TEST PROCEDURES

SLUMP CONE

1. Purpose :

The slump cone is used for determining the workability of

concrete where the nominal maximum size of aggregate does
not exceed 38 mm.

2. Procedure as per IS 1199 – Methods of sampling and analysis

of concrete

a. Firstly decide the frequency of slump value to be taken

during concreting.
b. Oil the interior surface of the slump cone with mould
releasing oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Place the slump cone on a leveled surface.
d. Collect the sample in a wheelbarrow after mixing the
concrete properly in the transit mixture.
e. Remix the sample thoroughly in wheelbarrow with
sampling scoop.
f. After remixing immediately fill the slump cone in layers
approximately one – quarter of the height of the cone.
g. Each layer shall be compacted with the tamping rod by
25 strokes distributed in a uniform manner over the
cross-section of the cone and for the second and
subsequent layers tamping rod shall penetrate into the
underlying layer.
h. After compacting the top layer the concrete shall be
struck off level with the top of the slump cone, using a
_______. Any mould which may have leaked out
between the mould and the base plate shall be
cleaned away.
 i. Unscrew the slump cone from the base plate and
remove it immediately from the concrete by raising it
slowly and carefully in a vertical direction.

j. After the concrete subsides place the slump cone on

the base plate in reverse position and place a scale on
it. Measure the height between the top of the mould
and the highest point of the concrete specimen being
tested.

3. Reporting of slump value

The slump measured shall be reported in terms of millimeters.

 VIBRATING TABLE

1. Purpose

Vibrating table is used for proper compaction of concrete (as

per IS 516-Methods of tests for strength of concrete) while
casting specimens for compressive strength determination.

2. Procedure

i. After preparing the concrete mix, put moulds on the

vibration table platform.
ii. Fill concrete in the mould in layers of 50 mm deep.
iii. In placing each scoopful of concrete, move the scoop
around the top edge of the mould as the concrete
slides from it, in order to ensure a symmetrical
distribution of the concrete within the mould.
iv. Let each layer compact by vibration.
v. After compacting concrete in 3 layers, finish the
surface of the concrete level with the top of the mould.
vi. Stop the table and remove the mould from it.
 TEST PROCEDURES
BULK DENSITY MEASURE
(For Density of Concrete)

1. Purpose

The bulk density measure is used for determining the weight

per cubic meter of freshly mixed concrete (density) from
which the yield of concrete per cubic meter can be
calculated.

2. Procedure as per IS 1199 – methods of sampling and

analysis of concrete

i. Take freshly mixed concrete from transit mixer by

using wheel borrow.
ii. Fill the cylindrical measure with concrete as soon as
practicable after mixing.
iii. Fill the cylindrical measure with concrete in layers
approximately 5 cm deep and each layer shall be
compacted.
iv. While compacting the concrete the standard tamping
bar shall be distributed in uniform manner over the
cross section of the measure.
v. The number of strokes per layer is 60 for 10 litres
cylinder and 120 for 20 litres cylinder.
vi. The exterior surface of the cylinder shall be tapped 10
to 15 times or until no large bubbles of air appear on
the surface of the compacted layer.
vii. Strike-off the top surface and finish it smoothly with a
flat cover plate.
viii. Clean all excess concrete from the exterior and weigh
the filled measured.
ix. Density of concrete (W1): The weight per cubic
meter of concrete shall be calculated by dividing the
 weight of fully compacted concrete in the cylindrical
measure by the capacity of measure in kg/cu.m (W1).
x. Yield of concrete (V2) : The volume of concrete
produced per cum. shall be calculated as follows.
xi. V2 = Wc + Wf + Wca + Ww
W1

Wc = Weight of cement, kg
Wf = Weight of fine aggregate, kg
Wca = Weight of coarse aggregate, kg
Ww = Weight of water, kg
 TEST PROCEDURES
150 x 150MM Cube Moulds

1. Purpose

The moulds are used for making of concrete cubes as per

IS : 516 – 1959 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete.

2. Apparatus

Wheel barrow, sampling scoop, trowel cube moulds of 15 x

15 x 15 cm size and tamping bar 16 mm in diameter, 0.6 m
long and bulleted point at the lower end.

3. Procedure as per IS 516

a. Firstly decide the number of samples to be taken during

concreting.
b. Oil the interior surface of the mould with mould releasing
oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Collect the sample in a wheelbarrow after mixing the
concrete properly in the transit mixer.
d. Remix the sample thoroughly in wheelbarrow with
sampling scoop.
e. After remixing immediately fill the mould in layers
approximately 5 cm deep.
f. During filling the mould, the scoop shall be moved around
the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides from it, in
order to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the concrete
within the mould.
g. Each layer shall be compacted with the tamping rod (of
16 mm dia 60 cm long and rounded at one end) by
 minimum 35 strokes distributed in a uniform manner over
the cross-section of the mould.
h. After compacting the tip layer, top surface of the concrete
shall be finished level with the top of the mould, using a
trowel.
i. Store the cube moulds in a place which is free from
vibration and cover the surface of the concrete with a
piece of damp sacking for initial 16 to 24 hours.
j. After this period, mark the specimen and remove it from
the mould by dismantling and submerge it clean water at
a temperature of 27 +2oC and keep it till the time of
testing for compressive strength.
 TEST PROCEDURES
PENETRATION RESISTANCE APPARATUS

1. Purpose

Penetration resistance apparatus : (Penetrometer) is used to

find out initial and final setting time of concrete as per IS 8142-
Method of test for determining setting time of concrete by
penetration resistance.

