Computer

C mputer & Informatics

Inf rm tics Engineering
En ineerin Department
Dep rtment

Oper tin Systems

Operating S stems (2021\2022)
(

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

CHAPT
CHAPTER 1
Topics
T pics Covered
C ered in this chapter:
What
W at is aan O
Operatin
erating System
S stem ?
Understanding
U ersta i g How O
Operating
erati S Systems
stems W
Work
r
Operating-System
S stem Ser
Services
ices
Operating
O erati S System
stem Software
S ftware - Resource Management
Evolution
E l ti off Operating
Operati S Systems
stems
Computing
C m ti Environments
Environme ts

Chapter
Ch pter Objectives:

Thee basic
T asic rrole
le of an operating system.
Discuss
Disc ss how
w operatin
perating ssystems
stems work
w r
IIdentify
e tif ser
services
ices provi
provided
e by an
a operating
erati system.
s stem
Thee major
T maj r operating
erating system
erati s stem software
s ftware subsystem
s s stem managers
ma a ers aand their
t eir
functions.
Thee differences
T iffere ces amo
among
am serial ,batch,
atc multiprogramming
m lti r rammi
ramming an
and
a real-time,
real
hybrid, aand embedde
embedded operating
erati ssystems.
stems
Discuss
Disc ss how
w operating
operati systems
s stems are used
se iin various
arious computing
c m ti
environments.

1
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

What is an
n Operating
Oper tin System
S stem ?

A computer
c m ter ssystem
stem typically
t icall consists
c sists off ssoftware
ftware ((programs)
(pro
r rams) and
a
hardware
ar ware (t
(thee ta
tangible
tangii le machine
mac i e and
a its electronic
electr ic compo
components).
c m e ts) TheT e
operating stem software is tthee portion
per tin ssystem rti off the
t e computi
computing ssystem
stem
tthat
at ma
manages
a es all off the
t e hardware
ar ware and
a all off the
t e other
t er software
software.
s ftware To
T bee
sspecific,
ecific it controls
c tr ls every
e er file,
file every
e er device,
e ice every
e er
ery secti
section off mai
main
memory,
mem r aand every moment
m me t off processing
r cessi time
time. It controls w
who ca
can
use
se tthee ssystem
stem and how.
w
An operating
per ting system is a software
s ftware that
t at manages
ma a es a ccomputer’s
m ter’s
hardware.
It acts as an
a interme
intermediary
i terme iar between
etwee tthee ccomputer
m ter user
ser aand tthee
ccomputer
m ter hardware
ardware.
OS is res
responsible
sible fforr ma
making
i it eas
easy tto rrun programs
r rams (even
(eve allowing
all wi
you to
t seemingly
seemi l rrun ma
many at tthee same time)
time), allowing
all wi
wing pr
programs
r rams tto
sshare
are a mem
memory,
r enabling
e a li programs
r rams to
t interact
i teract with
wit de
devices,
e ices aand
other
t er st
stuff
ff li
likee that.
that
Operating
O erati ssystems
stems are everywhere,
e er w ere from
fr m cars and
a home
me aappliances
lia ces
tthat
at iinclude
cl e “Internet
“Internet off Things”
T i s” devices
e ices to
t smart phones
phones, personal
ers al
ccomputers,
m ters eenterprise
enter
ter rise ccomputers,
m ters aand cloud
cl computing
c m ti
environments.

OS

2
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Understandin
Understanding
Underst ndin HHow
w Oper
Operating
tin SSystems
stems Work
rk

Many elements go into

int eenabling
li an operating
er ti system to work with the
ccomputer
m ter on which it is loaded.
l a e These
T ese include:
i cl e:
BIOS
Kernel
Resource
Res rce managers
Programs

BIOS
Thee BIOS is low
T low-level
le el program
r ram ccodee that
t at operates
erates betwee
between tthee
ccomputer
m ter hardware
ardware and a higher-level operating
ti system to
t initiate
i itiate
ccommunications
mm ications with
wit hardware
ar ware devices,
e ices perform
erf rm hardware tests at
startup, and
start a enable the
t e startup
start off the
t e higher-level
i er le el operating
operati system.
It resi
resides
es onn a chip
chi on the
t e computer’s
c m ter’s motherboard.
m t er ar
Functions
F cti s off BIOS are
are:
1. POST (Power
Power-On Self Test): Tests tthee computer
c mputer hardware
ar ware
aand ma
makee sure
s re no errors
err rs exist
e ist before
ef re loading
l a ing
i the
t e operating
erati
system.
2. Booting - Locates
Locates and
a iidentifies
e tifies OS kernel.
er el. The BIOS tthen
e
passes
asses the control
contr l to
t the
t e OS.
OS
Kernel
Kernel : tthee ccore
re off the
t e operating
erati system
s stem that
t at coordinates
c rdinates
r i ates operating
erati
ssystem
stem functions,
f cti
ctions,
s such
s c as control
c tr l off memory,
mem r CPU access
access, aand
storage.
st ra e TThee kernel
ernel
er el ccommunicates
mm icates with
wit the
t e BIOS,
BIOS device
eevice
ice drivers,
ri ers aand
tthee API tto perform
erform
erf rm these
t ese functions.
f cti s It also
als interfaces
i terfaces with
wit the
t e resource
res rce
managers.

