Eye diseases and eye problems in children and adults.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism is a common refractive disorder that affects the shape of the cornea or
lens. For near and far objects, vision can be blurred because the affected eye does
not focus. Astigmatism coexists with both myopia and hyperopia and should be
corrected as soon as it is diagnosed. Diagnosing astigmatism in children is difficult
because children with astigmatism sometimes do not recognize the ambiguity they
need to see as a notification condition. Comprehensive eye exams are needed to
make a proper diagnosis and rule out other eye problems.

Treatment

The goal of astigmatism treatment is to improve visual acuity and eye comfort.
Treatments are corrective lenses or refractive surgery.

Eyeglasses. Glasses are made with lenses that help replace the asymmetrical shape
of your eye. Lenses allow light to tilt your eye correctly. Glasses can also correct
other refractive errors such as myopia or hyperopia.

Contact lenses. Some people have better vision with contact lenses instead of
glasses. Contact lenses can provide clear vision and panoramic vision. However,
since contact lenses are worn directly on the eyes, regular cleaning and care are
required to maintain eye health. Regular soft lenses may not be effective in
improving astigmatism. Special toric soft contact lenses can be adjusted for a wide
variety of astigmatism. Because rigid gas permeable contact lenses maintain their
regular shape while on the cornea, they can replace the irregular shape of the
cornea and improve vision for people with astigmatism.

Orthokeratology. Orthokeratology (ortho-K) involves fitting a series of rigid contact

lenses to redesign the cornea. The patient uses contact lenses for a short time, such
as at night, and then separates them. People with moderate astigmatism may
temporarily have a clear vision without glasses for their daily activities.
Orthokeratology does not permanently improve vision. If patients stop wearing retinal
lenses, their vision can return to its original state.

Laser and other refractive surgeries: Performed with LASIK laser technology
(photorefractive keratectomy) or manual incisions (radial keratotomy), which rescue
the cornea by removing small pieces of tissue from the cornea.
Cataract

Cataracts are caused by cloudy spots that develop on the lens of the eye. Children
experience cataracts as blurred vision, which affects their development and leads to
permanent vision loss. The lens is inside the eye, back the iris. Pediatric cataracts
can occur in one or both eyes.

Treatment

Treatment depends on your child's symptoms, age, and general health. It also
depends on the hardness of the situation.

Treatment will be determined by your child's healthcare provider based on your

child's cataracts. In some cases, your child may require glasses or contact lenses.
This will help your child look better. Most children older than 1 year will need surgery
to remove the cataract and a new lens will be inserted.

Ptosis

Ptosis (toe-sis) is a narrowing of the upper eyelid. The eyelid is only slightly lowered
or it may completely cover the pupil or eye. Ptosis affects one or both eyelids. In
some cases, ptosis can limit and prevent normal vision. Sometimes there is
congenital ptosis; In other cases, it occurs later in life due to injury or illness.

Treatment

Eyelid lift surgery repairs the upper eyelids.

● If vision is not affected, surgery can wait for 3 to 4 years for the child to grow a
little.
● In severe cases, immediate surgery is needed to prevent "lazy eye"
(amblyopia).

The provider also treats any eye problems caused by ptosis. Your children may
need:

● Wear an eye patch to strengthen vision in the weak eye.

● Wear special glasses to correct the irregular curve of the cornea that causes
blurred vision (astigmatism).

Children with mild ptosis should have regular eye exams to prevent the development
of amblyopia.

Surgery works well to improve the appearance and function of the eye. Some
children require more than one surgery.
Hyperopia

Farsightedness in childhood appears to be a refractive error, so the image is

centered behind the retina, and vision is blurred. The cause may be in the eyeball or
the optical power of the cornea and lens may be less than necessary. There is also a
specific genealogical component.

Treatment

Hyperopia can be treated with corrective contact lenses or protective glasses.

Alternatively, eye surgery can be very effective for the right candidates.

● Conventional correction: glasses or contact lenses in the form of positive

lenses.
● Surgical correction: The two surgical procedures available are laser eye
surgery and clear lens removal. The latter is similar to cataract surgery but
involves the removal of a clear lens (without cataracts).

If your hyperopia treatment is surgical correction, it is important to speak with your

eye surgeon about your choice. Your age, the severity of your hyperopia, the
thickness of your corneas, and whether you have other eye conditions are many
factors to consider.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a disease that affects the optic nerves of the eye. This usually happens
when fluid forms in front of your eye. That excess fluid increases the pressure in the
eye and damages the optic nerve.

Symptoms start very slowly, you may not notice them. The only way to know if you
have glaucoma is a comprehensive dilated eye exam.

Treatment

Doctors use a variety of glaucoma treatments, including medications (usually eye

drops), laser treatment, and surgery.

