Chapter 8

Determining pulp consistency through

sampling and laboratory analysis
The process of taking consistency samples, and their subsequent laboratory
analysis, forms the reference for calibration and monitoring of the measurement
transmitter. It is therefore extremely important that both sampling and laborato-
ry analysis are carried out as accurately and consistently as possible. The accura-
cy and repeatability of the transmitter will be assessed in accordance with these
criteria.
It is possible to assess sources of error in the sampling process in relation to actual
consistency and the measured consistency in the following manner, of which
there is an excellent detailed account in TAPPI’s ‘The Consistency Control Book’
by Gerald F. Ostroot (Fig. 8.1).
Sampling to determine consistency involves four main factors which determine
how far it is possible to implement what follows:
• The sampling equipment determines whether or not a representative sample
may be extracted from the pipe.
• The sampling technique is necessary to transport the representative sample
safely into the collecting vessel.
• The handling of the sample ensures that the representative sample is proc-
essed with a minimum of errors.
• The evaluation of the sample includes an ash content test when necessary,
but also uncertainty calculations.

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 Process

Sample
Hardware

Sample
Technique

Sample
Processing

Sample
Evaluation

The
consistency Errors Measured
consistency

Fig. 8.1 The hand-sampling process

The consistency of pulp is defined as follows:

Total consistency (%) = fiber consistency (%) + consistency of additives (%)

dry weight of total solids – dry weight of total additives

Fiber consistency (%) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100
total weight of the sample

‘Additives’ here typically means filler: China clay, titanium dioxide, calcium car-
bonate, talc or contaminants such as printing ink, etc. In the majority of cases,
there is no additive and in this case the total consistency = fiber consistency. The
proportion of non-flammable additives as above is calculated by means of an ‘ash
content test’.

Choosing a suitable sampling device and

deciding its positioning
When a new consistency transmitter position is planned for the process, a suita-
ble position for the sampling device (i.e. the sampling valve) must be found. The
sampling valve must be suitable for its purpose, as the sample to be extracted
must be representative of the consistency of the pulp in the pipe.
A variety of conditions will affect sampling, depending on which part of the proc-
ess the sampling point is to be applied to. These include different consistency lev-
els, from extremely low(< 0.001%) to high (>16%), different pressure levels
(typically from virtually 0 to 25 bar), shives and knots, varying air content, etc. A
suitable sampling valve should be selected on the basis of these conditions.

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Common ball valve as sampling valve
A ball valve is often used, as it is the cheapest in price. But it is usually a very un-
reliable solution if it is not handled in a very well-defined way each time a sample
is to be taken. Practical experience shows that different people open the valve dif-
ferently, which means that test results will vary considerably from case to case.
Also, such a standard valve takes the sample close to the pipe wall, where it is
most often not representative. More often than not, the pulp flows forwards in a
‘plug flow’, which means that a film of water forms close to the wall of the pipe.
This film of water (and the adjacent points where consistency gradually decreas-
es, approaching the water film) can reach a considerable thickness in many cases
(see Fig. 2.3). The ‘diluted area’ will therefore have a significant effect on the sam-
ple taken with such a valve – the apparent consistency sampled will be too low.
Not only that; if the valve is not fully open, de-watering will take place between
the ball and its seat, and the consistency of the sample will be too low for this rea-
son.
The higher the pipe pressure or the lower the consistency, the greater is the risk
of a further complication: if the valve is opened further, a large amount of pulp
will spray rapidly out at high pressure. The pulp will be difficult to contain and
the safety of personnel taking the sample is endangered, particularly where pulp
is hot and/or contains hazardous chemicals.
In practice, the valve will probably only be opened partially, which has a signifi-
cant effect on the accuracy and repeatability of the sample.
Consider the following recommendations if you still choose to use a common ball
valve as a sampling valve:

• Select a valve that is large enough, typically over 1”, preferably a 11/2“con-
nection. It ought to be possible to open the valve fully to allow an even,
homogenous flow without overfilling the sampling vessel too quickly.
• Preferably use this method only with low consistencies and short fibers at
under 3% consistency. Avoid it with long-fibered pulps with more than 2%
consistency.
• Ensure that the valve is always fully opened, irrespective of who is using it.
Train your personnel in the procedures.
• Do not use this method with hot pulp of > ≈ 50°C, particularly when there are
hazardous or corrosive chemicals. Avoid the method at pipe pressures
greater than approx. 3 bar.
• Ensure that the sampling personnel wear protective clothing as well as pro-
tective guards and gloves that completely cover the face and hands.

