511 4.16816
10 2.15585 2.55821 3.24697 3.94030 4.86518
11 2.60321 3.05347 3.81575 4.57481 5.57779
12 3.07382 3.57056 4.40379 5.22603 6.30380
13 3.56503 4.10691 5.00874 5.89186 7.04150
14 4.07468 4.66043 5.62872 6.57063 7.78953
15 4.60094 5.22935 6.26214 7.26094 8.54675
16 5.14224 5.81221 6.90766 7.96164 9.31223
17 5.69724 6.40776 7.56418 8.67176 10.0852
18 6.26481 7.01491 8.23075 9.39046 10.8649
19 6.84398 7.63273 8.90655 10.1170 11.6509
20 7.43386 8.26040 9.59083 10.8508 12.4426
21 8.03366 8.89720 10.28293 11.5913 13.2396
22 8.64272 9.54249 10.9823 12.3380 14.0415
23 9.26042 10.19567 11.6885 13.0905 14.8479
24 9.88623 10.8564 12.4011 13.8484 15.6587
25 10.5197 11.5240 13.1197 14.6114 16.4734
26 11.1603 12.1981 13.8439 15.3791 17.2919
27 11.8076 12.8786 14.5733 16.1513 18.1138
28 12.4613 13.5648 15.3079 16.9279 18.9392
29 13.1211 14.2565 16.0471 17.7083 19.7677
30 13.7867 14.9535 16.7908 18.4926 20.5992
40 20.7065 22.1643 24.4331 26.5093 29.0505
50 27.9907 29.7067 32.3574 34.7642 37.6886
60 35.5346 37.4848 40.4817 43.1879 46.4589
70 43.2752 45.4418 48.7576 51.7393 55.3290
80 51.1720 53.5400 57.1532 60.3915 64.2778
90 59.1963 61.7541 65.6466 69.1260 73.2912
100 67.3276 70.0648 74.2219 77.9295 82.3581
TABLE 4 (concluded) Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution
Degrees of
Freedom
2.100
2.050
2.025
2.010
2.005
1 2.70554 3.84146 5.02389 6.63490 7.87944
2 4.60517 5.99147 7.37776 9.21034 10.5966
3 6.25139 7.81473 9.34840 11.3449 12.8381
4 7.77944 9.48773 11.1433 13.2767 14.8602
5 9.23635 11.0705 12.8325 15.0863 16.7496
6 10.6446 12.5916 14.4494 16.8119 18.5476
7 12.0170 14.0671 16.0128 18.4753 20.2777
8 13.3616 15.5073 17.5346 20.0902 21.9550
9 14.6837 16.9190 19.0228 21.6660 23.5893
10 15.9871 18.3070 20.4831 23.2093 25.1882
11 17.2750 19.6751 21.9200 24.7250 26.7569
12 18.5494 21.0261 23.3367 26.2170 28.2995
13 19.8119 22.3621 24.7356 27.6883 29.8194
14 21.0642 23.6848 26.1190 29.1413 31.3193
15 22.3072 24.9958 27.4884 30.5779 32.8013
16 23.5418 26.2962 28.8454 31.9999 34.2672
17 24.7690 27.5871 30.1910 33.4087 35.7185
18 25.9894 28.8693 31.5264 34.8053 37.1564
19 27.2036 30.1435 32.8523 36.1908 38.5822
20 28.4120 31.4104 34.1696 37.5662 39.9968
21 29.6151 32.6705 35.4789 38.9321 41.4010
22 30.8133 33.9244 36.7807 40.2894 42.7956
23 32.0069 35.1725 38.0757 41.6384 44.1813
24 33.1963 36.4151 39.3641 42.9798 45.5585
25 34.3816 37.6525 40.6465 44.3141 46.9278
26 35.5631 38.8852 41.9232 45.6417 48.2899
27 36.7412 40.1133 43.1944 46.9630 49.6449
28 37.9159 41.3372 44.4607 48.2782 50.9933
29 39.0875 42.5569 45.7222 49.5879 52.3356
30 40.2560 43.7729 46.9792 50.8922 53.6720
40 51.8050 55.7585 59.3417 63.6907 66.7659
50 63.1671 67.5048 71.4202 76.1539 79.4900
60 74.3970 79.0819 83.2976 88.3794 91.9517
70 85.5271 90.5312 95.0231 100.425 104.215
80 96.5782 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
Source: C. M. Thompson, “Tables of the Percentage Points of the 2-Distribution,” Biometrika 32 (1941),
pp. 188–89. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
762 Appendix C
TABLE 5 Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.10
0 F
Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38
3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68
2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63
TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.10

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33
2 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49
3 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13
4 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76
5 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10
6 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72
7 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47
8 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29
9 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16
10 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.06
11 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97
12 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90
13 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85
14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80
15 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76
16 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72
17 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69
18 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66
19 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63
20 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64 1.61
21 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59
22 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57
23 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.55
24 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.53
25 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52
26 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50
27 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49
28 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48
29 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47
30 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46
40 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38
60 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29
120 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19
1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00
764 Appendix C

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96
3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
2 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00
766 Appendix C

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22
5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018
2 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50
3 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90
4 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26
5 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02
6 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85
7 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14
8 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67
9 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33
10 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08
11 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88
12 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72
13 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60
14 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49
15 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40
16 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32
17 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25
18 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19
19 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13
20 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09
21 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04
22 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00
23 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97
24 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94
25 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91
26 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88
27 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.85
28 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83
29 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81
30 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79
40 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64
60 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48
120 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31
2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00
768 Appendix C

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 4,052 4,999.5 5,403 5,625 5,764 5,859 5,928 5,982 6,022
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56
6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41

Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 6,056 6,106 6,157 6,209 6,235 6,261 6,287 6,313 6,339 6,366
2 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
17 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00
Source: M. Merrington and C. M. Thompson, “Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F )-Distribution,” Biometrika 33 (1943), pp. 73–88.
Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
850
TABLE 5A The F Distribution for 0.05 and 0.01 for Many Possible Degrees of Freedom

Complete Business
Degrees of
Aczel−Sounderpandian:
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500

1 161 200 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 246 248 249 250 251 252 253 253 254 254 254
4,052 4,999 5,403 5,625 5,764 5,859 5,928 5,981 6,022 6,056 6,082 6,106 6,142 6,169 6,208 6,234 6,261 6,286 6,302 6,323 6,334 6,352 6,361 6,366
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.36 19.37 19.38 19.39 19.40 19.41 19.42 19.43 19.44 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.49 19.50 19.50
98.49 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42 99.43 99.44 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.48 99.48 99.49 99.49 99.49 99.50 99.50
Back Matter
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.88 8.84 8.81 8.78 8.76 8.74 8.71 8.69 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.60 8.58 8.57 8.56 8.54 8.54 8.53
34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.34 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.92 26.83 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.35 26.27 26.23 26.18 26.14 26.12
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.93 5.91 5.87 5.84 5.80 5.77 5.74 5.71 5.70 5.68 5.66 5.65 5.64 5.63
21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.54 14.45 14.37 14.24 14.15 14.02 13.93 13.83 13.74 13.69 13.61 13.57 13.52 13.48 13.46
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.78 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.64 4.60 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.42 4.40 4.38 4.37 4.36
16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.45 10.29 10.15 10.05 9.96 9.89 9.77 9.68 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.17 9.13 9.07 9.04 9.02
Tables
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.96 3.92 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.72 3.71 3.69 3.68 3.67
13.74 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.60 7.52 7.39 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.09 7.02 6.99 6.94 6.90 6.88
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.63 3.60 3.57 3.52 3.49 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.29 3.28 3.25 3.24 3.23
12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 7.00 6.84 6.71 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.35 6.27 6.15 6.07 5.98 5.90 5.85 5.78 5.75 5.70 5.67 5.65
Appendix C: Statistical
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.34 3.31 3.28 3.23 3.20 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.93
11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.19 6.03 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.67 5.56 5.48 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.11 5.06 5.00 4.96 4.91 4.88 4.86
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.86 2.82 2.80 2.77 2.76 2.73 2.72 2.71
10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.62 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 5.00 4.92 4.80 4.73 4.64 4.56 4.51 4.45 4.41 4.36 4.33 4.31
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.97 2.94 2.91 2.86 2.82 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.56 2.55 2.54
10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.21 5.06 4.95 4.85 4.78 4.71 4.60 4.52 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.05 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.91
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.86 2.82 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.40
9.65 7.20 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.88 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.29 4.21 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.74 3.70 3.66 3.62 3.60
12 4.75 3.88 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.80 2.76 2.72 2.69 2.64 2.60 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.36 2.35 2.32 2.31 2.30
9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.65 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.05 3.98 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.61 3.56 3.49 3.46 3.41 3.38 3.36
13 4.67 3.80 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.55 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.22 2.21
9.07 6.70 5.74 5.20 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.85 3.78 3.67 3.59 3.51 3.42 3.37 3.30 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.16
Companies, 2009
© The McGraw−Hill
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.48 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.16 2.14 2.13
Complete Business
8.86 6.51 5.56 5.03 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.70 3.62 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.26 3.21 3.14 3.11 3.06 3.02 3.00
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.07
8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.56 3.48 3.36 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.07 3.00 2.97 2.92 2.89 2.87
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.07 2.04 2.02 2.01
8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.61 3.55 3.45 3.37 3.25 3.18 3.10 3.01 2.96 2.98 2.86 2.80 2.77 2.75
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.02 1.99 1.97 1.96
Back Matter
8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.45 3.35 3.27 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.79 2.76 2.70 2.67 2.65
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 3.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.92
8.28 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.85 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.27 3.19 3.07 3.00 2.91 2.83 2.78 2.71 2.68 2.62 2.59 2.57
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.55 2.48 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.02 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.90 1.88
8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.63 2.60 2.54 2.51 2.49
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.96 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.84
Tables
8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.71 3.56 3.45 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.13 3.05 2.94 2.86 2.77 2.69 2.63 2.56 2.53 2.47 2.44 2.42
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.09 2.05 2.00 1.96 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.81
8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.65 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.07 2.99 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.63 2.58 2.51 2.47 2.42 2.38 2.36
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.47 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.80 1.78
7.94 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.94 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.31
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.14 2.10 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.76
7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 2.97 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.53 2.48 2.41 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.26
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.43 2.36 2.30 2.26 2.22 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.02 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.82 1.80 1.76 1.74 1.73
7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.25 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.93 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.36 2.33 2.27 2.23 2.21
25 4.24 3.38 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.00 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.71
7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.86 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.81 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.32 2.29 2.23 2.19 2.17
26 4.22 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.10 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.82 1.78 1.76 1.72 1.70 1.69
7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.17 3.09 3.02 2.96 2.86 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.41 2.36 2.28 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.13
Companies, 2009
851
852
TABLE 5A (continued) The F Distribution for 0.05 and 0.01 for Many Possible Degrees of Freedom

