Coalition government

Introduction:

The term coalition is derived from Latin word which means “ to grow together” . It means the act of
uniting parties into one body. Politically it means an alliance of distinct political parties

The coalition government can be defined in the following way

When the several political parties join hands to form the government and exercise the political
power on the basis of common agenda or program

Indian govt. And politics by Ghai K.K

Coalition usually occur in the parliamentary system when no single party can muster an majority of
votes and two or more political parties who have enough elected members between them to form the
majority . The reason of their coalition may be agree on the common programe and they do not require
too much drastic compromise with their individual policies so they will proceeds to form the
government.

Coalition govt. Denotes a cooperative arrangement under which distinct political parties or at all events
the members of political parties united to form the govt. Or ministry.

the coalition govt. Is direct related to multi party system in the democratic setup. It is also the
phenomenon of multiparty govt. System where the number of minority parties joined the hands for the
purpose od running government

History 1947 – 58

Pakistan faced many problems after creation. Soon after the creation, the death of Quaid e Azam
created a great vacuum in the state. At that time the Muslim League was the main party and it had
nothing to do for the progress of the Pakistan and the Muslim League was also against the process of
general elections and was against the opposition and said “the opposition is not good for the survival of
Pakistan” . The evolution of political parties were stopped by Muslim league and the various types of
coalition were made to ensure the political survival of state. In routine day administration there was
shortage of human power in East Pakistan and high portfolio were assigned for offices healing from the
West Pakistan after the death of the Quaid e azam and liaquat Ali khan, there was a complete shortage
of the wise politicians in the country so it gave a free chance to civil and the military bureaucracy to
shape the future for the social and political culture of state. The political weakness gave way too civil
and military to dominate the state machinery. First constitution assembly was fail to get the national
unity because there was a problem of provincialism and leader of the small provinces showed their fear
of domination of the Punjab. The first constitution assembly was ineffective because they took 9 years
to produce a constitution and they could not draft the consensual constitution. This gave birth to first
coalition assembly in 1951. The liquate Ali khan assassination in 1951 and is khawaja Nazim ul din
became the new prime minister of Pakistan and Muhammad became the new governor general of
pakistan . The governor was not capable for national integration of state and caused the serious threat
so the governor general restored the unbridled vice regal power by dismissing him and martial law so
the first martial law imposed in 1953. The second goes tradition assembly was different in the
composition as compared to first constitution assembly The number of the Muslim League 26 union
fronts 16 awami league 13 Abdul wahab became the speaker of state when the United Fronts won the
provincial assembly election in the East Pakistan then they rejected the domination of Punjab .This
victory showed the Bengali provincialism on the one hand and Bengali functionalism on the other . From
the 1954 to onward the cleavage between the Bengal and Punjab increased day by day . Hussains
suhwardy elected as prime Minister in 1954 and he casted a coalition government . soon after the
arrived to office he began to lose the sport of West Pakistan power brokers .In his negotiation with the
west he asked them for the funds for development. the governor rule was lifted and the new election
were held in the same day the KSP came in sport of Ali bogra because of their antagonism did the
sovereignty so the KSP coalition in the center enables the United States to run the government in the
center this was not the end of political problems in 1954 . there was a tug of war between governor and
prime Minister . the prime Minister wanted to limit the power of governor general and the governor
dissolved the national assembly and ordered for the formulation of new general elections the governor
did All this did the sport of the army . The national army party was to be a strong blow to awami league .
The awami league returned to office with the support of NAP but they did not follow him and finally Mr
Hussain suhwardy removed from their office by the President after the 13 months of his office The first
term of 1957 to 58 was proved a sudden collasped in the formation and the distillation of coalition
government the coalition was between the different political parties or bureaucracy and military forces
in the last two . the four prime minister took the oath of prime Minister offices and they could not work
for the greater cause of the state as their realities were changed in the various coalitions

History 1959 – 69

President Ayub Khan then went for the centralization of power. According to him, the less
understanding of parliamentary system and coalition is not suitable for Pakistan. He introduced basic
democratic system for this purpose. This system disqualified all the seasonal politicians from the society
and enrolled the trained politician in the country there was no concept of opposition politics in the basic
democratic phase. The opposition in politics started in mid of 1960. The masses got awareness against
Ayub Khan policies and the people try to get maximum representation of their views. The two main
parties came into the existence in the era of Ayub khan. First is Pakistan peoples party under Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto and second is Awami party under Mujib ul Rahman. Ayub Khan get rid of the politician through
the basic democratic process but with the announcement of 1962 constitution , introduce the
presidential form of government. We also allowed the political parties to run in the restricted way. He
allowed critical parties in politics for his own purpose because he need the legitimacy of laws for running
the affairs of state he also restored his own political party Muslim League as conventional Muslim
League. Announce first ever presidential election in the state in 1962 and allowed other political parties
to participate in it full stop the opposition parties formed and alliance against Abu Khan called combined
opposition parties. She was well populated in the public due to direct relationship with Quaid-e-Azam.
But Ayub Khan got the full scored of military and civil bureaucracy show the Ayub Khan won the election
with 63% vote and Fatima jinnah lose weight 36% vote this was the first coalition made against the
Autocrat.

Military alliance helped Ayub Khan to get more power but the cleavage between the East and West
Pakistan increased after the war of 1965. this distrust was increased more due to their fear of left alone
during the war. That distrust also increase between se due to there 56% of total population and 25% of
representation in the state. In the best Pakistan produced and other coalition of awami league, jamate
Islami, Nizami Islami and Muslim League. This alliance demanded for the Restoration of Parliamentary
system and held the general election at Federal level so the transfer of power take place in 1969 in this
phase military shore there interested in the political system. They remain main sketch holder of making
and changing the political government. Ayesha Siddique used the term milbus for role of army in
politics. Army acts as a pressure group for their own interest in politics. Thus permission and ending of
coalition government is influenced by army role in the political system of Pakistan.

History 1969-73:

When Ayub Khan stepped down, yahya khan selected as chief martial law
administrator. At that time, Z.A.Bhutto and mujib ul rehman were two main political actors in the state.
These political personalities demand for the resignation of ayub khan. They also arranged the round
table conference and discussed about the civilian . The failed in the conference to made the decision of
transfer of power from majority to civilian. At that time are you gone short help from military but Yahya
Khan refused to do the dictatorship again and he allowed all the political parties to work in the state
with the full potential under the legal framework order.

The political parties started the campaign in the state. In the election mujib ul
rehman Got 161 seats out out of 162 in his popular areas like the East Pakistan. Z. A. Bhutto got 81 seeds
out of 138 seeds in the west Pakistan The only party is set for the Elite peoples of Pakistan with the 2/3
majority in state The prepole assessment and prediction of agencies was dead these two parties made
the coalition government and it was the controlled directory by the military but the situation was
against it so that yeah your con used detected to delay in the transfer of power. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
suggested that The transfer of power took place at the provincial level and the board parties made the
coalition government at Federal level 17 December 1971, yahya khan bossed and other presidential
order and army revolt against him so he invited Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to assume power.

Yahya khan step down and hand it over the off broken country to civilian like Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto. He has majority in Punjab and sindh but not in BloBlouchista and KPK. In the start two years of
his Baba he started working against the army and the landlords like the land reforms of 1972. he
adopted an approach of political operation instead of dialogues with the political forces.

The opposition parties approach army to make the coalition go to make and remove the Bhutto
government so so the army used The hands of the Islamic party and made the coalition goernment in
the country and remove Zulfiqar Bhutto from the power.

Conclusion :