2. Procedure

a. Select a representative sample of concrete of known

proportion.
b. Oil the interior surface of the cube mould with mould
releasing oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Remove all of the mortar from the sample by sieving it
through a 4.75 mm IS sieve into a mortar pan.
d. Remix the sample thoroughly and fill it in a 15 cm cube
mould in two layers, leaving a space of 13 mm (1/2 inch)
at top.
e. Compact each layer with tamping rod by tamping each
layer 25 times. For each test, a set of three cube moulds
should be filled.
f. Keep the moulds covered with a water impermeable
cover and under shed for the duration of test.
g. Prior to making each penetration resistance test, remove
bleeding water by using a pipette. For easy removal of
water, tilt the mould by placing a 3 cm block under one of
the edges and allow water to collect at the shallow portion
for 2 minutes.
h. Select 65 mm2 and 16 mm2 removable needles for initial
and final setting time respectively.

i. After removing the bleed water, insert the penetrometer

vertically into the mortar. Push the apparatus gradually
 until the needle (65 mm2) penetrates the mortar upto
scribe mark, in about 10 seconds. The force required is
indicated by the white ring.
j. Record the force required and the elapsed time after
adding water to the mix.
k. Make penetration test at hourly intervals, initial test being
made after 3 hours.
l. Leave a space of 20 mm from previous impression in
subsequent penetration test.
m. Initial setting time is read off against a penetration
resistance corresponding to 35 kg f/cm2.
n. Change the needle dia i.e. 16mm2 and final setting time is
read off against a penetration resistance corresponding to
275 kgf/cm2
 ACCELERATED CURING METHOD

1. Purpose :

To find out 28 days compressive strength of concrete in 28

hours by accelerated curing method. (As per IS 9013-1978-
Method of making, curing and determining compressive
strength of accelerated cured concrete test specimens)

Procedure :

1. After the test specimens (whose 28 days strength to be

determined) have been made, store it in moist air of at
least 90 percent humidity for 23 hours + 15 min.
2. Cover the specimens with flat steel cover plate to avoid
distortion during the use.
3. Carefully and gently lower the specimens into the curing
tank and shall remain totally immersed for a period of 3½
Hours + 15 min.
4. The temperature of water in the curing tank shall be at
boiling (100 oC) when the specimens are placed.
5. After curing for 3 ½ hours in boil water, the specimen
shall be carefully removed from the boiling water and
cooled by immersing in cooling tank at 27 +2oC for 2 hrs.
6. After cooling remove the specimens from the mould and
tested for its accelerated compressive strength (Ra) in
N/mm2.
7. The 28 days can be found out using following formula.
8. Predicted 28 days compressive strength = R28 = 8.09 +
1.64 Ra, where Ra is accelerated compressive strength
and R28 is predicted compressive strength at 28 days.
 TEST PROCEDURES
DIGITAL COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

1. Purpose :

The digital compression – testing machine is used to determine

the compressive strength of hardened concrete specimens.

Procedure as per IS 516 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete

1. Keep the specimen to be tested centrally on the

clean lower platen so that small clearance is left between the
upper platen and the top the specimen under test.
2. Close the pressure release valve.
3. Make the digital display to read “Zero” by adjusting
the zero knob.
4. Put the display unit on “Peak Hold” mode to hold the
maximum load reading.
5. Start applying the load at the specified pace rate,
which could be maintained by adjusting the slow fast knob.
6. If the pace rate is on higher side the indicator
displays red colour and the pace rate is on lower side the
indicator will display yellow colour.
7. If the pace rate is exactly equal to set rate then the
indicator will display green colour.
8. As soon as sample fails, release the pressure
slowly by opening valve.
9. The digital display will be holding the maximum load
reading at which sample has failed. Note down the pattern of
failure and calculate the compressive strength in N/mm2 or
kg/cm2.
10. Pace rate for 15 cm cube is 5.15 kN/s.
11. Before starting another test, clean the lower platen
and bring the digital display to “Zero” position by depressing the
“Reset” switch.
 TEST PROCEDURES
VICAT APPARATUS
(Standard Consistency)

1. Purpose :

It is used to determine the standard consistency, initial and final

setting of cement (As per IS 4031 – Methods of physical tests for
hydraulic cement)

Procedure for determination of standard consistency :

a. Take the Vicat apparatus and fit the standard consistency

plunger (Cylindrical one). Lower the stem and check if the
reading is zero when the plunger touches the non-porous
resting plate (glass plate). If not adjust it to zero.
b. The temperature of cement and water and that of testing room
shall be preferably within the range of 27 +2oC.
c. Coat the non-porous resting plate (glass plate) with petroleum
jelly. Place the mould after coating it lightly with petroleum
jelly on the non-porous resting plate (glass plate).
d. Take 300 g of cement.
e. Prepare a past with weighed quantity of water (30% of weight
of cement = 90ml).
f. The time from adding water to the dry cement till starting to fill
the Vicat mould should be within 3 to 5 minutes.
g. Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement past made
and smooth off the surface of the paste, make it level to the
top of the mould.
h. Place the mould under the plunger together with non-porous
resting plate.
i. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the block and
release quickly. Make sure that the dash pot works properly.
j. Measure and note down the penetration.
k. Clean the mould and plate.
l. If the value obtained is below 5 mm then try with lesser
quantity of water (say 29%, 28%, etc.) repeat steps c to k
above with the lesser water.
m. If the value obtained is above 7 mm then try with more
quantity of water (say 31%, 32% etc.) repeat steps c to k
above with more water.
n. Keep doing above tests with varying percentages of water
until the amount of water for the required penetration of 5 to
7mm value is found.
o. Standard consistency : Express the amount of water as a
percentage by weight of the dry cement.
 TEST PROCEDURES
VICAT APPARATUS
(Initial setting time of cement)