3
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Resource
Res urce M
Managers
nagers
An operating
erati system is a resource
res rce manager
ma a er . The
T e system’s CPU
CPU,
memory
mem r space,
s ace, file
file-storage space, and I/O devices
e ices are among
am the
t e
resources
res rces that
t at the operati
operating ssystem
stem must
m st manage.
ma a e
Programs
There
T ere are two ttypes
es off programs:
r rams: system
s stem programs,
r rams, which
w ic are
associated
ass ciate with the operating
erati system
s stem butt are nott necessaril
ecessarily part
art off
tthee kernel,
er el aand application
a licati programs,
r rams w
which
ic include
i cl
cludee all programs
r rams
nott ass
associated
ciated with
wit the
t e operation
erati off the
t e system.
s stem

Oper tin
Operating-System Services

An operating
A erati system
s stem provides
r i es aan environment
e ir me t for
f r the
t e eexecution
ec ti off
programs. It makes
ma es certai
certain services
ser ices available
a aila le to
t programs
r grams
rams aand to the
users
sers off tthose
se programs:
Program
Pr executi n: The operating ssystem
r m execution: stem must
m st be able tto lload
a a
program
r ram into
i to mem
memory
r aand tto rrun tthat
at program.
r ram
I/O operations : A running
r i program
r ram may
ma require
re ire I/O , which may
iinvolve
l e a file orr an
a I/O device.
e ice Therefore,
T eref re the
t e operati
operating
erati ssystem
stem
must
m st provide
r i e a means
mea s to
t do I/O .
mmunications: T
Communications:
C There
ere are many
ma circumstances
circ msta ces in w
which
ic onee
process
r cess needs
eedss to
ee t eexchange
c a e iinformation
f rmati wit
with aanother
tther
er pr
process.
r cess SSuch
c
ccommunication
mm ication may
ma occur
cc r between
etwee processes
r cesses that
t at are eexecuting
ec ti on
tthee same ccomputer
m ter orr between
etwee processes
r cesses that
t at are exec
eexecuting
ec ti on
different
iffere t ccomputer
mputer
m ter systems
s stems tied
tie together
t et er by a network.
etwork.
etw r

4
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Errorr detection: T
Err Thee operating
erati system
s stem needs
ee s to
t be detecti
detecting aand
ccorrecting
rrecti errors constantly.
c sta tl Errors
Err rs ma
may occur
cc r in the CPU aand
memory
mem r hardware
ardware
ar ware (such
(s c as a memory
mem r error
err r orr a power
wer fail
failure),
re) in
i
I/O devices
e ices (such
(s c as a parity
arit error
err r on disk,
is a connectio
c nection
ecti failure
fail re on
a network, or lac
lack off paper
a er iin the
t e printer),
ri ter) and
a in
i the
t e user
ser program
r ram
(such
(s c as aan arithmetic overflow
er l w orr an
a attempt
attem t to
t access aan ille
illegal
al
memory
mem r llocation)
cation).
cati ) For
F r each
eac type
t e off error,
err r the
t e operati
operating
erati system
sshould
l take
ta e the
t e aappropriate
r riate acti
action tto eensure
s re ccorrect
rrect aand cconsistent
siste t
computing.
Resource
Res urce allocati n W
llocation: When
e there
t ere are multiple
m lti le processes
rocesses rrunning
i at
tthee same time
time, resources
res rces must
m st bee allocated
all cate to
t each
eac off tthem.
em TThee
operating
erati system
s stem ma
manages
a es ma
many different
iffere t ttypes
es off res
resources
resources.
rces
Protection
Pr securit T
tecti n and security: Thee owners
w ers off information
i f rmation st
stored
r in a
multiuser
m lti ser orr networked
netw
etw r e computer
c m ter system
s stem may
ma want
wa t to
t ccontrol
tr l use
se
off tthat
at iinformati
fformation.
rmati When
W e several
se eral separate
se arate processes
rocesses
r cesses eexecute
ec te
cconcurrently,
c rre tl
tly, it sshould
sh l nott bee possible
ssi le for
f r onee process
rocess
r cess to
t interfere
i terfere
with the
wit t e others
tthers
ers orr wit
with the
t e operating
erati system
s stem itself.
itself Pr
Protection
iinvolves
l es eensuring
ssuring
ri that
t at all access to
t system
s stem resources
res rces is ccontrolled.
tr lle
Security
Sec rit off the
t e system
s stem fr
from
m outsiders
tsi ers is als
also im
important.
rta
rtant.
t