Complete Business
Degrees of
Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500

27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.30 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.13 2.08 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.67
7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.79 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.93 2.83 2.74 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.33 2.25 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.10
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.44 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.06 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.65
7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.76 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.11 3.03 2.95 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.30 2.22 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06
Back Matter
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.54 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.77 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.64
7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.87 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.32 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.34 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.62
7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.84 2.74 2.66 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.24 2.16 2.13 2.07 2.03 2.01
32 4.15 3.30 2.90 2.67 2.51 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.59
7.50 5.34 4.46 3.97 3.66 3.42 3.25 3.12 3.01 2.94 2.86 2.80 2.70 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.96
Tables
34 4.13 3.28 2.88 2.65 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.12 2.08 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.71 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.59 1.57
7.44 5.29 4.42 3.93 3.61 3.38 3.21 3.08 2.97 2.89 2.82 2.76 2.66 2.58 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91
36 4.11 3.26 2.86 2.63 2.48 2.36 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.78 1.72 1.69 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.56 1.55
7.39 5.25 4.38 3.89 3.58 3.35 3.18 3.04 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.72 2.62 2.54 2.43 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.12 2.04 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87
38 4.10 3.25 2.85 2.62 2.46 2.35 2.26 2.19 2.14 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.96 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.53
7.35 5.21 4.34 3.86 3.54 3.32 3.15 3.02 2.91 2.82 2.75 2.69 2.59 2.51 2.40 2.32 2.22 2.14 2.08 2.00 1.97 1.90 1.86 1.84
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.07 2.04 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.61 1.59 1.55 1.53 1.51
7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.88 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.56 2.49 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.05 1.97 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.81
42 4.07 3.22 2.83 2.59 2.44 2.32 2.24 2.17 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.82 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.49
7.27 5.15 4.29 3.80 3.49 3.26 3.10 2.96 2.86 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.46 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.08 2.02 1.94 1.91 1.85 1.80 1.78
44 4.06 3.21 2.82 2.58 2.43 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.92 1.88 1.81 1.76 1.72 1.66 1.63 1.58 1.56 1.52 1.50 1.48
7.24 5.12 4.26 3.78 3.46 3.24 3.07 2.94 2.84 2.75 2.68 2.62 2.52 2.44 2.32 2.24 2.15 2.06 2.00 1.92 1.88 1.82 1.78 1.75
46 4.05 3.20 2.81 2.57 2.42 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.91 1.87 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.65 1.62 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.46
7.21 5.10 4.24 3.76 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.92 2.82 2.73 2.66 2.60 2.50 2.42 2.30 2.22 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.90 1.86 1.80 1.76 1.72
48 4.04 3.19 2.80 2.56 2.41 2.30 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.74 1.70 1.64 1.61 1.56 1.53 1.50 1.47 1.45
7.19 5.08 4.22 3.74 3.42 3.20 3.04 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.64 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.28 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.96 1.88 1.84 1.78 1.73 1.70
Companies, 2009
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.52 1.48 1.46 1.44
Complete Business
7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.88 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.56 2.46 2.39 2.26 2.18 2.10 2.00 1.94 1.86 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.68
55 4.02 3.17 2.78 2.54 2.38 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.05 2.00 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.76 1.72 1.67 1.61 1.58 1.52 1.50 1.46 1.43 1.41
7.12 5.01 4.16 3.68 3.37 3.15 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.66 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.35 2.23 2.15 2.06 1.96 1.90 1.82 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.64
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.52 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.56 1.50 1.48 1.44 1.41 1.39
7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.40 2.32 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.93 1.87 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63 1.60
65 3.99 3.14 2.75 2.51 2.36 2.24 2.15 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.73 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.42 1.39 1.37
Back Matter
7.04 4.95 4.10 3.62 3.31 3.09 2.93 2.79 2.70 2.61 2.54 2.47 2.37 2.30 2.18 2.09 2.00 1.90 1.84 1.76 1.71 1.64 1.60 1.56
70 3.98 3.13 2.74 2.50 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.72 1.67 1.62 1.56 1.53 1.47 1.45 1.40 1.37 1.35
7.01 4.92 4.08 3.60 3.29 3.07 2.91 2.77 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.35 2.28 2.15 2.07 1.98 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.56 1.53
80 3.96 3.11 2.72 2.48 2.33 2.21 2.12 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.45 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.32
6.96 4.88 4.04 3.56 3.25 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.55 2.48 2.41 2.32 2.24 2.11 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.78 1.70 1.65 1.57 1.52 1.49
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.30 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.85 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.51 1.48 1.42 1.39 1.34 1.30 1.28
Tables
6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.20 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.51 2.43 2.36 2.26 2.19 2.06 1.98 1.89 1.79 1.73 1.64 1.59 1.51 1.46 1.43
125 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.44 2.29 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.45 1.39 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.25
6.84 4.78 3.94 3.47 3.17 2.95 2.79 2.65 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.33 2.23 2.15 2.03 1.94 1.85 1.75 1.68 1.59 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.37
150 3.91 3.06 2.67 2.43 2.27 2.16 2.07 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.47 1.44 1.37 1.34 1.29 1.25 1.22
6.81 4.75 3.91 3.44 3.14 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.72 1.66 1.56 1.51 1.43 1.37 1.33
200 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.41 2.26 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.45 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.26 1.22 1.19
6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.90 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.17 2.09 1.97 1.88 1.79 1.69 1.62 1.53 1.48 1.39 1.33 1.28
400 3.86 3.02 2.62 2.39 2.23 2.12 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.72 1.67 1.60 1.54 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.32 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13
6.70 4.66 3.83 3.36 3.06 2.85 2.69 2.55 2.46 2.37 2.29 2.23 2.12 2.04 1.92 1.84 1.74 1.64 1.57 1.47 1.42 1.32 1.24 1.19
1,000 3.85 3.00 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.10 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.58 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.36 1.30 1.26 1.19 1.13 1.08