1. Procedure as per IS 4031 – Methods of physical tests for

hydraulic cement

a. Take the Vicat apparatus and fit the standard

consistency plunger (Needle type). Lower the stem and
check if the reading is zero when the plunger touches
the non-porous resting plate (glass plate). If not adjust it
to zero.
b. The temperature of cement and water and that of testing
room shall be preferably within the range of 27 + 2oC.
c. Coat the non-porous resting plate (glass plate) with
petroleum jelly. Place the mould after coating it lightly
with petroleum jelly, on the non-porous resting plate
(glass plate).
d. Take 300 g of cement.
e. Prepare a neat cement paste mixed with water which is
0.85 times that of standard consistency (i.e. If standard
consistency = 30%; water for initial setting time = 0.30 x
300 x 0.85 = 25.5 ml).
f. The time from adding water to the dry cement until
starting to fill the Vicat mould should be within 3 to 5
minutes.
g. Start the stop watch as soon as you start adding water
and mixing the cement past. The mixing should be done
using a stainless steel trowel called gauging trowel
which is available with lab equipment dealers.
h. Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste
made and smooth off the surface of the paste, make it
level to the top of the mould.
i. Place the mould under the needle (1 mm square)
together with non-porous resting plate and cement
paste.
j. Lower the needle gently to touch the surface of the block
and release quickly. Make sure that the dash pot works
properly.
k. Initially the needle will pierce completely into the test
block. Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to
penetrate into the test block by 5 + 0.5 mm from the
bottom of the mould.
l. Initial setting time : The time started from mixing of water
to the cement to the time when the needle fails to
penetrate the test block by 5 + 0.5 mm is described as
the initial setting time.
 TEST PROCEDURES
VICAT APPARATUS
(Final setting time of cement)

1. Procedure as per IS 4031 – Method of physical tests for

hydraulic cement

a. After determining the initial setting time replace the

needle of Vicat apparatus by the needle with annular
attachment.
b. Lower the attachment gently to touch the surface of the
block and release. Use the dash pot.
c. Repeat this procedure at regular intervals until the time to
find the needle makes an impression on the surface of the
block and the circular impression is not seen.
d. Final Setting time : The time elapsed from mixing of
water to the cement and the time till step c is the final
setting time of cement.
 TEST PROCEDURES
VIBRATING MACHINE
(Compressive strength of cement)

1. Procedure as per IS 4031 – Methods of physical test for

hydraulic cement

a. Take 200 g of cement and 600 gms of standard sand

conforming to IS : 650 – 1966. The 600g of standard
sand will be made up o 200g each of grade I, Ii & III Sand
purchased from TAMIN, Manali, Chennai.
b. Mix it dry with a trowel for one minute on a non-porous
mixing plate.
c. Take water @ (P/4 + 3)% of combined weight of cement
and sand (800g) where P is the standard consistency of
cement paste.
d. Mix the dry mixture with the quantity of water specified
above for 3 to 4 minutes.
e. Place the 50 cm2 ( 7.07 x 7.07 x 7.07 cm) mould on the
vibration table and clamp it to hold it firmly in position.
Attach a hopper of suitable size on the top of the mould to
facilitate filling.
f. Immediately after mixing the mortar place it in the cube
mould and tamp it with the poking rod for 20 times in
about 8 seconds.
g. Place the remaining quanitity of mortar place it in the
cube mould and tamp it again as specified for the first
layer.
h. Compact the mortar further by means of vibration for two
minutes.
i. At the end of vibration remove the mould from the
machine and finish the top surface of the cube with the
blade of a trowel.
j. Keep the filled moulds preferably at a temperature of
27 + 2oC and atleast 90 percent relative humidity for 24
hours after completion of vibration.
k. After 24 hours remove the cubes from the moulds and
immediately submerge in clean water for curing.
l. Temperature of the curing water should be preferably
27 + 2oC.
m. Cast twelve such cubes so that we can find the
compressive strength for 3 cubes each at 1 day, 3 days, 7
days and 28 days.
Report average of compressive strength of three cube
results to the nearest 5 kg/cm2.
 TEST PROCEDURES
SCHMIDT CONCRETE TEST HAMMER

1. PURPOSE

It is used for estimation of compressive strength of concrete

by rebound hammer method. (As per IS 13311 part – 2-
Non destructive testing of concrete – methods of test)

2. PROCEDURE

a. For testing, smooth, clean and dry surface preferably

bottom of the slab is to be selected.
b. If loosely adhering scale is present, this should be rubbed
of with grinding stone.
c. Release the impact bolt by applying pressure to it.
d. Place test hammer perpendicular to the test surface.
e. Press housing against the test surface at moderate speed
until impact is triggered.
f. The rebound value is arrested and read by means of the
push-button.
g. Each test point should be tested with at least 8 to 10
impacts.
h. Minimum distance between impact points 20 mm.
i. Rebound values, which are abnormally high or low, must
be eliminated.
j. After using the hammer the impact bolt is to be arrested
by means of the push-button after the initiation of an
impact.
k. Plot the average rebound value in the conversion curve to
determine the compressive strength of concrete.
l. The strength determined from the curve is to be corrected
by using correction factors (as per manual of
manufacture).
m. The test can be conducted horizontally on vertical
surfaces like column or vertically upward or downward on
horizontal surfaces like slabs and beams.
n. The correlation between compressive strength of
concrete cubes and its rebound number is to be
established for most satisfactory results.
 TEST PROCEDURES
SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE

1. Purpose :

The sieves are used for the determination of particle size

distribution of fine aggregate by sieving. (As per IS 2386 part 1 –
Methods of test for aggregates for concrete)

2. Sizes of sieves :

Sieves of the sizes 10mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.8mm, 6000 mic.,
300 mic., and 150 mic.

