{aoheiaotoopmieitina te mathare nat nce oy eh oes weiner rn an es cen na ol somn teen Serie unancs Tereb, Por eet dandamarks SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN Form of a City through Abstract Symbols 1. Paths ‘© Channels along which the observer moves + Predominant element for many person's image + Other elements are arranged and related through paths A * Strong paths are: ~ easily identifiable have continuity and direction aligned with a larger system + Spatial extremes highlight paths 4, Nodes + Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter ‘© Intensive foci from which observer is traveling Junctions and Concentrations Directly related to the concept of paths and the concept of districts © May be thematic concentrations5. Landmarks 2. Edges 3. Districts Point references considered to be external to the observer Physical elements that may vary widely in scale Unique and special in place of the iS continuities used eariier $ ‘Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides Lenin Linear elements not used or considered as paths Lateral references, not coordinate axes May be barriers or seams Not as dominant as paths but are important organizing features ‘Strong edges are + usually prominent - continuous. - impenetrable to cross movement Edges can be disruptive to city form Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of as two-dimensional Observer can mentally enter “inside of” Recognizable as having some ‘common, identifying character Dominance depends upon the individual and the given district Physical characteristics have @ variety of coniponents 2. activity and use », building types and detail Cc. inhabitants (ethnic or class) d. physical characteristics (topography, boundaries, age, etc.) IAN BENTLEY'S RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS. 6.1 The design of the environment can greatly affect the choices people make et different levels, It affects Where people can go, the range of uses available, the understanding of these choices, the degree to Which people can use different spaces of choice, and s0 on, Thus, the design must be responsive. The following are key Issues in designing responsive environments.A. Permeability B. Variety Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice Public and private access must be complementary Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public space divides the environment into blocks There is a decline in public permeability because of current design trends co Scale of development o Hierarchical layout co Segregation Variety offers users a choice of experiences Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings Developers & planners are more concerned with economic performance and easier management, than with variety Variety of uses depends on three main factors: © range of activities © possibility of supply © extent to which design encourages positive interactions Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, political, and functional a mixed-use block C. Legibility cc ee Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is understood Legibility is important at two.levels: physical form and activity patterns Legibility in the old days- important buildings stood out Legibility of form and use is reduced in the modern environment* Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces legibility + Legiblty is strengthened by Lynch's physical elements of the city In the older days, important public buildings were more legible than private buildings D. Robustness ‘+ Environments which can be used for many different purposes: ‘+ There must be a distinction between large scale and small scale robustness ‘+ There are three key factors that support long term robustness: © Building depth © Access © Building height ‘+ The design of small scale robustness depends on extra factors ‘© hard and soft spaces © active and passive spaces . Visual Appropriateness + Decisions already made determine the general appearance of the scheme next WsBedilyg focus is on details . = Visual Swghl, iy Appropriateness Hove focuses on details, © Visual Appropriateness is concerned with designing the external image of place - 2 ik ee A ae pear 4 S1eur sce Teven sae Ea net places as having CHOICE THR race OM ‘meaning = Avocabulary of visual cues must be SELECHVE ALL THe HOUSES (Locke DIFFERENT. found to ‘communicate-levels of choice¢ Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by © supporting the place's legibility © supporting the place's variety © supporting the place’s robustness F. Richness ‘Decisions about appearances already discussed still leave room for maneuvering at the most detailed level of design ‘+ Richness is the variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy ‘+ There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences ‘© focusing their attention on different sources of sense experience ‘© moving away from one source to another ‘+ The sense of motion: gained through movement ‘+ The sense of smell: can not be directed + The sense of hearing: user has limited control + The sense of touch: voluntary and involuntary + The sense of sight: most dominant in terms of information input and is the one easiest to control + _The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts G. Personalization ‘+ allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values * makes a person's pattern of activities more clear ‘+ Users personalize in two ways: ‘© to improve practical facilities and; oto change the image of a place a plain apartment buil @ personalized apartment building * Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes and values and because they perceive existing image 25 inappropriate + Personalization comes in two levels: © Private © Public + Personalization is affected by three key factors: °. Tenure © building type © technology6.2. Summary ‘permeability: designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks variety: ocating uses on the site Tegibility: designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public space robustness: designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces visual appropriateness: designing the external image fichness: developing the design for sensory choice personalization: making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live and work