185
Specially-designed sampling valves
Two main types of valve are available for normal consistencies (≤ approx. 8%):
plunger valves and sluice valves with plungers.
Plunger valves
Plunger valves have been on the market for a long time and are manufactured by
several suppliers. The original model has a large opening area and takes its sam-
ple right by the pipe wall (see Fig. 8.2). A cone is pressed into the pulp flow using
a lever so that the pulp pours out. The pulp pours out while the cone is pressed
in. When the lever is released, the valve closes with the help of a spring and the
available pipe pressure. This type of valve gives a sample as doubtful as the ball
valve’s. Its only advantage is that it does not clog as easily (which is another great
drawback of the ball valve).

Fig. 8.2 Sampling valve for pulp, plunger valve, Karl Widenmann

Another type of plunger valve available on the market is one where a cylindrical
plunger is drawn back using a crank so that the pulp is released forwards. As
with the valves previously mentioned, the sample is taken by the pipe wall and
there is a great risk of the valve opening only partially so that de-watering can oc-
cur.
The original plunger valve was further developed during the mid-1980s so that
the sample is now taken far into the pipe where it is more representative. The
flow can be limited and the sample extracted in a more controlled way by limiting
the opening area. Pulp velocity becomes very fast at the opening point and can
also be fluidized. This means that the problem of de-watering is reduced and the
sample will be more representative. One problem with this type of valve is that
the valve opening is not defined; different people can open the valve by differing
amounts and encounter de-watering at low percentage openings.
This type of valve was further developed during the mid-1990s. Its repeatability
is increased by ensuring that the valve always opens to the same percentage. This
is done by the cone being shot out by spring force to full valve opening when the
lever is pushed in (see Fig. 8.3).

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 Water flushing

Fig. 8.3 Sampling valve for pulp, improved plunger valve, BTG type MPS-1000

Sluice valves with plungers

A special sampling valve, patented as early as the 1960s, takes a sample far into
the pipe where it is representative and where the sample could be extracted with-
out pressure. This is carried out by a compressed-air operated plunger being in-
serted into the pulp flow, an area being filled up with pulp and the plunger then
being withdrawn to allow the pulp sample to be extracted (see Fig. 8.4). This
method gives a good result under suitable conditions and with necessary care.
One great advantage is that the volume is defined and remains unchanged from
case to case. The method is particularly suitable where pressure is very low and
where other valves do not function. It is also used in another version, where the
sample is flushed out with water to be treated in an analyzer, for instance.

Fig. 8.4 Sampling valve for pulp, sluice valve with pistons. BTG type VXK-10

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Sampling higher consistencies and contaminated
pulp
The normal sampling valves described above are not suitable for consistencies
above approx. 8%, and where residual knots or large amounts of shives occur. At
present, there is no really representative sampling device on the market.
One way in which the ball valve can be used in higher consistencies is to construct
a device as illustrated in Fig. 8.5. Here, you have a ball valve with a large flow
(valve A) right next to the pipeline. A flush valve (not shown in Fig 8.5) can be
connected before the pulp valve, to combat plugging. Another flush valve (B) is
used to flush the equipment clean when sampling has been completed. The pulp
flow is diverted in a cyclone so that it can be handled in a controlled manner.
Thanks to the cyclone, the pulp valve (valve A) can be fully opened.

Clean flush water

Sample
bucket

Fig. 8.5 Sampling arrangement with ball valves and cyclone for MC

One type of specially-adapted sampling valve is equipped with a sturdy cylindri-

cal plunger, which is pushed into the pulp pipe so that the pulp can flow out
through a disengaged hole (see Fig. 8.6). The plunger has a large opening area so
that even medium consistency pulp can be extracted. A specially-designed
plunger means that it has a shearing effect, so that it can close even if minor par-
ticles should become lodged in its opening. An obvious risk with the valve –
which has also been noticed in practice – is that it can lodge open if something as
big as a knot gets caught in the plunger. Pulp may then flow out uncontrolled.