3. Procedure :

a. Take known weight of dry sample.

b. Sieve the sample progressively starting from the largest
sieve i.e. 10 mm
c. On completion of sieving weigh the material retained on
each sieve.
d. Calculate the percentage of sand retained in each sieve
and cumulative percentage retained on each sieve.
e. Calculate cumulative percentage passing through each
sieve.
f. Calculate the fineness modulus of sand by summing up
the cumulative percentage of sand retained on 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 mic., 300 mic., and 150 mic.,
sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
g. Find out which grading zone the sand conforms to by
checking with the table – 1 given below.
 Table 1 : Grading zones (I.S. 383) 1978

Cumulative percentage passing IS sieves for grading zone Crushed

I. S. Sieve (natural sand) Sand
I II III IV
10mm 100 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100 75-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100 55-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100 35-79
300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50 8-40
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15 0-20
75 micron 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-15
 TEST PROCEDURES
SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

1. Purpose :

The sieves are used for the determination of particle size

distribution of coarse aggregate by sieving (As per IS 2386
part I – Methods of test for aggregates for concrete)

2. Sizes of sieves required for nominal size coarse aggregate

Balance and I.S. sieves – sizes as following :

Nominal size of aggregate Sieve size (mm)

40 mm 80 mm, 63 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm,
10 mm, 4.75 mm
20 mm 40 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm
12.5 mm 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 600 mic., 150 mic.
10 mm 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36
mm, 600 mic., 150 mic.

3. Procedure :

a. Take a known weight 9 2kg) of dry aggregate.

b. Sieve the aggregate progressively starting from the
largest sieve.
c. Note down the weight of the material retained in each
sieve.
d. Calculate the percentage of aggregate retained in each
sieve.
e. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate
retained in each sieve.
f. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate
passing through each sieve.
g. Check the values of percentage passing with the limits
specified in IS 383 and record it.

Grading requirement of coarse aggregate (IS : 383)

25 mm
20 mm
12.5 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
 TEST PROCEDURES
SILT CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE
(BY VOLUME METHOD)

1. Purpose :

The 250 ml capacity glass-measuring cylinder is used for

determination of silt and clay content in sand on volume
basis.
2. Procedure :

a. Fill the glass-measuring cylinder with sample of sand

upto 100 ml mark.
b. Add clean water upto 150 ml and shake the contents
well.
c. Allow contents to settle for 15 to 20 min.
d. Clay and silt will be seen as a separate layer over
sand.
e. Measure the total height of material (A).
f. Measure the height of sand layer (B).
g. Find out height of silt and clay layer (A-B).
h. Calculate the percentage of silt and clay in the total
sand layer.
i. Calculation : Silt & Clay %, (A-B) /B* 100
 SIEVE SHAKER

1. Purpose :

Sieve shaker is used for the process of sieving easier and

quicker as per IS 2386 part I – Methods of test for
aggregates for concrete.

2. Procedure :

a. Unbolt the nuts of the sliding retaining plate, raise it

to a suitable height and tighten the nuts.
b. Select the required group of sieves for the sieve
analysis.
c. On the base of the sieve holder mount the sieves in
order of decreasing opening size from top to
bottom, together with a receiver fitted below the
bottom sieve.
d. Keep the material on the top sieve.
e. Place the lid on the sieve.
f. Unbolt the nuts of the clamping plate, slide it down
to pass the whole sieve assembly and tighten the
nuts.
g. Start the sieve shaker by switching on the motor,
and continue the sieving operation for specified time
say 10 minutes.
h. At the end of sieving operation, dismantle the sieve
assembly and collect separately the material
retained on each sieve and on the receiver for
weighin

TEST PROCEDURES
AIR OVEN
 1. Purpose

Air oven is used to dry the material for finding out

moisture content present in aggregate. Moisture content
of aggregate is the percentage of weight of water in the
aggregate sample to the total dry weight of the aggregate
sample. The procedure is the same for both coarse and
fine aggregate.

2. Procedure

a. Take the moist or wet sample weigh (W1)

b. Dry it in a hot air oven for 10-15 min. at the
temperature of 100oC.
c. Take the sample out of air oven and cool it.
d. Take the weight of dry sample (W2).

3. Calculation
Moisture content of aggregate is calculated as follows :
M=(W1-W2) / W2 x 100

Where

M = Moisture content of aggregate, %

W1=weight of moist sample, gm
W2= weight of dry sample, gm
 TEST PROCEDURES
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR AGGREGATE

1. Purpose :

The pycnometer is used to determine the specific gravity of

aggregate as per IS 2386 part III – Methods of test for aggregates
for concrete.

2. Procedure

a. Weight an empty pycnometer (W1)

b. Fill up half of the pycnometer with dry aggregate sample
and weigh.
c. Add water to the sample, fill the pycnometer with water,
roll it on a flat surface and then fill it completely with water
and weigh (W3).
d. Empty the contents of the pycnometer, refill it with water
only and weigh. (W4).
e. Calculate the specific gravity using this formula.
Specific Gravity = (W2 – W1) / [(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)]

Where W1 = weight of empty pycnometer, g.

W2 = weight of pycnometer and dry aggregate, g.
W3 = weight of pycnometer with aggregate and water, g
W4 = weight of pycnometer filled with only water, g
 TEST PROCEDURES

CYLINDRICAL METAL MEASURE

(For Density of Aggregate)

1. Purpose :

The cylindrical metal measures are used for determining unit

weight or bulk density of aggregate.

2. Procedure as per IS 2386 part III- Methods of test for

aggregates for concrete
A. Rodded or Compacted Density

a. Fill the measure about 1/3rd height with thoroughly

mixed aggregate.
b. Tamp it with 25 strokes of the rounded end of
tamping rod.
c. Again fill the measure with approx. same quantity
& tamp it with 25 strokes.
d. Overflow the measure with aggregate, tamp it 25
times & struck off surplus aggregate with tamping
rod.
e. Determine the net weight of aggregate by knowing
empty weight of measure and calculate Bulk
density in Kg/cu.m.

