ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS – decleration of a person’s right & previlages
SECTION 1 - No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.
CRIMES AGAINST PERSON:
1. Murder
2. Homicide
3. Giving Assistance to suicide
CRIMES AGAINST LIBERTY:
1. Kidnapping and Serious illegal detention
2. Unlawful arrest
3. Slavery
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY:
1. Robbery
2. Theft
3. Swindling (Estafa)
SECTION 2 - The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches & seizures
of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable
cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination
under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he
may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and
the persons or things to be seized.
SCOPE OF THE PROTECTION
 PERSON – the protection applies to everybody, to
citizens as well as aliens in the Philippines whether
accused of crime or not.
 HOUSES – the protection is not limited to dwelling
houses but extends to a garage, warehouse, shop, store,
office and even a safety deposit vault.
 PAPERS AND EFFECT – they include sealed letters and
packages in the mail.
1. SEARCH WARRANT – an order in writing issued in the name
of the people of the Philippines, signed by a judge
2. WARRANT OF ARREST – is a written order issued by the
judge to arrest a person or take him into custody to make him
answer for an offense in violation of a law.
SECTION 3
1. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall
be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or
when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed
by law.
2. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
SECTION 4 - No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of
speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress
of grievances.
4. Infanticide and Abortion
5. Parricide – Killing of family members/illegitimate
4. Inducing minor to abandon his home
5. Exploitation of Child Labor
6. Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debt
4. Altering boundaries or landmarks
5. Brigandage
6. Arson
SECTION 5 - No law shall be made respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed.
No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights
SECTION 6 - The liberty of abode and of changing the same
within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except
upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel
be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
SECTION 7 - The right of the people to information on matters
of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records,
and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research
data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
SECTION 8 - The right of the people, including those employed
in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations,
or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
SECTION 9 - Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation.
SECTION 10 - No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall
be passed.
SECTION 11 - Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
SECTION 12
1. Any person under investigation for the commission of
an offense shall have the right to be informed of his
right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If
the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights cannot be
waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any
other means which vitiate the free will shall be used
against him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention
are prohibited.
3. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of
this or Section 17 here of shall be inadmissible in
evidence against him.
4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
violations of this section as well as compensation to
and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar
practices, and their families.
SECTION 13 - All persons, except those charged with offenses
punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is
strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by
law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive
bail shall not be required.
SECTION 14
1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal
offense without due process of law.
2. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be
presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial,
and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,
and to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment,
trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the
accused provided that he has been duly notified and
his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
SECTION 15 - The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when
the public safety requires it.
SECTION 16 - All persons shall have the right to a speedy
disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies.
SECTION 17 - No person shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
SECTION 18
1. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his
political beliefs and aspirations.
2. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except
as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted.
SECTION 19
1. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither
shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the
Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.
2. The employment of physical, psychological, or
degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate
penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be
dealt with by law.
SECTION 20 - No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-
payment of a poll tax.
SECTION 21 - No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of
punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law
and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
SECTION 22 - No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be
enacted.
 An ex post facto law is a law that retroactively
changes the legal consequences of actions that were
committed, or relationships that existed, before the
enactment of the law.
Good Leadership

 Leadership
 The ability to motivate people to accomplish goals.
 Characteristics of a good leader
 Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate people to believe in their vision
 can make sound judgements and decisions.
 are very passionate and intensely obsessed in whatever they are focused on
 show compassion for their supporters and followers.
 are captivating, charming individuals who tend to draw people toward them.
 are usually great orators and persuaders.
 are determined to attain their goals in spite of the obstacles and problems.
 Good leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice what they preach and keep their promise.
 are bold, willing to take the risks, and determined to chase their dreams amid the reality of fear and uncertainty.
 Good leaders observe self-control and order.
 Traits of a good leader (Maxwell, 1999)

 Character  Commitment  Competence

 Charisma  Communication  Courage

TRANSACTIONAL and TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Transactional Transformational
Emphasizes corrective action and mutual exchanges Starts from recognition of what the members need and
and rewards only when performance expectations are the steps toward achieving these needs, and relating
met. rewards to effort.
Leaders direct most activities by telling each person Leaders trust their subordinates and give them enough
what to do, when to do it, and how to do it. space to breathe and grow.
Based on power that makes use of rewards and He/she lives out values, demonstrates personal
coercion to deliver benefits to members (patronage), qualities, is approachable and accessible, and accepts
or to force or instill as illustrated by colonization, vote- pressure to perform.
buying and similar methods.
 Transformational Leadership
 occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of
the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stimulate their employees to look beyond their own self- interest for the
good of the group.
 Behaviors of a Transformational Leader
1. Is articulate in creating compelling vision of the future
2. Uses stories and symbols to communicate his/ her vision and message
3. Specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and collective mission
4. Talks optimistically and enthusiastically and expresses confidence that goals will be achieved
5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her followers by doing the right thing rather that simply doing things right
6. Instills pride in employees
7. Talks most about important values and beliefs
8. Considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions
9. Seeks different perspective when solving problems
10. Encourages employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in new ways
11. Spends time teaching and coaching
12. Considers each individual employee’s different needs, abilities, and aspirations
13. Is compassionate, appreciative, and responsive to each employee and recognizes and celebrates each employee’s
achievements
 Four Components of Transformational Leadership

1. Charisma 2. Individualized consideration

 3. Inspirational Motivation 4. Intellectual simulation

 Virtuous Cycle of Leadership Control

 A leader should be energetic, sympathetic, friendly, and understanding to ensure the enthusiastic cooperation of followers.
 He / She should have confidence in knowing and doing his/her job to gain the confidence of followers.
 He / She should be an example to followers.
 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