188
 Flushing water

Plunger

Disengaged hole Outlet

Fig. 8.6 Sampling valve with plunger for MC. Type Nove H, Valmet Automation

Irrespective of which type of sampling valve is used, the safety of personnel

should be guaranteed by use of appropriate clothing and equipment! Personnel
should also have clearly specified instructions, and procedures should be estab-
lished on how the valve is to be handled, in order to guarantee representative, re-
petitive samples and personnel safety.

Positioning the sampling valve in the process

Chapter 4 discussed the importance of positioning the consistency transmitter
correctly so that it measures a representative sample. The size of the sample
measured should be a determining factor in cases where the pulp is poorly
mixed.
The same applies to sampling. The sample must accurately represent the pulp the
transmitter is measuring. This means that the sampling valve is positioned direct-
ly adjacent to the consistency meter. Since consistency variations can occur, pos-
sibly because of excessive control loop deadtime or a poorly tuned controller, it
is strictly recommended that measuring and sampling take place simultaneously.
This will not happen if the valve is positioned far away from the transmitter; in
unfortunate cases, they may sample and read entirely different consistencies.
This will lead to calibration problems on the transmitter, or unreliable results in
the subsequent follow-up of consistency transmitter performance.
The sampling valve is positioned at a sufficient distance from the pump, pipe
bend or control valve or other equipment that may cause disturbances to the
flow. The pulp flow must be undisturbed. The typical minimum distance down-
stream from these disturbance factors should be at least 1.5 m and 0.3 m upstream
from the next pipe bend. Feel free to use the distance recommended for the con-
sistency transmitter. If there are several consecutive pipe bends, perhaps in an ‘S’
form, the distance should be further increased. In such cases, flow is very difficult
to assess.

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Variable-speed controlled pumps constitute another factor that is difficult to as-
sess, as the pulp can be very poorly mixed after these. If possible, a special pulp
mixer should be used in such cases (for consistency control) and in other cases,
the distance is increased to a maximum from the pump to the measurement/sam-
pling point. See Chapter 2.

Technique: ensuring correct sampling frequency,

accuracy and implementation
Sampling frequency and accuracy depend on the purpose of the sampling. The
purpose may be sampling to calibrate the transmitter, scheduled monitoring or
verifying previous samples taken in the event of error or doubt. In practice, mon-
itoring schedules and procedures vary widely from mill to mill. In some places
there is no regular monitoring. Instead, checks take place only when complaints
arise. At mills with greater verification and accuracy requirements, careful proce-
dures have been compiled; for example, to achieve ISO 9000 certification.

Calibrating the transmitter

Accurate sampling is required when calibrating the transmitter. In this instance,
it is recommended that 3-5 sub-samples be extracted at each consistency level.
Five sub-samples, of which the mean value is calculated, result in a considerably
lower uncertainty factor than do 3 sub-samples. The number of sub-samples
therefore depends on how well calibrated the transmitter needs to be in the posi-
tion in question, and the accuracy which laboratory personnel are capable of
achieving in accordance with specified guidelines and equipment.

Regular monitoring of the transmitter

A lower level of accuracy is generally accepted in these cases. One or two sub-
samples are generally sufficient.
Monitoring frequency varies, depending on the use of the transmitter. Examples
of easier control points may be for pre-dilution or indication purposes. Here,
monitoring may be limited to once a month or even less often. At important po-
sitions, frequency can be increased to each week. At critical positions, such as
chemical dosing in the bleaching plant, before the paper machine or when the
transmitter is used for debiting purposes, frequency may even be daily.
Monitoring frequency is, of course, calculated for each individual mill, depend-
ing on its special conditions.

190
Verifying samples previously taken
If, during regular monitoring, a deviation is noticed, a new sample should be ex-
tracted using the same accuracy requirement as for calibration. No adjustment
should be made to the transmitter until it is established whether deviation origi-
nated in the transmitter or the monitoring sample.
Suitable procedures and documentation should be agreed upon and established
to guarantee and verify accurate sample handling and analysis. Personnel must
implement them faithfully.
Examples of details included in these procedures are as follows:
• Each process department establishes a unique ‘frequency schedule’ for the
various sampling positions.
• The frequency table specifies how often and for which process conditions
consistency samples must be extracted, based on how important the meas-
urement position is.
• There must also be a standard procedure for each sample position, specifying
location, protection/safety, equipment, implementation of sampling, process-
ing the sample, the implementation of the analysis, reporting and what to do
if a value shows deviation.
It is advantageous for the procedures to be included in the documentation for ISO
9000 certification. Drawing up this documentation establishes clear objectives, as
well as limitations and ambitions for all those involved. It enables procedures to
be accurately carried out, which can be measured and evaluated in future, result-
ing in improvements.

