Principles of

Information Systems, 13th Edition

• Information Systems in Perspective
 An Introduction to Information Systems
 Information Systems in Organizations
• Information Technology Concepts
 Hardware and Mobile Devices
 Software and Mobile Applications
 Database Systems and Big Data
 Networks and Cloud Computing
• Business Information Systems
 Electronic and Mobile Commerce
 Enterprise Systems
 Business Intelligence and Analytics
 Knowledge Management and Specialized Information
Systems
• Planning, Acquiring, and Building Systems
 Strategic Planning and Project Management
 System Acquisition and Development
• Information Systems in Business and Society
 Cybercrime and Information System Security
 Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues of Information Systems
•
Why Learn About
We live in an information economy.
Information Systems?
‫ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻈﻢ‬
• Information systems are increasingly being used to gather, store, digest, analyze, and
make sense out of all this information.
• information systems are even embedded in and control many of the products we use on
a daily basis
• Information systems will continue to change businesses and the way we live.
‫ﺿﺮوري‬
• Knowledge of information systems is indispensable in helping you land your first job.
‫ﻓﺮص‬
• The ability to recognize and capitalize on information system opportunities can make
‫ذو اھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﯿﺮا‬
you an even more valuable member of your organization and will ultimately help
advance your career.
 Information Systems in Perspective

Information system (IS) ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‬
• A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate
data and information, and provide feedback to meet an objective
• Businesses ‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬
Can use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs

To be an effective manager in any area of business, you need to understand that

information is one of an organization’s most valuable resources. Information is
not the same thing as data, and knowledge is different from both data and
information .
Data, Information, and Knowledge
Data consists of raw facts, such as an employee number, total hours worked in a
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
week, an inventory part number, or the number of units produced on a production
line. As shown in Table 1.1, several types of data can represent these facts.
Information is a collection of data organized and processed so that it has additional
value beyond the value of the individual facts. For example, a sales manager may
want individual sales data summarized so it shows the total sales for the month.
Providing information to customers can also help companies increase revenues and
profits. The value of the information created depends on the relationships defined
among existing data.

Process Turning data into information is a process, or a set of logically related

tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome. The process of defining relationships
among data to create useful information requires :
‫ادراك‬
knowledge which is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and
the ways in which that information can be made useful to support a specific task
or reach a decision. In other words, information is essentially data made
more useful through the application of knowledge.
 Data, Information, and Knowledge

The Process of Transformation Data into Information

Process of transforming data into information

Transforming data into information starts by
selecting data, then organizing it, and finally
manipulating the data.
‫ﺳﮭﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬

‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫ذو ﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫وﺛﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬

‫اﺷﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺛﺒﺎﺗﮫ‬
System Concepts
• System
• Set of elements or components that interact to accomplish goals
• Components of a system
• Inputs
• Processing mechanisms
• Outputs
• Feedback
 What is an Information System?
‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‬
• Information System (IS) is a set of interrelated elements that
• Collect (input), manipulate (process), store, and disseminate (output) data and information,
and provide a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an objective
• An information system can be:
• Manual
• Computerized
• Input
• Activity of gathering and capturing raw data
• Processing
• Converting data into useful outputs
• Output
• Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports
• Feedback
• Information from the system that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
 Computer-Based Information Systems
The components of a CBIS are illustrated in Figure
An organization’s Technology Infrastructure includes all the hardware, software, databases,
networks, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process
data into information. The technology infrastructure is a set of shared IS resources that form the
foundation of each computer-based information system.
• Hardware
• Consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities
• Software
• Consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the computer
• Database
• Organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more related
data files
• Telecommunications, networks, and the Internet
• The electronic transmission of signals for communications
• Networks
• Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic communication
• Internet
• World’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected networks, all
freely exchanging information
• People
Can be the most important element in most computer-based information systems
Good systems can enable people to produce extraordinary results. They can also boost job
satisfaction and worker productivity. Information systems personnel include all the people
who manage, run, program, and maintain the system, including the chief information
officer (CIO), who leads the IS organization.
End users are people who work directly with information systems to get results. They
include financial executives, marketing representatives, and manufacturing line operators.

• Procedures
Include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS
A procedure defines the steps to follow to achieve a specific end result, such as enter a
customer order, pay a supplier invoice, or request a current inventory report. Good procedures
describe how to achieve the desired end result, who does what and when, and what to do in
the event something goes wrong. When people are well trained and follow effective
procedures, they can get work done faster, cut costs, make better use of resources, and more
easily adapt to change. When procedures are well documented, they can greatly reduce
training costs and shorten the learning curve.
Using a CBIS involves setting and following many procedures, including those for the operation,
maintenance, and security of the system. For example, some procedures describe how to gain
access to the system through the use of some log-on procedure and a password. Others
describe who can access facts in the database or what to do if a disaster, such as a fire,
earthquake, or hurricane, renders the CBIS unusable. Good procedures can help companies take
advantage of new opportunities and avoid lengthy business disruptions in the event of natural
‫ﻏﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬
disasters. Poorly developed and inadequately implemented procedures, however, can cause
people to waste their time on useless rules or result in inadequate responses to disasters.
 Information Systems in Organizations
Most organizations have a number of different information systems. When considering the role
of business managers in working with IS, it is useful to divide information systems into three
types: personal IS, group IS, and enterprise IS.

Personal IS includes information systems that improve the productivity of individual users in
performing stand-alone tasks. Examples include personal productivity software, such as word-
processing, presentation, and spreadsheet software.