B. Loose Density

a. Fill the measure to overflow with aggregate by

discharging from height not more than 5 cm above
the top of measure.
b. Level the sample with a straight edge.
c. Determine the net weight of aggregate by knowing
empty weight of measure and calculate Bulk
density in Kg/cu.m.
 TEST PROCEDURES
LENGTH GAUGE

1. Purpose

The length gauge is used to determine the Elongation index

of coarse aggregate (As per IS 2386 part – 1 – Method of
test for aggregates for concrete)

2. Procedure

a. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that

atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present.
b. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e. 63
mm.
c. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50 mm,
50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 25 mm, 31.5 mm to 25 mm,
25 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to 12.5 mm,
12.5 mm to 10 mm 10 mm to 6.3 mm.
d. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by one
through the corresponding shot provided in the gauge.
Keep the particles retained by the length separately.
e. Weigh the particles retained on length gauge.
f. Elongation index is the total weight of the material
retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

3. Calculation

Elongation index of aggregate in % is calculated as

follows:

Ei = (W1/W2) x 100%

Where
W1 = Weight of particles retained in length gauge, g
W2 = Weight of total sample taken for test, g
 TEST PROCEDURES
THICKNESS GAUGE

1. Purpose :

Thickness gauge is used to find out flakiness index of coarse

aggregate. (As per IS 2386 part 1 – Methods of test for
aggregates for concrete).

2. Procedure :

i. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that

atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present. This is
not applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
ii. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e.
63 mm.
iii. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50
mm, 50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 31.5mm, 31.5 mm
to 25 mm, 25 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 16 mm, 16
mm to 12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 10 mm and 10 mm to
6.3 mm.
iv. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by
one through the corresponding slot provided in the
gauge. Keep the particles passing through the slot
of the gauge and retained in gauge separately.
v. Note the number of particles passing and not
passing through the corresponding slot in the gauge
for each fraction.
vi. Calculate for each fraction the following :
a. Percentage of number of particles passing the
slot to the total number of particles in fraction.
This is noted as X.
b. Percentage of weight of particles in fraction taken
for testing to the total weight of particles in
fraction taken for the test (total qty.). This is
noted as Y.
3. Calculation :

Flakiness Index = Fi = X (Xi – Yi)/100%

i=1 to n
Where
Xi = Percentage of number of particles passing the slot
to the total number of particles in that fraction, %
Yi = Percentage of weight of particles in fraction to the
total weight of particles in all fraction, %
 IMPACT VALUE TEST FOR 10 mm AGGREGATE

1. Purpose :

The impact test machine is used to determine the aggregate

impact value of coarse aggregate as per IS 2386 Part IV – 1963
– Methods of test for aggregates for concrete

2. Procedure :

1. Take about 1000 g of dry sample passing through 12.5

mm IS sieve and retained on 10 mm IS sieve.
2. Fill the cylindrical metal measure with the dried sample.
The sample should be placed in three increments, each
increment being rodded 25 times with the tamping rod.
3. Strike off the excess sample using the tamping rod as a
straight edge.
4. Take the weight of sample in the measure (W1).
5. Now drop the hammer in the testing machine 15 times on
the sample test in the cup. Height of the fall of the
hammer should be 380 mm. The interval between each
blow should be about one second.
6. Remove the sample from the cup and sieve it on 2.36 mm
IS sieve until no more sample passes through the sieve.
7. Find the weight of sample retained on 2.36 mm sieve
(W2).
8. Repeat the test for another sample from the same lot and
calculate the average of the two values.
9. Calculation :

Aggregate impact value, % = (W1 – W2) W1 x 100

Where
W1 = weight of dry sample passing through 12.5 mm IS
sieve and retained on 10 mm IS sieve, g
W2 = weight of dry sample retained on 2.36 mm IS
sieve, g
10. Report the aggregate impact value in percentage and as
the mean of two determinations rounded off to the nearest
whole number.
 TEST PROCEDURES
SIEVES FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

Sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate consists of material above 4.75mm size. It may be

crushed aggregate of natural gravel of different sizes.

Apparatus

Balance and I.S. sieves – sizes as following :

Nominal size of aggregate Sieve size (mm)

40 mm 80 mm, 63 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm,
10 mm, 4.75 mm
20 mm 40 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm
12.5 mm 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 600 mic., 150 mic.
10 mm 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36
mm, 600 mic., 150 mic.

Procedure :

a. Take a known weight (2 kg) of dry aggregate reduced by

quartering.
b. Sieve the aggregate progressively starting from the
largest sieve.
c. Note down the weight of material retained in each sieve.
d. Calculate the percentage of aggregate retained in each
sieve.
e. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate
retained in each sieve.
f. Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate
passing through each sieve.
g. Check the values of percentage passing with the limits
specified in IS 383 and enter the values.
h. If the grading deviates from limit specified, it can be
corrected by blending it to coarser of finer size fractions
available to make it according to the limit specified in IS
383 (Grades Coarse Aggregate).
 TEST PROCEDURES

ELONGATION TEST

1. Elongation Index

Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of

particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than one
and four-fifth times their mean dimension.
It is measured on particles passing through mesh size of 63
mm and retained on mesh size 6.3 mm.