The accuracy of implementation

The more accurately and repetitively the laboratory technician works when ex-
tracting samples and carrying out further processing and analysis, the better and
more accurate the control loop will function. The transmitter is better able to pro-
vide a repeatable measurement result if it is optimally set up, and adjusted only
when absolutely necessary.
Firstly, decide on a reasonable level of accuracy and attainable objectives for the
work. Objectives can subsequently be raised, to optimize the control loops for
chemical dosing, etc., which are often controlled by production (flow × consisten-
cy).
There are a number of factors which affect the accuracy of sampling, and which
must be considered (see Fig. 8.1). All sources of error add to deviation from actual
consistency in the measured sample. This deviation will then compound the in-
accuracy of the measurement transmitter (which is normally ± 1-5% of the meas-
urement result, depending on the type of transmitter and how well it functions in
its practical application).

191
The following points deserve consideration:
• Representative consistency. Is the sample taken in a position that is repre-
sentative (i.e. are the conditions correct in the pipe from which the sample is
being taken)? Is the pulp of the same composition as during calibration of the
transmitter or at the time of taking the previous sample?
Are samples taken at different consistencies, different flows or different pipe
pressures in the same position? Does the sampling valve function in the same
way when these different conditions occur?
• Correlation with the measurement transmitter. Certain measurement trans-
mitters collate their measurement values over a given time period (e.g. 30
seconds) and present a mean value during this period, to avoid the effect of
rapid consistency oscillations.
How should the sample be extracted to tally with the transmitter’s collated
measurement data? Should a large sample volume be taken and then divided
into sub-samples to form a mean value, or should several individual, sub-
samples be taken during this period? The answer depends on how rapidly
the consistency actually changes. An investigation, whereby many sub-sam-
ples are taken during one period, may provide the answer.
• Variation between different laboratory personnel. Statistically speaking,
there is a difference of approx. ±5-6% in the measurement results of two labo-
ratory technicians who process and analyze one and the same sample.
• Accuracy of individual tests. One investigation at an American mill estab-
lished the following: ‘Under optimal laboratory conditions, a single consist-
ency test produces an error of ±14.1% (within a 95% confidence interval)’. In
other words, a single test value at 2.5% consistency tells us that the actual
consistency lies somewhere between 2.1% and 2.8%. Naturally, this may vary
depending on the circumstances, but it still gives an indication of actual con-
ditions.
• The number of sub-samples and their uncertainty. Three or five sub-sam-
ples are taken from a large sample for analysis, in order to increase the relia-
bility of that analysis. It is then important for the sample to be mixed well and
for the sub-sample to be taken in a uniform way each time. If you have a
beaker, the sample should be taken so that it fills the beaker immediately
with no de-watering at the beaker's lip. At consistencies higher than 3%, it is
often beneficial if the main sample is first diluted with a well-defined quan-
tity of water and then agitated well. In this case, you must know exactly how
much it has been diluted, in order to compensate later.
Suppose that sub-samples show the following values:
Sample 1: 3.02%
Sample 2: 3.00%
Sample 3: 3.10%