6.66 4.62 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.82 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.26 2.20 2.09 2.01 1.89 1.81 1.71 1.61 1.54 1.44 1.38 1.28 1.19 1.11
3.84 2.99 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.69 1.64 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.00
6.63 4.60 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.24 2.18 2.07 1.99 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.52 1.41 1.36 1.25 1.15 1.00
Source: Reprinted by permission from Statistical Methods, 7th ed., by George W. Snedecor and William G. Cochran, © 1980 by the Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 50010.
Companies, 2009
853
854
TABLE 6 Critical Values of the Studentized Range Distribution for 0.05
r
Complete Business
nr 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 18.0 27.0 32.8 37.1 40.4 43.1 45.4 47.4 49.1 50.6 52.0 53.2 54.3 55.4 56.3 57.2 58.0 58.8 59.6
2 6.08 8.33 9.80 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8
3 4.50 5.91 6.82 7.50 8.04 8.48 8.85 9.18 9.46 9.72 9.95 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.2
4 3.93 5.04 5.76 6.29 6.71 7.05 7.35 7.60 7.83 8.03 8.21 8.37 8.52 8.66 8.79 8.91 9.03 9.13 9.23
Back Matter
5 3.64 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.33 6.58 6.80 6.99 7.17 7.32 7.47 7.60 7.72 7.83 7.93 8.03 8.12 8.21
6 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.30 5.63 5.90 6.12 6.32 6.49 6.65 6.79 6.92 7.03 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.43 7.51 7.59
7 3.34 4.16 4.68 5.06 5.36 5.61 5.82 6.00 6.16 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.02 7.10 7.17
8 3.26 4.04 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.18 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.57 6.65 6.73 6.80 6.87
9 3.20 3.95 4.41 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.59 5.74 5.87 5.98 6.09 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.51 6.58 6.64
10 3.15 3.88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.12 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.72 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.11 6.19 6.27 6.34 6.40 6.47
11 3.11 3.82 4.26 4.57 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.90 5.98 6.06 6.13 6.20 6.27 6.33
Tables
12 3.08 3.77 4.20 4.51 4.75 4.95 5.12 5.27 5.39 5.51 5.61 5.71 5.80 5.88 5.95 6.02 6.09 6.15 6.21
13 3.06 3.73 4.15 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.86 5.93 5.99 6.05 6.11
14 3.03 3.70 4.11 4.41 4.64 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.71 5.79 5.85 5.91 5.97 6.03
15 3.01 3.67 4.08 4.37 4.59 4.78 4.94 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.40 5.49 5.57 5.65 5.72 5.78 5.85 5.90 5.96
16 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.52 5.59 5.66 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.90
17 2.98 3.63 4.02 4.30 4.52 4.70 4.86 4.99 5.11 5.21 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.54 5.61 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84
18 2.97 3.61 4.00 4.28 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.43 5.50 5.57 5.63 5.69 5.74 5.79
19 2.96 3.59 3.98 4.25 4.47 4.65 4.79 4.92 5.04 5.14 5.23 5.31 5.39 5.46 5.53 5.59 5.65 5.70 5.75
20 2.95 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.43 5.49 5.55 5.61 5.66 5.71
24 2.92 3.53 3.90 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.81 4.92 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.38 5.44 5.49 5.55 5.59
30 2.89 3.49 3.85 4.10 4.30 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.82 4.92 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.33 5.38 5.43 5.47
40 2.86 3.44 3.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.73 4.82 4.90 4.98 5.04 5.11 5.16 5.22 5.27 5.31 5.36
60 2.83 3.40 3.74 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.88 4.94 5.00 5.06 5.11 5.15 5.20 5.24
120 2.80 3.36 3.68 3.92 4.10 4.24 4.36 4.47 4.56 4.64 4.71 4.78 4.84 4.90 4.95 5.00 5.04 5.09 5.13
2.77 3.31 3.63 3.86 4.03 4.17 4.29 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 4.85 4.89 4.93 4.97 5.01
Companies, 2009
TABLE 6 (concluded) Critical Values of the Studentized Range Distribution for 0.01
Complete Business
r
nr 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 90.0 135 164 186 202 216 227 237 246 253 260 266 272 277 282 286 290 294 298
2 14.0 19.0 22.3 24.7 26.6 28.2 29.5 30.7 31.7 32.6 33.4 34.1 34.8 35.4 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 37.9
3 8.26 10.6 12.2 13.3 14.2 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8
4 6.51 8.12 9.17 9.96 10.6 11.1 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4
Back Matter
5 5.70 6.97 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.32 9.67 9.97 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9
6 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.61 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.49 9.65 9.81 9.95 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5
7 4.95 5.92 6.54 7.01 7.37 7.68 7.94 8.17 8.37 8.55 8.71 8.86 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.35 9.46 9.55 9.65
8 4.74 5.63 6.20 6.63 6.96 7.24 7.47 7.68 7.87 8.03 8.18 8.31 8.44 8.55 8.66 8.76 8.85 8.94 9.03
9 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.35 6.66 6.91 7.13 7.32 7.49 7.65 7.78 7.91 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.32 8.41 8.49 8.57
10 4.48 5.27 5.77 6.14 6.43 6.67 6.87 7.05 7.21 7.36 7.48 7.60 7.71 7.81 7.91 7.99 8.07 8.15 8.22
Tables
11 4.39 5.14 5.62 5.97 6.25 6.48 6.67 6.84 6.99 7.13 7.25 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.65 7.73 7.81 7.88 7.95
12 4.32 5.04 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 7.06 7.17 7.26 7.36 7.44 7.52 7.59 7.66 7.73
13 4.26 4.96 5.40 5.73 5.98 6.19 6.37 6.53 6.67 6.79 6.90 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.34 7.42 7.48 7.55
14 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.41 6.54 6.66 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.05 7.12 7.20 7.27 7.33 7.39
15 4.17 4.83 5.25 5.56 5.80 5.99 6.16 6.31 6.44 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.84 6.93 7.00 7.07 7.14 7.20 7.26
16 4.13 4.78 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.92 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56 6.66 6.74 6.82 6.90 6.97 7.03 7.09 7.15
17 4.10 4.74 5.14 5.43 5.66 5.85 6.01 6.15 6.27 6.38 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.73 6.80 6.87 6.94 7.00 7.05
18 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.38 5.60 5.79 5.94 6.08 6.20 6.31 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.79 6.85 6.91 6.96
19 4.05 4.67 5.05 5.33 5.55 5.73 5.89 6.02 6.14 6.25 6.34 6.43 6.51 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.78 6.84 6.89
20 4.02 4.64 5.02 5.29 5.51 5.69 5.84 5.97 6.09 6.19 6.29 6.37 6.45 6.52 6.59 6.65 6.71 6.76 6.82
24 3.96 4.54 4.91 5.17 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.81 5.92 6.02 6.11 6.19 6.26 6.33 6.39 6.45 6.51 6.56 6.61
30 3.89 4.45 4.80 5.05 5.24 5.40 5.54 5.65 5.76 5.85 5.93 6.01 6.08 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.31 6.36 6.41
40 3.82 4.37 4.70 4.93 5.11 5.27 5.39 5.50 5.60 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.90 5.96 6.02 6.07 6.12 6.17 6.21
60 3.76 4.28 4.60 4.82 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.60 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.89 5.93 5.98 6.02
120 3.70 4.20 4.50 4.71 4.87 5.01 5.12 5.21 5.30 5.38 5.44 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.66 5.71 5.75 5.79 5.83
3.64 4.12 4.40 4.60 4.76 4.88 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.23 5.29 5.35 5.40 5.45 5.49 5.54 5.57 5.61 5.65
Companies, 2009
Source: E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, eds., Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. 1, 3rd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1966). Reprinted by permission by the Biometrika Trustees.
855
776 Appendix C
TABLE 7 Critical Values of the Durbin-Watson Test Statistic for 0.05
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU
15 1.08 1.36 0.95 1.54 0.82 1.75 0.69 1.97 0.56 2.21
16 1.10 1.37 0.98 1.54 0.86 1.73 0.74 1.93 0.62 2.15
17 1.13 1.38 1.02 1.54 0.90 1.71 0.78 1.90 0.67 2.10