Group IS includes information systems that improve communications and support

collaboration among members of a workgroup. Examples include Web conferencing software,
and electronic corporate directories.

Enterprise IS An information system that an organization uses to define structured interactions

among its own employees and/or with external customers, suppliers, government agencies,
and other business partners
Information Technology Concepts
Hardware and Mobile Devices
Hardware consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing, storage, and
output activities. The trend in the computer industry is to produce smaller, faster, and more
mobile hardware, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablet computers.
• Advanced keyboards, track pad-covered,,,,
• Laptops and displays that connect wirelessly.
• Computing devices with embedded 3D cameras.
• Keyboards that enable users to log in to Web sites via fingerprint authentication.
• Very-high resolution display devices (HD)
• Computerized event data recorders (EDRs) that, like an airplane’s black box, record
vehicle speed, possible engine problems, driver performance, and more.
The capability of smartphones, the increasing speed and coverage of wireless networks,
longer battery life, and the availability of hundreds of thousands of smartphone applications
and games. For many people in developing countries, a smartphone is their first
computer and their only Internet-connected device.
Software and Mobile Applications

Software consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of a particular
computing device, be it desktop computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, or some other device.
There are two types of software: system software and application software. System software
‫ﯾﺷرف ﻋﻠﻰ‬
such as Google’s Android or Apple’s iOS oversees basic computer operations such as start-up,
controls access to system resources, and manages memory and files. Application software,
such as Microsoft Office, allows you to accomplish specific tasks, including editing text
documents, creating graphs, and playing games. Both system software and application
software are needed for all types of computers, from small handheld devices to large
supercomputers. In choosing application software, you must choose software that will work
with the operating system installed on your computing device.
Database Systems and Big Data
Database is an organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or
more related data files. An organization’s database can contain facts and information on
customers, employees, inventory, sales, online purchases, and much more. A database is
essential to the operation of a computer-based information system.

Data warehouse is a database that stores large amounts of historical data in a form that
readily supports analysis and management decision making.
In a process called the Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) process, raw data is extracted
from various sources, transformed into a format that will support the analysis to be
performed, and then loaded into the data warehouse. Data warehouses frequently hold a
huge amount of data; they often contain five years or more of data. Many organizations
employ data warehouses to hold the data they need to make key business decisions:
Big Data is a term used to describe data
‫ھﺎﺋﻞ‬
collections that are so enormous (think
petabytes or larger) and complex (from
sensor data to social media data) that
traditional data management software,
hardware, and analysis processes are
incapable of dealing with them .

The size of the digital universe

(zettabytes) doubles every two years
The amount of digital data is
expected to double every two years.
Networks and Cloud Computing
Network: A group or system of connected computers and equipment in a room, building,
campus, city, across the country, or around the world that enables electronic communication.
Internet: The world’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected
networks, all freely exchanging information.
Public Cloud Computing: A means of providing computing services wherein a service
provider organization owns and manages the hardware, software, networking, and storage
devices, with cloud user organizations (called tenants) accessing slices of shared resources via
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺟﺮ‬
the Internet.
World Wide Web (WWW): A network of links on the Internet to files containing text,
graphics, video, and sound.
Intranet: A network that enables communication, collaboration, search functions, and
information sharing between the members of an organization’s team using a Web browser.

Extranet: A network based on Web technologies that allows selected outsiders, such as
business partners and customers, to access authorized resources of a company’s intranet.
Internet of Things (IoT): A network of physical objects or “things” embedded with sensors,
processors, software, and network connectivity capability to enable them to exchange
data with the manufacturer of the device, device operators, and other connected devices.

‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ‬
Internet of Everything (IoE): A network that encompasses not only machine-to-machine but
also people-to-people and people-to-machine connections.
Business Information Systems
Information systems are used in all functional areas of business organizations, as summarized :
• Accounting and Finance. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬
• Customer Service. ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬
• Human Resources. ‫اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬
• Manufacturing. ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬
• Research and Development. ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬
• Sales and Marketing. ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬

Information systems are also used in nearly every industry, as the following examples show:

• Agriculture. ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬
• Finance. ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
• Health care. ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺔ‬
• Mining. ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬
• Professional services. ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﺣﺘﺮاﻓﯿﺔ‬
• Retail. ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬
Part 4: Planning, Acquiring, and Building Systems
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. A
project attempts to achieve specific business objectives and is subject to certain constraints,
such as total cost and completion date. Projects are the way that much of an organization’s
work gets done
for example:
• A consumer goods company executes a project to launch a new product, an operations
manager leads a project to outsource part of a firm’s operations to a contract manufacturer.
• A hospital executes a project to load an app onto physicians’ smartphones that enables them
to access patient data anywhere.
At any point in time, an organization may have dozens of ongoing projects, including multiple
information system-related projects. However, since every organization has a limit to its
available resources, it is essential that projects are directed at supporting key business
objectives and goals, as outlined in the firm’s strategic plan .
Part 5: Information Systems in Business and Society

Information systems have been developed to meet the needs of all types of organizations
and people. The speed and widespread use of information systems, however, opens users to
a variety of threats from unethical people. Computer criminals and terrorists, for example,
have used the Internet to steal millions of dollars and promote terrorism and violence.
Computer related attacks can come from individuals, groups, companies, and even
countries .
Cybercrime and Information System Security and the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues of
Information Systems will be discuss later.