192
 The average value = 3.04% consistency, with statistically established uncer-
tainty in laboratory sampling, can be a minimum of 2.94% and a maximum of
3.14%. Using probability tables, it is possible to determine that error probabil-
ity for different numbers of sub-samples is as follows:
3 sub-samples: The probability of the mean value being the actual result is
8%, and 50% of the real value being within the range of ±0.04% variation
from the mean value.
5 sub-samples: The probability of the mean value being the actual result is
10%, and 50% of the real value being within the range of ±0.03% variation
from the mean value.
Dividing sampling into 5 sub-samples therefore gives a considerably greater
probability that the sample will tally with the actual result. If one individual
sample deviates substantially from the others, this is rejected since it is proba-
bly erroneous. Please see The Consistency Control Book from Tappi for fur-
ther information in this issue.
Practical recommendations to establish the repeatability of sampling
One suggestion for determining the uncertainty of sampling is to follow the ex-
ample set by one of the Swedish pulp mills we visited in preparation for this
handbook. They began the investigation by carrying out an evaluation test. This
test involved taking samples at equal intervals at a specific consistency level (e.g.
3%) at a measurement position. A particular laboratory technician then extracted
around 20 sub-samples for analysis. It was then possible to draw conclusions
from this investigation regarding the accuracy of sampling. The following level
of accuracy was found at this mill:
• Repeatability during the analysis at the bleaching plant (where conditions are
good) was calculated to be between ±2-3% of the average consistency value.
• In the screening plant (where shives and knots commonly occur), it is more
difficult to analyze the sample to a high level of accuracy; the repeatability
was found to be ±5–6% of the average consistency level.
N.B.: As established earlier, the consistency transmitter usually provides a sub-
stantially greater degree of accuracy than the laboratory samples taken, provided
that a suitable transmitter is selected, correctly located and installed, and proper-
ly maintained. If deviations are established between the transmitter and the lab-
oratory value, it is usually worthwhile to first search for the error in the
laboratory test. However, if a deviation suddenly occurs and remains, the trans-
mitter should also be examined.

193
Accurate analysis of consistency samples
Standards have been established for analysis procedures, in order to ensure the
best level of accuracy. Commonly used standards include the US TAPPI standard
T 240 om-88 to determine consistency, and TAPPI T 211 om-88 to determine ash
content. Corresponding European standards are SCAN-M1:64 to determine con-
sistency and SCAN-C6:62 to determine ash content.
In practice, however, these standards are rarely applied in their entirety, because
of their complexity. Instead, laboratories at individual mills have drawn up their
own simplified procedures, based on one or more of these standards as well as
the mill’s current accuracy requirements and available resources.
The procedure detailed below was obtained from a high-standard Swedish pulp
mill, for use in its bleaching plant, where samples are taken at the normal consist-
ency of 3-4%. It is so general that it is applicable in most cases.
Conditions for MC are different, and also vary from case to case. Binding between
fibers can vary considerably, which affects the accuracy of the sample treatment.
Generally speaking, the sample is treated in a way that avoids de-watering. This
is very important, and great care must be taken.
At the digester, washing and screening plants, requirements are often less strin-
gent than these instructions specify. The closer one comes to the paper machine,
however, the more stringent the control must become.

Sampling equipment, and preparation for sampling

Sampling vessel. Bucket, approx. 10 liters in volume with lid, or 0.5 liter jar with
lid, depending on the application at which the sample is to be taken. Use a suffi-
ciently large jar; otherwise, sample representability can decrease. The vessels
should be clean and dry.
Sampling device. Use a suitable valve as previously described. Ensure that the
valve has been cleaned since the previous sampling. Open the valve before taking
the sample and allow a small quantity of pulp to flush through the valve to re-
move old pulp.

Analysis equipment
Scales for weighing wet and dry pulp samples to a level of 0.01 grams accuracy.
Sheet mould with wire bottom or Büchner funnel with paper filter. A wire cloth
or paper filter can be used, depending on the level of accuracy desired. With
pulps that are easy to drain, the opening can be 5 µm. With pulps that are difficult
to de-water and which contain filler or fines (fine fractionation), use openings as
small as 3 µm in order to collect as much as possible. If filter paper is used, it
should be dried and stored in a de-moisturizing vessel. The filter paper should be
weighed before being used, and its weight subtracted from the pulp sample.
Water-driven vacuum suction or pump to draw water away from the fiber cake.
Hand mixer to mix the pulp.

194
Ventilated drying cabinet approx. 105 °C – 150 °C. Typically, the temperature
should be 105°C; excessive temperatures may burn the sample and cause incor-
rect weight reduction.