18 1.16 1.39 1.05 1.53 0.93 1.69 0.82 1.87 0.71 2.06
19 1.18 1.40 1.08 1.53 0.97 1.68 0.86 1.85 0.75 2.02
20 1.20 1.41 1.10 1.54 1.00 1.68 0.90 1.83 0.79 1.99
21 1.22 1.42 1.13 1.54 1.03 1.67 0.93 1.81 0.83 1.96
22 1.24 1.43 1.15 1.54 1.05 1.66 0.96 1.80 0.86 1.94
23 1.26 1.44 1.17 1.54 1.08 1.66 0.99 1.79 0.90 1.92
24 1.27 1.45 1.19 1.55 1.10 1.66 1.01 1.78 0.93 1.90
25 1.29 1.45 1.21 1.55 1.12 1.66 1.04 1.77 0.95 1.89
26 1.30 1.46 1.22 1.55 1.14 1.65 1.06 1.76 0.98 1.88
27 1.32 1.47 1.24 1.56 1.16 1.65 1.08 1.76 1.01 1.86
28 1.33 1.48 1.26 1.56 1.18 1.65 1.10 1.75 1.03 1.85
29 1.34 1.48 1.27 1.56 1.20 1.65 1.12 1.74 1.05 1.84
30 1.35 1.49 1.28 1.57 1.21 1.65 1.14 1.74 1.07 1.83
31 1.36 1.50 1.30 1.57 1.23 1.65 1.16 1.74 1.09 1.83
32 1.37 1.50 1.31 1.57 1.24 1.65 1.18 1.73 1.11 1.82
33 1.38 1.51 1.32 1.58 1.26 1.65 1.19 1.73 1.13 1.81
34 1.39 1.51 1.33 1.58 1.27 1.65 1.21 1.73 1.15 1.81
35 1.40 1.52 1.34 1.58 1.28 1.65 1.22 1.73 1.16 1.80
36 1.41 1.52 1.35 1.59 1.29 1.65 1.24 1.73 1.18 1.80
37 1.42 1.53 1.36 1.59 1.31 1.66 1.25 1.72 1.19 1.80
38 1.43 1.54 1.37 1.59 1.32 1.66 1.26 1.72 1.21 1.79
39 1.43 1.54 1.38 1.60 1.33 1.66 1.27 1.72 1.22 1.79
40 1.44 1.54 1.39 1.60 1.34 1.66 1.29 1.72 1.23 1.79
45 1.48 1.57 1.43 1.62 1.38 1.67 1.34 1.72 1.29 1.78
50 1.50 1.59 1.46 1.63 1.42 1.67 1.38 1.72 1.34 1.77
55 1.53 1.60 1.49 1.64 1.45 1.68 1.41 1.72 1.38 1.77
60 1.55 1.62 1.51 1.65 1.48 1.69 1.44 1.73 1.41 1.77
65 1.57 1.63 1.54 1.66 1.50 1.70 1.47 1.73 1.44 1.77
70 1.58 1.64 1.55 1.67 1.52 1.70 1.49 1.74 1.46 1.77
75 1.60 1.65 1.57 1.68 1.54 1.71 1.51 1.74 1.49 1.77
80 1.61 1.66 1.59 1.69 1.56 1.72 1.53 1.74 1.51 1.77
85 1.62 1.67 1.60 1.70 1.57 1.72 1.55 1.75 1.52 1.77
90 1.63 1.68 1.61 1.70 1.59 1.73 1.57 1.75 1.54 1.78
95 1.64 1.69 1.62 1.71 1.60 1.73 1.58 1.75 1.56 1.78
100 1.65 1.69 1.63 1.72 1.61 1.74 1.59 1.76 1.57 1.78
TABLE 7 (concluded) Critical Values of the Durbin-Watson Test Statistic for 0.01
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU
15 0.81 1.07 0.70 1.25 0.59 1.46 0.49 1.70 0.39 1.96
16 0.84 1.09 0.74 1.25 0.63 1.44 0.53 1.66 0.44 1.90
17 0.87 1.10 0.77 1.25 0.67 1.43 0.57 1.63 0.48 1.85
18 0.90 1.12 0.80 1.26 0.71 1.42 0.61 1.60 0.52 1.80
19 0.93 1.13 0.83 1.26 0.74 1.41 0.65 1.58 0.56 1.77
20 0.95 1.15 0.86 1.27 0.77 1.41 0.68 1.57 0.60 1.74
21 0.97 1.16 0.89 1.27 0.80 1.41 0.72 1.55 0.63 1.71
22 1.00 1.17 0.91 1.28 0.83 1.40 0.75 1.54 0.66 1.69
23 1.02 1.19 0.94 1.29 0.86 1.40 0.77 1.53 0.70 1.67
24 1.05 1.20 0.96 1.30 0.88 1.41 0.80 1.53 0.72 1.66
25 1.05 1.21 0.98 1.30 0.90 1.41 0.83 1.52 0.75 1.65
26 1.07 1.22 1.00 1.31 0.93 1.41 0.85 1.52 0.78 1.64
27 1.09 1.23 1.02 1.32 0.95 1.41 0.88 1.51 0.81 1.63
28 1.10 1.24 1.04 1.32 0.97 1.41 0.90 1.51 0.83 1.62
29 1.12 1.25 1.05 1.33 0.99 1.42 0.92 1.51 0.85 1.61
30 1.13 1.26 1.07 1.34 1.01 1.42 0.94 1.51 0.88 1.61
31 1.15 1.27 1.08 1.34 1.02 1.42 0.96 1.51 0.90 1.60
32 1.16 1.28 1.10 1.35 1.04 1.43 0.98 1.51 0.92 1.60
33 1.17 1.29 1.11 1.36 1.05 1.43 1.00 1.51 0.94 1.59
34 1.18 1.30 1.13 1.36 1.07 1.43 1.01 1.51 0.95 1.59
35 1.19 1.31 1.14 1.37 1.08 1.44 1.03 1.51 0.97 1.59
36 1.21 1.32 1.15 1.38 1.10 1.44 1.04 1.51 0.99 1.59
37 1.22 1.32 1.16 1.38 1.11 1.45 1.06 1.51 1.00 1.59
38 1.23 1.33 1.18 1.39 1.12 1.45 1.07 1.52 1.02 1.58
39 1.24 1.34 1.19 1.39 1.14 1.45 1.09 1.52 1.03 1.58
40 1.25 1.34 1.20 1.40 1.15 1.46 1.10 1.52 1.05 1.58
45 1.29 1.38 1.24 1.42 1.20 1.48 1.16 1.53 1.11 1.58
50 1.32 1.40 1.28 1.45 1.24 1.49 1.20 1.54 1.16 1.59
55 1.36 1.43 1.32 1.47 1.28 1.51 1.25 1.55 1.21 1.59
60 1.38 1.45 1.35 1.48 1.32 1.52 1.28 1.56 1.25 1.60
65 1.41 1.47 1.38 1.50 1.35 1.53 1.31 1.57 1.28 1.61
70 1.43 1.49 1.40 1.52 1.37 1.55 1.34 1.58 1.31 1.61
75 1.45 1.50 1.42 1.53 1.39 1.56 1.37 1.59 1.34 1.62
80 1.47 1.52 1.44 1.54 1.42 1.57 1.39 1.60 1.36 1.62
85 1.48 1.53 1.46 1.55 1.43 1.58 1.41 1.60 1.39 1.63
90 1.50 1.54 1.47 1.56 1.45 1.59 1.43 1.61 1.41 1.64
95 1.51 1.55 1.49 1.57 1.47 1.60 1.45 1.62 1.42 1.64
100 1.52 1.56 1.50 1.58 1.48 1.60 1.46 1.63 1.44 1.65
Source: J. Durbin and G. S. Watson, “Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression, II,” Biometrika 38
(1951), pp. 159–78. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
778 Appendix C
TABLE 8 Cumulative Distribution Function: F(r) for the Total Number of Runs R in Samples of
Sizes n1 and n2
Number of Runs, r
(n1, n2) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(2, 3) 0.200 0.500 0.900 1.000
(2, 4) 0.133 0.400 0.800 1.000
(2, 5) 0.095 0.333 0.714 1.000
(2, 6) 0.071 0.286 0.643 1.000
(2, 7) 0.056 0.250 0.583 1.000
(2, 8) 0.044 0.222 0.533 1.000
(2, 9) 0.036 0.200 0.491 1.000
(2, 10) 0.030 0.182 0.455 1.000
(3, 3) 0.100 0.300 0.700 0.900 1.000
(3, 4) 0.057 0.200 0.543 0.800 0.971 1.000
(3, 5) 0.036 0.143 0.429 0.714 0.929 1.000
(3, 6) 0.024 0.107 0.345 0.643 0.881 1.000
(3, 7) 0.017 0.083 0.283 0.583 0.833 1.000
(3, 8) 0.012 0.067 0.236 0.533 0.788 1.000
(3, 9) 0.009 0.055 0.200 0.491 0.745 1.000
(3, 10) 0.007 0.045 0.171 0.455 0.706 1.000
(4, 4) 0.029 0.114 0.371 0.629 0.886 0.971 1.000
(4, 5) 0.016 0.071 0.262 0.500 0.786 0.929 0.992 1.000
(4, 6) 0.010 0.048 0.190 0.405 0.690 0.881 0.976 1.000
(4, 7) 0.006 0.033 0.142 0.333 0.606 0.833 0.954 1.000
(4, 8) 0.004 0.024 0.109 0.279 0.533 0.788 0.929 1.000
(4, 9) 0.003 0.018 0.085 0.236 0.471 0.745 0.902 1.000
(4, 10) 0.002 0.014 0.068 0.203 0.419 0.706 0.874 1.000
(5, 5) 0.008 0.040 0.167 0.357 0.643 0.833 0.960 0.992 1.000
(5, 6) 0.004 0.024 0.110 0.262 0.522 0.738 0.911 0.976 0.998
(5, 7) 0.003 0.015 0.076 0.197 0.424 0.652 0.854 0.955 0.992
(5, 8) 0.002 0.010 0.054 0.152 0.347 0.576 0.793 0.929 0.984
(5, 9) 0.001 0.007 0.039 0.119 0.287 0.510 0.734 0.902 0.972
(5, 10) 0.001 0.005 0.029 0.095 0.239 0.455 0.678 0.874 0.958
(6, 6) 0.002 0.013 0.067 0.175 0.392 0.608 0.825 0.933 0.987
(6, 7) 0.001 0.008 0.043 0.121 0.296 0.500 0.733 0.879 0.966
(6, 8) 0.001 0.005 0.028 0.086 0.226 0.413 0.646 0.821 0.937
(6, 9) 0.000 0.003 0.019 0.063 0.175 0.343 0.566 0.762 0.902
(6, 10) 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.047 0.137 0.288 0.497 0.706 0.864
(7, 7) 0.001 0.004 0.025 0.078 0.209 0.383 0.617 0.791 0.922
(7, 8) 0.000 0.002 0.015 0.051 0.149 0.296 0.514 0.704 0.867
(7, 9) 0.000 0.001 0.010 0.035 0.108 0.231 0.427 0.622 0.806
(7, 10) 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.024 0.080 0.182 0.355 0.549 0.743
(8, 8) 0.000 0.001 0.009 0.032 0.100 0.214 0.405 0.595 0.786
(8, 9) 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.020 0.069 0.157 0.319 0.500 0.702
(8, 10) 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.048 0.117 0.251 0.419 0.621
(9, 9) 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.012 0.044 0.109 0.238 0.399 0.601
(9, 10) 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.029 0.077 0.179 0.319 0.510
(10, 10) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.019 0.051 0.128 0.242 0.414
TABLE 8 (concluded) Cumulative Distribution Function: F(r) for the Total Number of Runs R in
Samples of Sizes n1 and n2
Number of Runs, r
(n1, n2) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(2, 3)
(2, 4)
(2, 5)
(2, 6)
(2, 7)
(2, 8)
(2, 9)
(2, 10)
(3, 3)
(3, 4)
(3, 5)
(3, 6)
(3, 7)
(3, 8)
(3, 9)
(3, 10)
(4, 4)
(4, 5)
(4, 6)
(4, 7)
(4, 8)
(4, 9)
(4, 10)
(5, 5)
(5, 6) 1.000
(5, 7) 1.000
(5, 8) 1.000
(5, 9) 1.000
(5, 10) 1.000
(6, 6) 0.998 1.000
(6, 7) 0.992 0.999 1.000
(6, 8) 0.984 0.998 1.000
(6, 9) 0.972 0.994 1.000
(6, 10) 0.958 0.990 1.000
(7, 7) 0.975 0.996 0.999 1.000
(7, 8) 0.949 0.988 0.998 1.000 1.000
(7, 9) 0.916 0.975 0.994 0.999 1.000
(7, 10) 0.879 0.957 0.990 0.998 1.000
(8, 8) 0.900 0.968 0.991 0.999 1.000 1.000
(8, 9) 0.843 0.939 0.980 0.996 0.999 1.000 1.000
(8, 10) 0.782 0.903 0.964 0.990 0.998 1.000 1.000
(9, 9) 0.762 0.891 0.956 0.988 0.997 1.000 1.000 1.000
(9, 10) 0.681 0.834 0.923 0.974 0.992 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000
(10, 10) 0.586 0.758 0.872 0.949 0.981 0.996 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000
Source: Reproduced from F. Swed and C. Eisenhart, “Tables for Testing Randomness of Grouping in a Sequence of
Alternatives,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 14 (1943) by permission of the authors and of the Editor, Annals of
Mathematical Statistics.
780 Appendix C
TABLE 9 Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u) for n1 n2