5
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Operating
Oper tin System S
Software
ftw re - Res
Resource
urce Management

Thee pyramid
T rami shown iin the Figure below is an abstract representation
represe tati
off tthee operating
erati g system
s stem in
i its simplest
sim lest form
f rm and
a demonstrates
emonstrates
em strates how
w its
majorr ccomponents
maj m ents typically
ty icall work
w r together.
t et er
At the
t e base
ase off the pyramid
p rami are the
t e four
f r essential
esse tial managers off every
e er
majorr operating
maj erati g system
system: the Memory Manager, Pr
Processor
cessor M
Manager,
er
Device Manager,, and File Manager.
Each manager
Eac ma a er w
works
r s closely
cl sel with
wit the
t e other
t er managers
ma agers
a ers as eac
each onee
performs
erf rms its unique
ique rrole.
le
At the
t e ttop off the
t e pyrami
pyramid
rami is the
t e User Interface,
I terface which
w ic
ich allows
all ws tthee user
ser
tto issue
iss e ccommands
mmands to the
t e operating
erati system.
s stem
The four managers
rs must,
m st at a minimum,
mi im m perform
erf rm the
t e followi
ffollowing
ll wi tas
taskss
while
w ile ccollectively
llecti ely keeping
kee i the
t e system
s stem working
w r i smoothly:
sm t l :
1) M
Monitor
it r the system’s res
resources
rces
2) E
Enforce
f rce the
t e policies
licies that
t at determine
etermi e what
w at component
c m
mponent
e t gets
ets w
what
at
resources,
res rces, when
when, and
a how
wmmuch
c
3) All
Allocate
cate the resources
reso rces when
w e appropriate
4) Deall
Deallocate
cate the resources
res rces when
w e appropriate
a r riate

6
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Main
M in Mem
Memory
ry Management
Man ement
A critical res
responsibilit
onsibility
si ilit off tthee Mem
Memory
r Ma
Manager
a er is to
t protect
r tect all off tthee
sspace
ace iin tthee mai
main memory,
mem r particularly
artic larl that
t at occupied
cc ied
ie by the
t e operating
erati
system itself—it
it can’t all
allow
w any
a part
art off the
t e operating
erating system tto bee
accidentally
acci e tall orr iintentionally
inte
te ti all altere
altered because
eca se tthat
at would
w
woull lead
lea to
t
iinstability
sta ilit orr a system cras
crash.
Thee operating
T erati system is responsible
res si le for
f r the
t e ffollowing
ll wing acti
activities
ities in
i
connection with main memory management:
1. Keeping trac
track off which
w ic parts
arts off memory
mem r are currently
c rre
rrently
tl being
ei used
se
and w
which
ic process
r cess is using
si them
t em
2. All
Allocating
cati and de
de-allocating memory space as needed
3. Deci
Deciding
i w which
ic processes
prr cesses (or
( r parts
arts off processes)
r cesses) and
a data
ata to
t move
m e
into aand outt off memor
memory.

Pr cess r M
Processor Management
nagement
The Pr
Processor
cess r Mana
Ma
Manager
a er is required
re ire tot monitor
m it r the
t e computer’s
c mputer’s
m ter’s CPU tto
see if it’s busy
s eexecuting
executi
ec ti a process
r cess orr sitting
sitti idle
i le as it waits fforr ssome
other
t er ccommand
mma to finish
fi is execution.
e ec ti Ge
Generally,
erall systems are m
more
re
efficientt w
efficie when
e ttheir
eir CPUs are kept
e t busy.
s
The most important
tantt functions
ta f cti s off the
t e Processor
Pr cess r Manager
Ma aager
er are:
1) Creati
Creating and
a deleting
deleti
eleti both
t user
ser aand system
s stem processes
r cesses
2) Sc
Scheduling
e ling processes and
a tthreads
rea s on tthee CPUs
3) S
Suspending
s e ing an
and resuming
res mi processes
r cesses
4) Pr
Providing
i iing mec
mechanisms
a isms fforr process
r cess synchronization
s c r izati
ization
5) Pr
Providing
i i g mec
mechanisms
a isms fforr process
r c communication