Sampling and analysis of samples for pulp consistency

(fiber consistency)
See Fig. 8.7.
1. Take the sample from the pipe using the sampling valve. Ensure that the
valve opens fully. Fill the sampling vessel. Ensure that the vessel is filled (to
between 5 and 10 liter) and that no de-watering occurs. Put the lid on the ves-
sel to avoid evaporation. Mark the sample.
2. Intensively agitate the whole of the sample in the vessel for one minute – a
special mixer is useful. Extract 2-3 sub-samples with the sample beaker (aim
to take out around 0.5 liter per sub-sample). Ensure that the sub-sample is
extracted so that there is no danger of de-watering against the edge of the
beaker. Push the beaker into the vessel so that the edge enters first and the
beaker fills rapidly. Perform this action in one single action. This a critical
point – if care is not taken, considerable error can result, particularly in the
case of long-fibered pulps. The higher the consistency, the more careful you
must be.
3. Place a clean, dry container of around 1 liter in volume on the scales. Tare the
scales (i.e. zero them, to subtract the weight of the container). Pour in the sub-
sample taken and read its weight from the scales. Note the reading.
4. Pour the sample into the sheet mould (the Büchner funnel), carefully swill
out the container to catch all fibers, and pour the swilling water into the sheet
mould. Draw away as much water as possible from the fiber cake that forms.
5. Press out the fiber cake using absorbent paper. Mark the fiber cake.
6. Dry the fiber cake in the drying cabinet at a constant temperature, approx.
105 °C. Remove it and read off its weight until it does not deviate more than
0.1 g between 2 measurements taken in succession at intervals of a few min-
utes. Weigh the sample to a level of accuracy of 0.01 g and calculate its con-
sistency as shown below. It is important to read off the weight as soon as
possible, as air content – moisture in the air – may otherwise penetrate into
the paper and cause an error.
A
X = ---- × 100
B

X = pulp consistency in weight %

A = weight of the dry pulp sample (g) as per step 6.
B = weight of the wet sub-sample (g) as per step 3.
7. Perform steps 3 to 6 for the remaining 2 sub-samples taken in step 2.
8. Calculate the mean value of the 3 sub-samples. This gives you your labora-
tory consistency value.

195
Note: if the 3 sub-samples vary considerably, the repeatability of the sampling
procedure must be established. See page 188, and the corrective actions to be tak-
en.
If, occasionally, one sample deviates dramatically from the majority, it should be
deleted when calculating the mean value.

Fig. 8.7 Analysis of pulp samples

196
Monitoring
Documentation and monitoring of samples (and their relation to the transmitter’s
reading) should be kept in some form. Following is an example of a Swedish
mill’s method.
When the analysis has been carried out, the result is entered in a journal. In this
case, the result is also documented to one decimal point in a computer-based lab-
oratory monitoring program, where users have access to laboratory data from the
process via the internal computer network.
In this particular case, a special computer-controlled analysis device is used to
compare laboratory values and measurement values. Trends and deviations can
be seen, and you gain an idea of the accuracy of the laboratory values and the
measurement transmitter (see Fig. 8.8).

MoDo
V-INFO
97-10-15
07:53:12
No. of Average Deviation Minimum Maximum
samplings
A - Entrance, bleach plant 4, lab. val. % 13 3.554 0.097 3.400 3.700
B - Entrance, bleach plant 4, meas. val. % 13 3.446 0.105 3.300 3.700
C - Entrance, screening plant 4, lab. val. % 18 2.878 0.180 2.400 3.100
D - Entrance, screening plant 4, meas. val. % 18 2.728 0.235 2.200 3.100
5.000

B
A

2.500 C
D

0.000
15/09 22/09 29/09 06/10

Fig. 8.8 Example of monitoring of consistency sensors against lab tests

197
Smart data collectors are also available. These are connected to the consistency
transmitter (Fig. 8.9). When the sample is taken from the pipe, the current calcu-
lated consistency value from the transmitter is read simultaneously and stored
automatically. Input values can then easily be transferred to a PC, where the lab-
oratory value will be entered later. Regression and correlation between the trans-
mitter and the laboratory can then be seen in a special monitoring program and
can be easily monitored over time (see Fig. 8.10). This is a simple system which
also suits smaller mills. It is adapted to the Swedish SSG standard.

Fig. 8.9 Smart data collector for transmitter data, type SLS-1000, BTG

Fig. 8.10 PC data collection software for SLS-1000, BTG

198
Corrective action
In the current example, this equipment is used to transfer the measurement value
from the transmitter to the analysis computer.
If a deviation exceeding ±0.3% consistency is detected between laboratory and
measured value, an offset adjustment to the transmitter is usually initiated, based
on a verified laboratory test.
In the event of more substantial deviations, or after the transmitter has been re-
paired, 3-point calibration is carried out, based on three different consistency lev-
els such as 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5% pulp consistency.

199
200