● Low pressure by reducing the amount of fluid produced in the eye, in the form
of medications, eye drops, or tablets, and increasing drainage. One or more
drugs can be used simultaneously.
● Laser therapy to reduce pressure in the eye is done on a patient basis. A
method called laser trabeculoplasty increases fluid drainage in patients with
open-angle glaucoma. People with angle-closure glaucoma must be treated
with a procedure commonly called laser iridotomy, which creates a small
 opening (part of the color of the eyes) in the iris that allows the drainage angle
to open.
● Surgery may be necessary to create a second drainage path in the eye to
support the natural ones. Glaucoma surgery is usually performed on a patient-
by-patient basis under local anesthesia and can allow the patient to reduce or
eliminate glaucoma medication.

For more advanced cases, an artificial glaucoma drainage implant can help reduce
stress. The implant helps drain excess fluid that builds up in the body.

Strabismus

Strabismus, also known as hypertrophy and crossed eyes, is a misalignment of the

eyes, causing one eye to point toward the nose (esotropia) or outward (exotropia),
while the other eye is centered. Misalignment occurs once in newborns, especially if
they are tired, they should get over it by the age of three months. In children,
uncorrected strabismus can lead to amblyopia, in which case the brain begins to
ignore the weak and misaligned signals sent by the eyes, which can lead to vision
problems.

Treatment

A complete vision evaluation is important to accurately diagnose strabismus (and/or

amblyopia). Some types of strabismus are visually recognizable, but the test should
include a thorough assessment of the visual system, including a binocular vision
assessment to see how the eyes focus and move. Assessing visual acuity alone is
not enough. You can expect your ophthalmologists to take a complete history. It is
common to test near and far acuity when evaluating the general health and structure
of the eye.

The doctor will make a cover to specifically test and diagnose strabismus.

Test (also known as the coverage test), as well as the Hirschberg test (also known
as Hirschberg corneal reflex test).

Amblyopia

Amblyopia is when the vision in one or both eyes does not develop properly in
childhood. This is sometimes called laziness. Amblyopia is a common problem in
infants and young children. A child's vision develops during the first years of life. It is
necessary to diagnose and treat amblyopia as soon as practicable. Otherwise, a
child with amblyopia will not develop a normal, healthy vision.

Treatment
The earlier amblyopia is detected and treated, the better the outcome for the child.
Treatment depends on the type of amblyopia the child has and how severe it is.

Glasses / Contact lenses: Corrective glasses or contact lenses are indicated if you
have amblyopia because you are nearsighted or farsighted, or astigmatism in one
eye.

Eye patch: Wearing a patch over your dominant eye can help strengthen your weak
eye. Your doctor may recommend that you wear a patch for 1 to 2 hours a day,
depending on the severity of your amblyopia. The patch helps develop the area of
the brain that controls vision.

Eye drops: You can use eye drops once or twice a day to cloud your vision in your
good eye. Like an eye patch, it encourages your weaker eye to wear more. It is an
alternative to the patch.

Surgery: If you cross your eyes or your eyes point in opposite directions, your eye
muscles may need surgery.

Pink eye

Pinkeye is the common name for conjunctivitis, which causes inflammation and
redness of the lining of the eye. The pinkeye can be caused by viruses, bacterial
infections, allergies, or chemical factors. Sometimes it is the result of a chronic
illness. Most commonly, the viral or bacterial infection causes pinkeye.

Treatment

Treatment may include antibiotic eye drops or ointments and depending on the type
of pinkeye.

Purulent pinkeye with a pink or red eyeball, white or yellow discharge, red or sticky
eyelids, and eye discomfort usually caused by bacteria. It can be treated with
antibiotics (eye drops or ointments) to prevent the disease from spreading to other
people.

Non-purulent pinkeye, where the eyeball is pink or red, but the discharge is clear or
watery, with only slight or uncomfortable. It usually causes a virus or other irritation
(such as an allergy or exposure to a chemical such as chlorine in a swimming pool).
The antibiotic drop does not work for this type of pinkeye.
Uveitis

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea (or uveal membrane), the three middle layers
that make up the eye. It can be contagious or contagious. It is a treatable condition;
However, without proper treatment, it can lead to other problems such as glaucoma,
cataracts, optic nerve damage, retinal detachment, and severe vision loss.

Treatment

Steroids are the main treatment for uveitis. This will help reduce the inflammation
inside your eye.

Different types of steroid medications are recommended depending on the type of

uveitis. For example:

● Eyedrops are often used for uveitis that hits the front of the eye.
● Injections, tablets, and capsules are usually used to treat uveitis that affects
the middle and back of the eye.

Additional treatment may also be necessary. They can be eye drops to reduce pain
or, in some cases, surgery.