1. Be proactive 4. Think win-win 6. Synergize

2. Begin with the end in mind 5. Seek first to understand, then 7. Sharpen the saw
3. Put first thing first to be understood

Teamwork - working collaboratively with group of people

Time Management - budgeting one’s time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity
Decision-making - selecting the most logical choice from among two or more options
 CONSIDERATIONS:
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Evaluation of possible options to determine which one meets the decision objectives
 Selection of the best option after an in-depth evaluation
 Involvement in Decision-making
1. Consensus or Agreement - compromising possibilities after all opinions have been heard
2. Majority - voting is considered the most effective way to make a decision
3. Minority - not consciously organized, but a few powerful personalities dominate the group, often unconsciously
4. Silent Consensus -leads to unanimous decisions
5. Clique - small group whose members plan beforehand
6. Handclasp - one person makes a suggestion and another commends it
7. One-person Decision - quickly made, but later when the decider needs free or voluntary support from others to implement the
decision, he/she might find trouble getting it
8. Plop - when a group makes a decision by not making a decision at all
 Difficulties in Decision-making
 Fear of consequences brings division and disagreement.
 Conflicting loyalties of one person as a member of different groups frequently leads to divided loyalties about decisions
 Interpersonal conflicts and personal differences evoke various feelings among members, which interfere with sound decision-
making.
 Hidden agenda or secret motive can hinder decision-making for reasons a member does not share with the group.
 Blundering methods - using rigid procedure that leaves little room for expressing differing views,
 Inadequate leadership - restricts the expression of opinions and discussion on issues. Leaders fail to provide assistance in
selecting appropriate methods for decision-making
 Clash of interest - occurs when different groups or individuals within an organization have opposing interests.

Transformational leadership is an organizational system framework that influences people to come together around a common vision.

One of the marks of a good leader is the ability to listen, learn, and lead his/her followers toward the
attainment of goals. He /She is adept in teamwork, time management, and decision-making.

HEALTH AWARENESS
DISEASE TRIANGLE- a conceptual model. used to predict epidemiological outcomes
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE – spread from one person to another. Caused by germs/pathogens (CATCHING)
(ex. Virus, bacteria, fungi)

 DENGUE FEVER – a febrile disease caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus
Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.
 MALARIA - a vector-borne infectious disease. fatal disease caused by a parasite that
commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.
o Caused by a Plasmodium falciparum & spread of vector
o Sign: Flu-like illness, diarrhea, vomiting, joint pains, fever
o Treatment: prescribtion drugs & anti- malarial drugs

 CHOLERA - An acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food

o Signs: loss of skin, low BP, vomiting, increase thirst, weight loss, diarrhea,
loss of skin elasticity
o Prevent: drink safe water that is boiled, wash hands after toilet, cook food properly, wash fruit & veg.

 AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU) - A viruses found chiefly in birds, but infections can occur in humans
o Signs: cough, high fever, fatigue, headache, nose bleed, runny nose, upset stomach, loss of appetite
o Prevent: avoid touching poultry, cook poultry and eggs b4 eating, wash hands, avoid visiting wet market

 H1N1 (SWINE FLU) - a ‘’ quadruple reassortant’’ virus since it contains two genes found in flu viruses which circulate among pigs
o Sign: lethargy, lack of appetite, coughing, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, runny nose, sore throat, fever
o Prevent: get vac. , exercise, eat right, smile, don’t touch your face, wash hands

 THYPHOID FEVER - caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria or the Salmonella paratyphi

o Sign: abdominal pain, ulcer, loss of appitite, diarhea, hallucination, constip. , dehydration
o Prevent: improve personal hygiene , improve sanitary habits, wash food thoroughly, avoid preserving food at warm
temp. & re heating food.

NON-COMMUNICABLE (chronic - diseases)- diseases of long duration and generally slow progression.
4 major cat.:
 Cardiovascular diseases  Chronic respiratory diseases
 Diabetes  cancer
 HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) - lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and
sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
recorded with 2 numbers:
1. The systolic pressure (higher number) - force at which your heart pumps blood around your body.
2. The diastolic pressure (lower number) - resistance to the blood flow in the blood vessels.
 NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE - 120/80 or lower is considered normal.
 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE - 140/90 or higher is considered high (hypertension)
 LOW BLOOD PRESSURE – known as hypotension
Sign: fatigue, severe headache, difficulty breathing, chest pain, blood in urine, irreg. heartbeat
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) - conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty
deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots.
o heart attack - occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked. a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances,
which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries).
o stroke - sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain. caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain
(ischemic stroke).
Sign: confusion, difficulty understanding, dizziness, loss of balance, numbness, severe headache, trouble speaking &
walking, vision changes, weakness
 DIABETES - a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high.
Glucose - from the foods you eat.
Insulin - hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy
Types:
Type 1 diabetes- can develop at any age, but occurs most frequently in children. Your boy produces very little? No insulin (u
need daily insulin injections to maintain blood glucose)
Type 2 diabetes - your body does not make good use of the insulin that it produces. require oral drugs and/or insulin to keep
their blood glucose levels under control.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) - consists of high blood glucose during pregnancy
 CANCER- abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Classification:

 Carcinomas - begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands. Forms solid tumors. ( most
common type of cancer)
Ex. prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
 Sarcomas - begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood
vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
 Leukemia - cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably.
4 main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid
leukemia.
 Lymphomas - begins in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands that help fight infection.
2 main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
 Adenomas - arise in the thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and other glandular tissues.