2. Apparatus

Balance, Elongation gauge (Length gauge) and IS sieves of the

following mesh sizes – 63 mm, 50 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20
mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm 10 mm and 6.3 mm

3. Procedure

a. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that

atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present. This is
not applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
b. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e.
63 mm.
c. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50 mm,
50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 25 mm, 31.5 mm to 25
mm, 25 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to
12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 10 mm and 10 mm to 6.3 mm.
d. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by
one through the corresponding slot provided in the
gauge. Keep the particles retained by the length
separately. The aim should be to retain as much as
possible to avoid testing bias.
e. Weigh the particles retained on length gauge.
f. Elongation index is the total weight of the material
retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
Calculation

Elongation index of aggregate in % is calculated as follows:

Ei = (W1/W2) x 100%
Where
W1 = weight of particles retained in length gauge,g
W2 = weight of total sample taken for test, g

Reporting

Report the elongation index in percentage rounded off to the

nearest whole number.
 TEST PROCEDURES

FLAKINESS TEST

1. Flakiness Index :

Flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of

particles in it whose least dimension (thickness) is less then three-
fifth of their mean dimension. It is measured on particles passing
through mesh size of 63 mm and retained on mesh size 6.3 mm.

2. Apparatus :

Balance, Flakiness gauge (thickness gauge) and GI sieves of the

following mesh sizes – 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm,
20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 6.3 mm.

3. Procedure :

a. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that

atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present. This is
not applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
b. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e.
63 mm.
c. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50 mm,
50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 31.5 mm, 31.5 mm to 25
mm, 25 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to
12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 10 mm and 10 mm to 6.3 mm.
d. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by
one through the corresponding slot provided in the
gauge. Keep the particles passing through the slot of
the gauge and retained in gauge separately. The aim
should be to pass as many as possible through the slot
to avoid testing bias.
e. Calculate for each fraction the following :
a. Percentage of number of particles passing the slot
to the total number of particles in fraction. This is
noted as X.
 b. Percentage of weight of particles in fraction taken
for testing to the total weight of particles in all
fractions taken for the test (total qty.). This is
noted as Y.

Calculation

Flakiness Index = Fi = ∑ (Xi – Yi)/100%

Where
Xi = Percentage of number of particles passing the slot to
the total number of particles in the fraction, %.
Yi = Percentage of weight of particles in fraction to the
total weight of particles in all fraction, %

Reporting

Report the flakiness index in percentage rounded off to the

nearest whole number.
 TEST PROCEDURES

PENETROMETER

1. Initial setting time of concrete by penetration resistance

Initial setting time of concrete is the time interval required for the
mortar sieved from the concrete mixture to reach a penetration
resistance of 3.43 N/mm2 (35 kgf/cm2) after the initial contact of
cement and water.

2. Apparatus

Concrete cube moulds of 15 cm x 15 cm size, penetrometer

graduated from 0 kgf to 60 kgf in increments of 2 kgf, pipette, tamping
rod of 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length rounded at one end.

Procedure

a. Select a representative sample of concrete of known

proportion.
b. Oil the interior surface of the cube mould with mould
releasing oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Remove all of the mortar from the sample by sieving it
through a 4.75 mm IS sieve into a mortar pan.
d. Remix the sample thoroughly and fill it in a 15 cm cube
mould in two layers, leaving a space of 13 mm (1/2 inch) at
top.
e. Compact each layer with tamping rod by tamping each layer
25 times. For each test, a set of three cube moulds should
be filled.
f. Keep the moulds covered with a water – impermeable cover
and under shed for the duration of test.
g. Prior to making each penetration resistance test, remove
bleeding water by using a pipette. For easy removal of
water, tilt the mould by placing a 3 cm block under one of the
edges and allow water to collect at the shallow portion for 2
minutes.
h. After removing the bleed water, insert the pocket
penetrometer vertically into the mortar. Push the apparatus
 gradually until the needle penetrates the mortar upto the
scribe mark, in about 10 seconds. The force required is
indicated by the white ring.
i. Record the force required and the elapsed time after adding
water to the mix.
j. Make penetration tests at hourly intervals, initial test being
made after 3 hours.
k. Leave a space of 20 mm from previous impressions in
subsequent penetration tests.
l. Plot the penetration resistance against time. Initial setting
time is read off against a penetration resistance
corresponding to 35 kgf/Cm2.

Reporting :

Average value of elapsed time of three tests shall be reported as

initial setting time. Report the type and proportion of cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and the water-cement ration with
ambient temperature during test period with the result.
 TEST PROCEDURES

CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBE MOULDS

1. MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE CUBES:

This method covers the procedure for making and curing of

concrete cubes as per IS : 516 – 1959.

2. APPARATUS :

Wheel barrow, sampling scoop, trowel, cube moulds of 15 x

15 x 15 cm size and tamping bar 16 mm in diameter, 0.6 m
long and bulleted point at the lower end.

3. PROCEDURE :

a. Firstly decide the number of samples to be taken during

concreting.
b. Oil the interior surface of the mould with mould releasing
oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Collect the sample in a wheelbarrow after mixing the
concrete properly in the transit mixer.
d. Remix the sample thoroughly in wheelbarrow with
sampling scoop.
e. After remixing immediately fill the mould in layers
approximately 5 cm deep.
f. During filling the mould, the scoop shall be moved around
the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides from it, in
order to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the concrete
within the mould.
g. Each layer shall be compacted with the tamping rod by
minimum 35 strokes distributed in a uniform manner over
the cross-section of the mould.
h. After compacting the top layer, top surface of the concrete
shall be finished level with the top of the mould, using a
trowel.
i. Store the cube moulds in a place which Is free from
vibration and cover the surface of the concrete with a
piece of damp sacking for initial 16 to 24 hours.
 TEST PROCEDURES

SLUMP TEST

1. SLUMP TEST

This method of test specifies the procedure to be adopted,

either in the laboratory or in the field during work, for
determining the workability of concrete where the nominal
maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm.