and 3 n2 10
n2 3
n1
u 1 2 3
0 0.25 0.10 0.05
1 0.50 0.20 0.10
2 0.40 0.20
3 0.60 0.35
4 0.50
n2 4
n1
u 1 2 3 4
0 0.2000 0.0667 0.0286 0.0143
1 0.4000 0.1333 0.0571 0.0286
2 0.6000 0.2667 0.1143 0.0571
3 0.4000 0.2000 0.1000
4 0.6000 0.3143 0.1714
5 0.4286 0.2429
6 0.5714 0.3429
7 0.4429
8 0.5571
n2 5
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5
0 0.1667 0.0476 0.0179 0.0079 0.0040
1 0.3333 0.0952 0.0357 0.0159 0.0079
2 0.5000 0.1905 0.0714 0.0317 0.0159
3 0.2857 0.1250 0.0556 0.0278
4 0.4286 0.1964 0.0952 0.0476
5 0.5714 0.2857 0.1429 0.0754
6 0.3929 0.2063 0.1111
7 0.5000 0.2778 0.1548
8 0.3651 0.2103
9 0.4524 0.2738
10 0.5476 0.3452
11 0.4206
12 0.5000
TABLE 9 (continued) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

for n1 n2 and 3 n2 10
n2 6
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0.1429 0.0357 0.0119 0.0048 0.0022 0.0011
1 0.2857 0.0714 0.0238 0.0095 0.0043 0.0022
2 0.4286 0.1429 0.0476 0.0190 0.0087 0.0043
3 0.5714 0.2143 0.0833 0.0333 0.0152 0.0076
4 0.3214 0.1310 0.0571 0.0260 0.0130
5 0.4286 0.1905 0.0857 0.0411 0.0206
6 0.5714 0.2738 0.1286 0.0628 0.0325
7 0.3571 0.1762 0.0887 0.0465
8 0.4524 0.2381 0.1234 0.0660
9 0.5476 0.3048 0.1645 0.0898
10 0.3810 0.2143 0.1201
11 0.4571 0.2684 0.1548
12 0.5429 0.3312 0.1970
13 0.3961 0.2424
14 0.4654 0.2944
15 0.5346 0.3496
16 0.4091
17 0.4686
18 0.5314
n2 7
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0.1250 0.0278 0.0083 0.0030 0.0013 0.0006 0.0003
1 0.2500 0.0556 0.0167 0.0061 0.0025 0.0012 0.0006
2 0.3750 0.1111 0.0333 0.0121 0.0051 0.0023 0.0012
3 0.5000 0.1667 0.0583 0.0212 0.0088 0.0041 0.0020
4 0.2500 0.0917 0.0364 0.0152 0.0070 0.0035
5 0.3333 0.1333 0.0545 0.0240 0.0111 0.0055
6 0.4444 0.1917 0.0818 0.0366 0.0175 0.0087
7 0.5556 0.2583 0.1152 0.0530 0.0256 0.0131
8 0.3333 0.1576 0.0745 0.0367 0.0189
9 0.4167 0.2061 0.1010 0.0507 0.0265
10 0.5000 0.2636 0.1338 0.0688 0.0364
11 0.3242 0.1717 0.0903 0.0487
12 0.3939 0.2159 0.1171 0.0641
13 0.4636 0.2652 0.1474 0.0825
14 0.5364 0.3194 0.1830 0.1043
15 0.3775 0.2226 0.1297
16 0.4381 0.2669 0.1588
17 0.5000 0.3141 0.1914
18 0.3654 0.2279
19 0.4178 0.2675
20 0.4726 0.3100
21 0.5274 0.3552
22 0.4024
23 0.4508
24 0.5000
782 Appendix C

n2 8
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0.1111 0.0222 0.0061 0.0020 0.0008 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
1 0.2222 0.0444 0.0121 0.0040 0.0016 0.0007 0.0003 0.0002
2 0.3333 0.0889 0.0242 0.0081 0.0031 0.0013 0.0006 0.0003
3 0.4444 0.1333 0.0424 0.0141 0.0054 0.0023 0.0011 0.0005
4 0.5556 0.2000 0.0667 0.0242 0.0093 0.0040 0.0019 0.0009
5 0.2667 0.0970 0.0364 0.0148 0.0063 0.0030 0.0015
6 0.3556 0.1394 0.0545 0.0225 0.0100 0.0047 0.0023
7 0.4444 0.1879 0.0768 0.0326 0.0147 0.0070 0.0035
8 0.5556 0.2485 0.1071 0.0466 0.0213 0.0103 0.0052
9 0.3152 0.1414 0.0637 0.0296 0.0145 0.0074
10 0.3879 0.1838 0.0855 0.0406 0.0200 0.0103
11 0.4606 0.2303 0.1111 0.0539 0.0270 0.0141
12 0.5394 0.2848 0.1422 0.0709 0.0361 0.0190
13 0.3414 0.1772 0.0906 0.0469 0.0249
14 0.4040 0.2176 0.1142 0.0603 0.0325
15 0.4667 0.2618 0.1412 0.0760 0.0415
16 0.5333 0.3108 0.1725 0.0946 0.0524
17 0.3621 0.2068 0.1159 0.0652
18 0.4165 0.2454 0.1405 0.0803
19 0.4716 0.2864 0.1678 0.0974
20 0.5284 0.3310 0.1984 0.1172
21 0.3773 0.2317 0.1393
22 0.4259 0.2679 0.1641
23 0.4749 0.3063 0.1911
24 0.5251 0.3472 0.2209
25 0.3894 0.2527
26 0.4333 0.2869
27 0.4775 0.3227
28 0.5225 0.3605
29 0.3992
30 0.4392
31 0.4796
32 0.5204

n2 9
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0.1000 0.0182 0.0045 0.0014 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.2000 0.0364 0.0091 0.0028 0.0010 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.3000 0.0727 0.0182 0.0056 0.0020 0.0008 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
3 0.4000 0.1091 0.0318 0.0098 0.0035 0.0014 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001
4 0.5000 0.1636 0.0500 0.0168 0.0060 0.0024 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002
5 0.2182 0.0727 0.0252 0.0095 0.0038 0.0017 0.0008 0.0004
6 0.2909 0.1045 0.0378 0.0145 0.0060 0.0026 0.0012 0.0006
7 0.3636 0.1409 0.0531 0.0210 0.0088 0.0039 0.0019 0.0009
8 0.4545 0.1864 0.0741 0.0300 0.0128 0.0058 0.0028 0.0014
9 0.5455 0.2409 0.0993 0.0415 0.0180 0.0082 0.0039 0.0020
10 0.3000 0.1301 0.0599 0.0248 0.0115 0.0056 0.0028
11 0.3636 0.1650 0.0734 0.0332 0.0156 0.0076 0.0039
12 0.4318 0.2070 0.0949 0.0440 0.0209 0.0103 0.0053
13 0.5000 0.2517 0.1199 0.0567 0.0274 0.0137 0.0071
14 0.3021 0.1489 0.0723 0.0356 0.0180 0.0094
15 0.3552 0.1818 0.0905 0.0454 0.0232 0.0122
16 0.4126 0.2188 0.1119 0.0571 0.0296 0.0157
17 0.4699 0.2592 0.1361 0.0708 0.0372 0.0200
18 0.5301 0.3032 0.1638 0.0869 0.0464 0.0252
19 0.3497 0.1924 0.1052 0.0570 0.0313
20 0.3986 0.2280 0.1261 0.0694 0.0385
21 0.4491 0.2643 0.1496 0.0836 0.0470
22 0.5000 0.3035 0.1755 0.0998 0.0567
23 0.3445 0.2039 0.1179 0.0680
24 0.3878 0.2349 0.1383 0.0807
25 0.4320 0.2680 0.1606 0.0951
26 0.4773 0.3032 0.1852 0.1112
27 0.5227 0.3403 0.2117 0.1290
28 0.3788 0.2404 0.1487
29 0.4185 0.2707 0.1701
30 0.4591 0.3029 0.1933
31 0.5000 0.3365 0.2181
32 0.3715 0.2447
33 0.4074 0.2729
34 0.4442 0.3024
35 0.4813 0.3332
36 0.5187 0.3652
37 0.3981
38 0.4317
39 0.4657
40 0.5000
784 Appendix C
TABLE 9 (concluded) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