2. APPARATUS

Metal slump cone of at least 1.6 mm thickness provided with

suitable base plate and also handles for lifting it from the
moulded concrete test specimen vertically. Internal
dimension of the cone should have the following sizes :
Bottom diameter 20 cm
Top diameter 10 cm
Height 30 cm
Tamping rod of 16 mm diameter, 0.6 m long and rounded at
one end.

3. PROCEDURE :
a. Firstly decide the frequency of slump value to be taken
during concreting.
b. Oil the interior surface of the slump cone with mould
releasing oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
c. Place the slump cone on a leveled surface.
d. Collect the sample in a wheelbarrow after mixing the
concrete properly in the transit mixer.
e. Remix the sample thoroughly in wheel barrow with
sampling scoop.
f. After remixing immediately fill the slump cone in layers
approximately one – quarter of the height of the cone.
g. Each layer shall be compacted with the tamping rod by 25
strokes distributed in a uniform manner over the cross-
section of the cone and for the second and subsequent
layers tamping rod shall penetrate into the underlying
layer.
 h. After compacting the top layer, the concrete shall be
struck off level with the top of the slump cone, using a
trowel. Any mortar, which may have leaked out between
the mould and the base plate, shall be cleaned away.
i. Unscrew the slump cone from the base plate and remove
it immediately from the concrete by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.
j. After the concrete subsides place the slump cone on the
base plate in reverse position and place a scale on it.
Measure the height between the top of the mould and the
highest point of the specimen being tested.

4. REPORTING OF SLUMP VALUE :

The slump measured shall be reported in terms of millimeters of

subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any slump
specimen, which collapses or shears off laterally, shall be
repeated with another sample. If, in the repeat test also, the
specimen shears, the slump shall be measured and the fact
that the specimen sheared, shall be reported. Take corrective
action to make the mix cohesive.
 TEST PROCEDURES

DENSITY CYLINDER FOR AGGREGARE (Coarse and Fine)

1. Bulk density of aggregate

This method of test covers the procedure for determining unit

weight or bulk density of aggregate

2. Apparatus

Balance cylindrical metal measure with handle and tamping rod

of 16 mm dia. And 60 cm long, rounded at one end.
Sizes of metal measures for different sizes of aggregate are
given in table – 1. A straight tamping rod of cylindrical c/s 16
mm in diameter, 60 cm long and rounded at one end.

Table 1 : Size of container for Bulk density test

Size of largest Nominal Inside Inside Height Thickness of

particles Capacity diameter cm Metal
Litre cm Min mm
4.75 mm and 3 15 17 3.15
under

Over 4.75 mm 15 25 30 4.00

to 40 mm

Over 40 mm 30 35 31 5.00

3. Procedure

Rodded or Compacted weight –

a. Fill the measure about 1/3rd height with thoroughly mixed

aggregate.
b. Tamp it with 25 strokes of the rounded end of tamping
rod.
c. Again fill the measure with approx. same quantity & tamp
it with 25 strokes.
d. Overflow the measure, tamp it 25 times and struck off
surplus aggregate with tamping rod.
e. Determine the net weight of aggregate and calculate Bulk
density in Kg/lit.

Loose Density –

a. Fill the measure to overflow with aggregate by

discharging from height not more than 5 cm above the top
of measure.
b. Level the sample with a straight edge.
c. Determine the net weight of aggregate and calculate Bulk
density in Kg/lit.
 TEST PROCEDURES

PYCNOMETER

1. Specific gravity of aggregates

This method cover the procedure for finding the specific gravity of
aggregate using glass pycnometer.

2. Apparatus

Pycnometer (glass bottle with conical cap) and balance.

3. Procedure

a. Weigh an empty pycnometer.

b. Fill up half of the pycnometer with dry aggregate sample and
weigh.
c. Add water to the sample, fill the pycnometer with water, roll it
on a flat surface and then fill it completely with water and
weigh.
d. Empty the contents of the pycnometer, refill it with water only
and weigh.
e. Calculate the specific gravity using this formula,

Sp. Gravity = (W2-W1) [(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)]

Where
W1

Where W1 = weight of empty pycnometer, g.

W2 = weight of pycnometer and dry aggregate, g.
W3 = weight of pycnometer with aggregate and water, g
W4 = weight of pycnometer filled with only water, g
 TEST PROCEDURES

AIR OVEN

1. Moisture Content of Aggregate

Moisture content of aggregate is the percentage of weight of

water in the aggregate sample to the total dry weight of the
aggregate sample. The procedure is the same for both coarse
and fine aggregate.

2. Apparatus

One hot plate or over, tray and balance

3. Procedure

a. Take the weight of moist or wet sample

b. Dry it in a hot plate or oven
c. Take the weight of dry sample

4. Calculation

Moisture content of aggregate is calculated as follows :

M=(W1 – W2)/W2 x 100
Where
M = Moisture content of aggregate, %
W1 = Weight of moist sample, g
W2 = Weight of dry sample, g
 TESTING METHOD OF IMPACT TEST MACHINE

(As per IS 2386 Part IV) – 1963

Purpose :

This method is used to determine the aggregate impact value of

coarse aggregate

Procedure :

a. Take about 1000 g of dry sample passing through 12.5 mm IS

sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve.
b. Fill the cylindrical metal measure with the dried sample. The
sample should be placed in three increments, each increment
being rodded 25 times with the tamping rod.
c. Strike off the excess sample using the tamping rod as a straight
edge.
d. Take the weight of sample in the measure (W1)
e. Now drop the hammer in the testing machine 15 times on the
sample kept in the cup. Height of the fall of the hammer should
be 380 mm. The interval between each blow should be about
one second.
f. Remove the sample from the cup and sieve it one 2.36 mm IS
sieve until no more sample passes through the sieve.
g. Find the weight of the sample retained on 2.36 mm sieve (W2).
h. Repeat the test for another sample from the same lot and
calculate the average of the two values.
i. Calculation :

Aggregate impact value, % = (W1-W2)/W1 x 100

Where
W1 = weight of dry sample passing through 12.5mm IS sieve
and retained on 10 mm IS sieve, g
W2 = weight of dry sample retained on 2.36 mm IS sieve, g
j. Report the aggregate impact value in percentage and as the
mean of two determinations rounded off to the nearest whole
number.
 TEST PROCEDURES

Air Oven for Aggregate (Coarse and Fine)

1. Moisture content of Aggregate

Moisture content of aggregate is the percentage of weight or water

in the aggregate sample to the total dry weight of the aggregate
sample. The procedure is the same for both coarse and fine
aggregate.

2. Apparatus

One hot plate or oven tray and balance

3. Procedure

a. Take the weight of moist or wet sample

b. Dry it in a hot plate or oven
c. Take the weight of dry sample

4. Calculation

Moisture content of aggregate is calculated as follows :

M=(W1-W2) / W2 x 100
Where
M = Moisture content of aggregate, %
W1 = Weight of moist sample, g
W2 = Weight of dy sample, g
 TEST PROCEDURES

ELONGATION GAUGE COARSE AGGREGATE

1. Elongation Index :

Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of

particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than one
and four-fifth times their mean dimension. It is measured on
particles passing through mesh size of 63 mm and retained on
mesh size 6.3 mm.

2. Apparatus :

Balance, Elongation gauge (Length gauge) and IS sieves of the

following mesh sizes – 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25
mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 6.3 mm.

3. Procedure :

a. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that

atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present. This is not
applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
b. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e.
63 mm.
c. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50 mm,
50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 25 mm, 25 mm to 20 mm, 20
mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to 12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 10 mm
and 10 mm to 6.3 mm.
d. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by one
through the corresponding slot provided in the gauge.
Keep the particles retained by the length separately. The
aim should be to retain as much as possible to avoid
testing bias.
e. Weigh the particles retained on length gauge.
f. Elongation index is the total weight of the material
retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
4. Calculation :

Elongation index of aggregate in % is calculated as follows :

Ei = (W1 / W2) x 100, %

Where
W1 = weight of particles retained in length gauge, g
W2= weight of total sample taken for test, g

5. Reporting :

Report the elongation index in percentage rounded off to the

nearest whole number.
 TEST PROCEDURES

FLAKINESS GAUGE FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

1. Flakiness Index
Flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of
particles in it whose least dimension (thickness) is less then
three-fifth of their mean dimension. It is measure on particles
passing through mesh size of 63 mm and retained on mesh
size 6.3 mm.

2. Apparatus
Balance, Flakiness gauge (thickness gauge) and GI sieves of
the following mesh sizes – 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm,
25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 6.3 mm.

3. Procedure
a. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that
atleast 200 pieces of any fraction is present. This is not
applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
b. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves
mentioned above starting from the largest sieve i.e. 63
mm.
c. Separate all the individual fractions – 63 mm to 50 mm,
50 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 31.5 mm, 31.5 mm to 25 mm,
25 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to 12.5 mm,
12.5 mm to 10 mm and 10 mm to 6.3 mm.
d. Take all the fraction separately, gauge them one by one
through the corresponding slot provided in the gauge.
Keep the particles passing through the slot of the gauge
and retained in gauge separately. The aim should be to
pass as many as possible through the slot to avoid testing
bias.
e. Note the number of particles passing and not passing
through the corresponding slot in the gauge for each
fraction.
f. Calculate for each fraction the following :
1. Percentage of number of particle passing the slot to
the total number of particles in fraction. This is noted
as X.
2. Percentage of weight of particles in fraction taken for
testing to the total weight of particles in all fractions
taken for the test (total qty.). This is noted as Y.

Calculation :

Flakiness Index = Fi = X (Xi – Yi)/100%

i=1 to n
Where
Xi = Percentage of number of particles passing the slot
to the total number of particles in that fraction, %
Yi = Percentage of weight of particles in fraction to the
total weight of particles in all fraction, %

Reporting :

Report the flakiness index in percentage rounded off to the

nearest whole number.
 TEST PROCEDURES

SIEVES FOR FINE AGGREGATE

1. Purpose :
The sieves are used for the determination of particle size
distribution of fine aggregate by sieving.

2. Sieve analysis of Fine Aggregate :

Fine aggregate consists of material mostly between 4.75 mm
and 150 micron. It may be natural sand or crushed stone dust.
Sand based on sieve analysis is classified into four zones
conforming to zone-I, zone-II, zone-III and zone-IV as per IS-
383.

3. Sizes of sieves :
Sieves of the sizes 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600
mic., 300 mic., and 150 mic. And weighing balance.

4. Procedure :
a. Take known weight of dry sample (about 1 kg min.)
b. Sieve the sample progressively starting from the largest
sieve i.e. 10 mm.
c. On completion of sieving weigh the material retained on
each sieve.
d. Calculate cumulative percentage of sand retained in each
sieve and cumulative percentage retained on each sieve.
e. Calculate cumulative percentage passing through each
size.
f. Calculate the fineness modulus of sand by summing up
the cumulative percentage of sand retained on 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 1.18mm, 600 mic., 300 mic., and 150 mic.
Sives and dividing the sum by 100.
g. Find out which grading zone the sand conforms to by
checking with the table – 1 given below :
 Table 1 : Grading zones (I.S. 383) 1978

Cumulative percentage passing IS sieves for grading zone Crushed

I. S. Sieve (natural sand) Sand
I II III IV
10mm 100 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100 75-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100 55-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100 35-79
300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50 8-40
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15 0-20
75 micron 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-15