n2 10
n1
u 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0.0909 0.0152 0.0035 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.1818 0.0303 0.0070 0.0020 0.0007 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2727 0.0606 0.0140 0.0040 0.0013 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.3636 0.0909 0.0245 0.0070 0.0023 0.0009 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000
4 0.4545 0.1364 0.0385 0.0120 0.0040 0.0015 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
5 0.5455 0.1818 0.0559 0.0180 0.0063 0.0024 0.0010 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001
6 0.2424 0.0804 0.0270 0.0097 0.0037 0.0015 0.0007 0.0003 0.0002
7 0.3030 0.1084 0.0380 0.0140 0.0055 0.0023 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002
8 0.3788 0.1434 0.0529 0.0200 0.0080 0.0034 0.0015 0.0007 0.0004
9 0.4545 0.1853 0.0709 0.0276 0.0112 0.0048 0.0022 0.0011 0.0005
10 0.5455 0.2343 0.0939 0.0376 0.0156 0.0068 0.0031 0.0015 0.0008
11 0.2867 0.1199 0.0496 0.0210 0.0093 0.0043 0.0021 0.0010
12 0.3462 0.1518 0.0646 0.0280 0.0125 0.0058 0.0028 0.0014
13 0.4056 0.1868 0.0823 0.0363 0.0165 0.0078 0.0038 0.0019
14 0.4685 0.2268 0.1032 0.0467 0.0215 0.0103 0.0051 0.0026
15 0.5315 0.2697 0.1272 0.0589 0.0277 0.0133 0.0066 0.0034
16 0.3177 0.1548 0.0736 0.0351 0.0171 0.0086 0.0045
17 0.3666 0.1855 0.0903 0.0439 0.0217 0.0110 0.0057
18 0.4196 0.2198 0.1099 0.0544 0.0273 0.0140 0.0073
19 0.4725 0.2567 0.1317 0.0665 0.0338 0.0175 0.0093
20 0.5275 0.2970 0.1566 0.0806 0.0416 0.0217 0.0116
21 0.3393 0.1838 0.0966 0.0506 0.0267 0.0144
22 0.3839 0.2139 0.1148 0.0610 0.0326 0.0177
23 0.4296 0.2461 0.1349 0.0729 0.0394 0.0216
24 0.4765 0.2811 0.1574 0.0864 0.0474 0.0262
25 0.5235 0.3177 0.1819 0.1015 0.0564 0.0315
26 0.3564 0.2087 0.1185 0.0667 0.0376
27 0.3962 0.2374 0.1371 0.0782 0.0446
28 0.4374 0.2681 0.1577 0.0912 0.0526
29 0.4789 0.3004 0.1800 0.1055 0.0615
30 0.5211 0.3345 0.2041 0.1214 0.0716
31 0.3698 0.2299 0.1388 0.0827
32 0.4063 0.2574 0.1577 0.0952
33 0.4434 0.2863 0.1781 0.1088
34 0.4811 0.3167 0.2001 0.1237
35 0.5189 0.3482 0.2235 0.1399
36 0.3809 0.2483 0.1575
37 0.4143 0.2745 0.1763
38 0.4484 0.3019 0.1965
39 0.4827 0.3304 0.2179
40 0.5173 0.3598 0.2406
41 0.3901 0.2644
42 0.4211 0.2894
43 0.4524 0.3153
44 0.4841 0.3421
45 0.5159 0.3697
46 0.3980
47 0.4267
48 0.4559
49 0.4853
50 0.5147
TABLE 10 Critical Values of the Wilcoxon T Statistic
One-Tailed Two-Tailed n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n 10

P 0.05 P 0.10 1 2 4 6 8 11
P 0.025 P 0.05 1 2 4 6 8
P 0.01 P 0.02 0 2 3 5
P 0.005 P 0.01 0 2 3
One-Tailed Two-Tailed n 11 n 12 n 13 n 14 n 15 n 16
P 0.05 P 0.10 14 17 21 26 30 36
P 0.025 P 0.05 11 14 17 21 25 30
P 0.01 P 0.02 7 10 13 16 20 24
P 0.005 P 0.01 5 7 10 13 16 19
P 0.05 P 0.10 41 47 54 60 68 75
P 0.025 P 0.05 35 40 46 52 59 66
P 0.01 P 0.02 28 33 38 43 49 56
P 0.005 P 0.01 23 28 32 37 43 49
P 0.05 P 0.10 83 92 101 110 120 130
P 0.025 P 0.05 73 81 90 98 107 117
P 0.01 P 0.02 62 69 77 85 93 102
P 0.005 P 0.01 55 68 68 76 84 92
P 0.05 P 0.10 141 152 163 175 188 201
P 0.025 P 0.05 127 137 148 159 171 183
P 0.01 P 0.02 111 120 130 141 151 162
P 0.005 P 0.01 100 109 118 128 138 149
One-Tailed Two-Tailed n 35 n 36 n 37 n 38 n 39
P 0.05 P 0.10 214 228 242 256 271
P 0.025 P 0.05 195 208 222 235 250
P 0.01 P 0.02 174 186 198 211 224
P 0.005 P 0.01 160 171 183 195 208
P 0.05 P 0.10 287 303 319 336 353 371
P 0.025 P 0.05 264 279 295 311 327 344
P 0.01 P 0.02 238 252 267 281 297 313
P 0.005 P 0.01 221 234 248 262 277 292
One-Tailed Two-Tailed n 46 n 47 n 48 n 49 n 50
P 0.05 P 0.10 389 408 427 446 466
P 0.025 P 0.05 361 379 397 415 434
P 0.01 P 0.02 329 345 362 380 398
P 0.005 P 0.01 307 323 339 356 373
Source: Reproduced from F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures (1964), p. 28,
with the permission of American Cyanamid Company.
786 Appendix C
TABLE 11 Critical Values of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefﬁcient
n 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

5 0.900 — — —
6 0.829 0.886 0.943 —
7 0.714 0.786 0.893 —
8 0.643 0.738 0.833 0.881
9 0.600 0.683 0.783 0.833
10 0.564 0.648 0.745 0.794
11 0.523 0.623 0.736 0.818
12 0.497 0.591 0.703 0.780
13 0.475 0.566 0.673 0.745
14 0.457 0.545 0.646 0.716
15 0.441 0.525 0.623 0.689
16 0.425 0.507 0.601 0.666
17 0.412 0.490 0.582 0.645
18 0.399 0.476 0.564 0.625
19 0.388 0.462 0.549 0.608
20 0.377 0.450 0.534 0.591
21 0.368 0.438 0.521 0.576
22 0.359 0.428 0.508 0.562
23 0.351 0.418 0.496 0.549
24 0.343 0.409 0.485 0.537
25 0.336 0.400 0.475 0.526
26 0.329 0.392 0.465 0.515
27 0.323 0.385 0.456 0.505
28 0.317 0.377 0.448 0.496
29 0.311 0.370 0.440 0.487
30 0.305 0.364 0.432 0.478
Source: Reproduced by permission from E. G. Olds, “Distribution of Sums of Squares of Rank Differences for Small
Samples,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 9 (1938).
TABLE 12 Poisson Probability Distribution
This table gives values of

m xe - m
P(x)
x!
x .005 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0 .9950 .9900 .9802 .9704 .9608 .9512 .9418 .9324 .9231 .9139
1 .0050 .0099 .0192 .0291 .0384 .0476 .0565 .0653 .0738 .0823
2 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0004 .0008 .0012 .0017 .0023 .0030 .0037
3 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0 .9048 .8187 .7408 .6703 .6065 .5488 .4966 .4493 .4066 .3679
1 .0905 .1637 .2222 .2681 .3033 .3293 .3476 .3595 .3659 .3679
2 .0045 .0164 .0333 .0536 .0758 .0988 .1217 .1438 .1647 .1839
3 .0002 .0011 .0033 .0072 .0126 .0198 .0284 .0383 .0494 .0613
4 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0007 .0016 .0030 .0050 .0077 .0111 .0153
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0012 .0020 .0031
6 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005
7 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
x 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
0 .3329 .3012 .2725 .2466 .2231 .2019 .1827 .1653 .1496 .1353
1 .3662 .3614 .3543 .3452 .3347 .3230 .3106 .2975 .2842 .2707
2 .2014 .2169 .2303 .2417 .2510 .2584 .2640 .2678 .2700 .2707
3 .0738 .0867 .0998 .1128 .1255 .1378 .1496 .1607 .1710 .1804
4 .0203 .0260 .0324 .0395 .0471 .0551 .0636 .0723 .0812 .0902
5 .0045 .0062 .0084 .0111 .0141 .0176 .0216 .0260 .0309 .0361
6 .0008 .0012 .0018 .0026 .0035 .0047 .0061 .0078 .0098 .0120
7 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0015 .0020 .0027 .0034
8 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0006 .0009
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002
x 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
0 .1225 .1108 .1003 .0907 .0821 .0743 .0672 .0608 .0550 .0498
1 .2572 .2438 .2306 .2177 .2052 .1931 .1815 .1703 .1596 .1494
2 .2700 .2681 .2652 .2613 .2565 .2510 .2450 .2384 .2314 .2240
3 .1890 .1966 .2033 .2090 .2138 .2176 .2205 .2225 .2237 .2240
4 .0992 .1082 .1169 .1254 .1336 .1414 .1488 .1557 .1622 .1680
5 .0417 .0476 .0538 .0602 .0668 .0735 .0804 .0872 .0940 .1008
6 .0146 .0174 .0206 .0241 .0278 .0319 .0362 .0407 .0455 .0504
7 .0044 .0055 .0068 .0083 .0099 .0118 .0139 .0163 .0188 .0216
8 .0011 .0015 .0019 .0025 .0031 .0038 .0047 .0057 .0068 .0081
9 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0014 .0018 .0022 .0027
10 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0008
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
788 Appendix C
TABLE 12 (continued) Poisson Probability Distribution
x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
0 .0450 .0408 .0369 .0334 .0302 .0273 .0247 .0224 .0202 .0183
1 .1397 .1304 .1217 .1135 .1057 .0984 .0915 .0850 .0789 .0733
2 .2165 .2087 .2008 .1929 .1850 .1771 .1692 .1615 .1539 .1465
3 .2237 .2226 .2209 .2186 .2158 .2125 .2087 .2046 .2001 .1954
4 .1734 .1781 .1823 .1858 .1888 .1912 .1931 .1944 .1951 .1954
5 .1075 .1140 .1203 .1264 .1322 .1377 .1429 .1477 .1522 .1563
6 .0555 .0608 .0662 .0716 .0771 .0826 .0881 .0936 .0989 .1042
7 .0246 .0278 .0312 .0348 .0385 .0425 .0466 .0508 .0551 .0595
8 .0095 .0111 .0129 .0148 .0169 .0191 .0215 .0241 .0269 .0298
9 .0033 .0040 .0047 .0056 .0066 .0076 .0089 .0102 .0116 .0132
10 .0010 .0013 .0016 .0019 .0023 .0028 .0033 .0039 .0045 .0053
11 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0016 .0019
12 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001

x 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0
0 .0166 .0150 .0136 .0123 .0111 .0101 .0091 .0082 .0074 .0067
1 .0679 .0630 .0583 .0540 .0500 .0462 .0427 .0395 .0365 .0337
2 .1393 .1323 .1254 .1188 .1125 .1063 .1005 .0948 .0894 .0842
3 .1904 .1852 .1798 .1743 .1687 .1631 .1574 .1517 .1460 .1404
4 .1951 .1944 .1933 .1917 .1898 .1875 .1849 .1820 .1789 .1755
5 .1600 .1633 .1662 .1687 .1708 .1725 .1738 .1747 .1753 .1755
6 .1093 .1143 .1191 .1237 .1281 .1323 .1362 .1398 .1432 .1462
7 .0640 .0686 .0732 .0778 .0824 .0869 .0914 .0959 .1002 .1044
8 .0328 .0360 .0393 .0428 .0463 .0500 .0537 .0575 .0614 .0653
9 .0150 .0168 .0188 .0209 .0232 .0255 .0280 .0307 .0334 .0363
10 .0061 .0071 .0081 .0092 .0104 .0118 .0132 .0147 .0164 .0181
11 .0023 .0027 .0032 .0037 .0043 .0049 .0056 .0064 .0073 .0082
12 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0014 .0016 .0019 .0022 .0026 .0030 .0034
13 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0013
14 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002

x 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0
0 .0061 .0055 .0050 .0045 .0041 .0037 .0033 .0030 .0027 .0025
1 .0311 .0287 .0265 .0244 .0225 .0207 .0191 .0176 .0162 .0149
2 .0793 .0746 .0701 .0659 .0618 .0580 .0544 .0509 .0477 .0446
3 .1348 .1293 .1239 .1185 .1133 .1082 .1033 .0985 .0938 .0892
4 .1719 .1681 .1641 .1600 .1558 .1515 .1472 .1428 .1383 .1339
5 .1753 .1748 .1740 .1728 .1714 .1697 .1678 .1656 .1632 .1606
6 .1490 .1515 .1537 .1555 .1571 .1584 .1594 .1601 .1605 .1606
7 .1086 .1125 .1163 .1200 .1234 .1267 .1298 .1326 .1353 .1377
8 .0692 .0731 .0771 .0810 .0849 .0887 .0925 .0962 .0998 .1033
9 .0392 .0423 .0454 .0486 .0519 .0552 .0586 .0620 .0654 .0688
10 .0200 .0220 .0241 .0262 .0285 .0309 .0334 .0359 .0386 .0413
11 .0093 .0104 .0116 .0129 .0143 .0157 .0173 .0190 .0207 .0225
12 .0039 .0045 .0051 .0058 .0065 .0073 .0082 .0092 .0102 .0113
13 .0015 .0018 .0021 .0024 .0028 .0032 .0036 .0041 .0046 .0052
14 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0015 .0017 .0019 .0022
15 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009
16 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003
17 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
TABLE 12 (concluded) Poisson Probability Distribution
x 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0
0 .0022 .0020 .0019 .0017 .0015 .0014 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009
1 .0137 .0126 .0116 .0106 .0098 .0090 .0082 .0076 .0070 .0064
2 .0417 .0390 .0364 .0340 .0318 .0296 .0276 .0258 .0240 .0223
3 .0848 .0806 .0765 .0726 .0688 .0652 .0617 .0584 .0552 .0521
4 .1294 .1249 .1205 .1162 .1118 .1076 .1034 .0992 .0952 .0912
5 .1579 .1549 .1519 .1487 .1454 .1420 .1385 .1349 .1314 .1277
6 .1605 .1601 .1595 .1586 .1575 .1562 .1546 .1529 .1511 .1490
7 .1399 .1418 .1435 .1450 .1462 .1472 .1480 .1486 .1489 .1490
8 .1066 .1099 .1130 .1160 .1188 .1215 .1240 .1263 .1284 .1304
9 .0723 .0757 .0791 .0825 .0858 .0891 .0923 .0954 .0985 .1014
10 .0441 .0469 .0498 .0528 .0558 .0588 .0618 .0649 .0679 .0710
11 .0245 .0265 .0285 .0307 .0330 .0353 .0377 .0401 .0426 .0452
12 .0124 .0137 .0150 .0164 .0179 .0194 .0210 .0227 .0245 .0264
13 .0058 .0065 .0073 .0081 .0089 .0098 .0108 .0119 .0130 .0142
14 .0025 .0029 .0033 .0037 .0041 .0046 .0052 .0058 .0064 .0071
15 .0010 .0012 .0014 .0016 .0018 .0020 .0023 .0026 .0029 .0033
16 .0004 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0010 .0011 .0013 .0014
17 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0006
18 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002
19 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
x 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0
0 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0003
1 .0059 .0054 .0049 .0045 .0041 .0038 .0035 .0032 .0029 .0027
2 .0208 .0194 .0180 .0167 .0156 .0145 .0134 .0125 .0116 .0107
3 .0492 .0464 .0438 .0413 .0389 .0366 .0345 .0324 .0305 .0286
4 .0874 .0836 .0799 .0764 .0729 .0696 .0663 .0632 .0602 .0573
5 .1241 .1204 .1167 .1130 .1094 .1057 .1021 .0986 .0951 .0916
6 .1468 .1445 .1420 .1394 .1367 .1339 .1311 .1282 .1252 .1221
7 .1489 .1486 .1481 .1474 .1465 .1454 .1442 .1428 .1413 .1396
8 .1321 .1337 .1351 .1363 .1373 .1382 .1388 .1392 .1395 .1396
9 .1042 .1070 .1096 .1121 .1144 .1167 .1187 .1207 .1224 .1241
10 .0740 .0770 .0800 .0829 .0858 .0887 .0914 .0941 .0967 .0993
11 .0478 .0504 .0531 .0558 .0585 .0613 .0640 .0667 .0695 .0722
12 .0283 .0303 .0323 .0344 .0366 .0388 .0411 .0434 .0457 .0481
13 .0154 .0168 .0181 .0196 .0211 .0227 .0243 .0260 .0278 .0296
14 .0078 .0086 .0095 .0104 .0113 .0123 .0134 .0145 .0157 .0169
15 .0037 .0041 .0046 .0051 .0057 .0062 .0069 .0075 .0083 .0090
16 .0016 .0019 .0021 .0024 .0026 .0030 .0033 .0037 .0041 .0045
17 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0010 .0012 .0013 .0015 .0017 .0019 .0021
18 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009
19 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0004
20 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002
21 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001
790 Appendix C
TABLE 13 Control Chart Constants
For X Chart
For Estimating For (Standard For R Chart For s Chart
Sigma X Chart Given) For R Chart (Standard Given) (Standard Given)
n c4 d2 A2 A3 A D3 D4 D1 D2 B3 B4 B5 B6
2 0.7979 1.128 1.880 2.659 2.121 0 3.267 0 3.686 0 3.267 0 2.606
3 0.8862 1.693 1.023 1.954 1.732 0 2.575 0 4.358 0 2.568 0 2.276
4 0.9213 2.059 0.729 1.628 1.500 0 2.282 0 4.698 0 2.266 0 2.088
5 0.9400 2.326 0.577 1.427 1.342 0 2.115 0 4.918 0 2.089 0 1.964
6 0.9515 2.534 0.483 1.287 1.225 0 2.004 0 5.078 0.030 1.970 0.029 1.874
7 0.9594 2.704 0.419 1.182 1.134 0.076 1.924 0.205 5.203 0.118 1.882 0.113 1.806
8 0.9650 2.847 0.373 1.099 1.061 0.136 1.864 0.387 5.307 0.185 1.815 0.179 1.751
9 0.9693 2.970 0.337 1.032 1.000 0.184 1.816 0.546 5.394 0.239 1.761 0.232 1.707
10 0.9727 3.078 0.308 0.975 0.949 0.223 1.777 0.687 5.469 0.284 1.716 0.276 1.669
15 0.9823 3.472 0.223 0.789 0.775 0.348 1.652 1.207 5.737 0.428 1.572 0.421 1.544
20 0.9869 3.735 0.180 0.680 0.671 0.414 1.586 1.548 5.922 0.510 1.490 0.504 1.470
25 0.9896 3.931 0.153 0.606 0.600 0.459 1.541 1.804 6.058 0.565 1.435 0.559 1.420
Source: T. P. Ryan, Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement © 1989 New York: John Wiley & Sons. This material is used by permission of John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
TABLE 14 Random Numbers
1559 9068 9290 8303 8508 8954 1051 6677 6415 0342
5550 6245 7313 0117 7652 5069 6354 7668 1096 5780
4735 6214 8037 1385 1882 0828 2957 0530 9210 0177
5333 1313 3063 1134 8676 6241 9960 5304 1582 6198
8495 2956 1121 8484 2920 7934 0670 5263 0968 0069
1947 3353 1197 7363 9003 9313 3434 4261 0066 2714
4785 6325 1868 5020 9100 0823 7379 7391 1250 5501
9972 9163 5833 0100 5758 3696 6496 6297 5653 7782
0472 4629 2007 4464 3312 8728 1193 2497 4219 5339
4727 6994 1175 5622 2341 8562 5192 1471 7206 2027
3658 3226 5981 9025 1080 1437 6721 7331 0792 5383
6906 9758 0244 0259 4609 1269 5957 7556 1975 7898
3793 6916 0132 8873 8987 4975 4814 2098 6683 0901
3376 5966 1614 4025 0721 1537 6695 6090 8083 5450
6126 0224 7169 3596 1593 5097 7286 2686 1796 1150
0466 7566 1320 8777 8470 5448 9575 4669 1402 3905
9908 9832 8185 8835 0384 3699 1272 1181 8627 1968
7594 3636 1224 6808 1184 3404 6752 4391 2016 6167
5715 9301 5847 3524 0077 6674 8061 5438 6508 9673
7932 4739 4567 6797 4540 8488 3639 9777 1621 7244
6311 2025 5250 6099 6718 7539 9681 3204 9637 1091
0476 1624 3470 1600 0675 3261 7749 4195 2660 2150
5317 3903 6098 9438 3482 5505 5167 9993 8191 8488
7474 8876 1918 9828 2061 6664 0391 9170 2776 4025
7460 6800 1987 2758 0737 6880 1500 5763 2061 9373
1002 1494 9972 3877 6104 4006 0477 0669 8557 0513
5449 6891 9047 6297 1075 7762 8091 7153 8881 3367
9453 0809 7151 9982 0411 1120 6129 5090 2053 7570
0471 2725 7588 6573 0546 0110 6132 1224 3124 6563
5469 2668 1996 2249 3857 6637 8010 1701 3141 6147
2782 9603 1877 4159 9809 2570 4544 0544 2660 6737
3129 7217 5020 3788 0853 9465 2186 3945 1696 2286
7092 9885 3714 8557 7804 9524 6228 7774 6674 2775
9566 0501 8352 1062 0634 2401 0379 1697 7153 6208
5863 7000 1714 9276 7218 6922 1032 4838 1954 1680
5881 9151 2321 3147 6755 2510 5759 6947 7102 0097
6416 9939 9569 0439 1705 4680 9881 7071 9596 8758
9568 3012 6316 9065 0710 2158 1639 9149 4848 8634
0452 9538 5730 1893 1186 9245 6558 9562 8534 9321
8762 5920 8989 4777 2169 7073 7082 9495 1594 8600
0194 0270 7601 0342 3897 4133 7650 9228 5558 3597
3306 5478 2797 1605 4996 0023 9780 9429 3937 7573
7198 3079 2171 6972 0928 6599 9328 0597 5948 5753
8350 4846 1309 0612 4584 4988 4642 4430 9481 9048
7449 4279 4224 1018 2496 2091 9750 6086 1955 9860
6126 5399 0852 5491 6557 4946 9918 1541 7894 1843
1851 7940 9908 3860 1536 8011 4314 7269 7047 0382
7698 4218 2726 5130 3132 1722 8592 9662 4795 7718
0810 0118 4979 0458 1059 5739 7919 4557 0245 4861
6647 7149 1409 6809 3313 0082 9024 7477 7320 5822
3867 7111 5549 9439 3427 9793 3071 6651 4267 8099
1172 7278 7527 2492 6211 9457 5120 4903 1023 5745
6701 1668 5067 0413 7961 7825 9261 8572 0634 1140
8244 0620 8736 2649 1429 6253 4181 8120 6500 8127
8009 4031 7884 2215 2382 1931 1252 8088 2490 9122
1947 8315 9755 7187 4074 4743 6669 6060 2319 0635
9562 4821 8050 0106 2782 4665 9436 4973 4879 8900
0729 9026 9631 8096 8906 5713 3212 8854 3435 4206
6904 2569 3251 0079 8838 8738 8503 6333 0952 1641
Source: T. P. Ryan, Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement © 1989 New York: John Wiley & Sons. This material is
used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Aczel−Sounderpandian: Back Matter Appendix C: Statistical © The McGraw−Hill 835

Complete Business Tables Companies, 2009

APPENDIX C Statistical Tables

TABLE 1 Cumulative Binomial Distribution

TABLE 1 (continued) Cumulative Binomial Distribution

Statistical Tables 757

TABLE 1 (concluded) Cumulative Binomial Distribution

TABLE 2 Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution

Table area for z

Second Decimal Place in z

Statistical Tables 759

TABLE 3 Critical Values of the t Distribution

TABLE 4 Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution

Statistical Tables 761

TABLE 4 (concluded) Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution

TABLE 5 Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.10

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Statistical Tables 763

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.10

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.05

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Statistical Tables 765

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.05

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.025

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Statistical Tables 767

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.025

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.01

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Statistical Tables 769

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for   0.01

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500

Denominator Numerator Degrees of Freedom (k1)

Freedom (k2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500

TABLE 6 Critical Values of the Studentized Range Distribution for   0.05

Statistics, Seventh Edition

TABLE 7 Critical Values of the Durbin-Watson Test Statistic for   0.05

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

Statistical Tables 777

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

Statistical Tables 779

TABLE 9 Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u) for n1 n2

Statistical Tables 781

TABLE 9 (continued) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

TABLE 9 (continued) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

Statistical Tables 783

TABLE 9 (continued) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

TABLE 9 (concluded) Cumulative Distribution Function of the Mann-Whitney U Statistic: F(u)

Statistical Tables 785

TABLE 10 Critical Values of the Wilcoxon T Statistic

One-Tailed Two-Tailed n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n  10

TABLE 11 Critical Values of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefﬁcient

n   0.05   0.025   0.01   0.005

Statistical Tables 787

TABLE 12 Poisson Probability Distribution

This table gives values of

TABLE 12 (continued) Poisson Probability Distribution

Statistical Tables 789

TABLE 5 Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.10

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.10

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.05

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.05

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.025

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.025

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.01

TABLE 5 (continued) Critical Values of the F Distribution for 0.01

TABLE 6 Critical Values of the Studentized Range Distribution for 0.05

TABLE 7 Critical Values of the Durbin-Watson Test Statistic for 0.05

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

One-Tailed Two-Tailed n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n 10

n 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005