7
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Device
De ice M
Management
n ement
Thee Device
T De ice Manager
Ma a er is responsible
res si le for
f r connecting
c ecti withwit every
e er device
e ice
tthat’s
at’s aavailable
aila le on the
t e system
s stem and
a for
f r choosing
c si the t e most
m st efficie
efficientt way
wa
tto allocate
all cate eac
each off these
t ese printers,
ri ters ports,
rts disk
is drives,
ri es
es, and
a m more,
re based
ase
on the device
e ice scheduling
sc
sched
e li policies
licies selecte
selected by the
t e desig
designers
esi ers off tthee
operating system.
Good device
G e ice ma
management
manageme
a eme t re
requires
ires that
t at tthis
is part
art off the
t e operating
erati
ssystem
stem uniquely
i el
ely identify
ide
i e tif eac
each device,
e ice start its operati
operation
erati w
when
e
aappropriate,
r riate monitor its progress,
r ress and
a finally
fi all deallocate
eall cate the device
e ice to
t
makee tthee operating
ma erating ssystem
erati stem aavailable
aila le tto tthee next
e t waiting
waiti process
process.
r cess
Designing
Desi i aan operating
operati
erati ssystem
stem tto ma
manage
a e ssuch
c a wide
wi e ra
rangee off
devices (such as printers
pri
ri ters as well as m
monitors,
it rs keyboards
eyboards,
e ar s pointing
i ti
devices,
e ices disk
is drives,
rives, cameras,
cameras scanners,
sca ers aand so
s on)) is a da
daunting
ti task.
tas
To do sso, each device has
T as its own
w software,
s ftware called
calle a device dri
driver,
er
which
w ic ccontains
tai s the detailed
et ile iinstructions
str cti s re
required
ire byy the operating
er ti
system tto start
st rt that
t t device,
evice allocate
ll c te it to
t a job,
j use
se tthee device
evice
ccorrectly,
rrectly and dealloc
eallocate
t it when it’s appropriate.
File Management
Thee File Manager
T Ma ager keeps track off eevery
er file iin tthee system,
system iincluding
cl i
data
ata files
files, program
r ram files,
files utilities,
tilities compilers,
c m ilers applications,
a lications,
licati s and
a so
s on.
By ffollowing
B ll wi the
t e access policies
licies determined
etermi e by the
t e system
s stem designers,
esi ers
the File Manager enforces
enf rces restrictions
restricti s on w
who has
as access to
t which
w ic
files. Many
files Ma operatin
perating
erati systems
s stems allow
all w authorized
a t rize individuals
i iividuals
i als to
t change
c a e
tthose
se permissions
ermissions and
an restrictions.
restricti s
The File Managerr also
als controls the range of actions that each
eac user
ser is
allowed
all we tto perform
erform
erf rm wit
with files after tthey
e access them.
t em For
F r eexam
example,
am le onee

8
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ineerin Dep
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rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

user
ser mi
mightt have
ave read-only
rea l access tto a critical database
atabase, while
w ile the
t e
ssystems
stems aadministrat
ministratorr might
mi t hold
l rea
read-and-write
write access aand tthe
aauthority
t rit tto create and
an delete
elete files iin tthee same database.
ata ase
User Interface
Thee user
T ser interface
i terface—the
t e portion
rti off tthee operating
erati system that
t at users
sers
iinteract
teract wit
with directly
irectly—is
is onee off the
t e most
m st unique
i e compo
components
e ts off aan
operating system.
The primary
rimar types are tthee graphical
ra ical user
ser interface
i terface (GUI)
(GUI), the
ccommand
mma lilinee interface and touch-screen interface.
1) The GUI relies on iinputt from
fr m a pointing
i ti device
e ice such
s c as a m
mouse
se
orr yourr fi
finger.
finger
er SSpecific
ecific me
menu options,
ti s desktops,
es tops,
t s aand fformats
rmats
often
fte vary
ary widely
wi el fr
from
m onee operating
erati system
s stem to aanother
t er (and
(a
ssometimes
metimes from onee version
ersi tot another).
a t er)
2) T
Thee alternative to
t a GUI is a ccommand interf ce which
mm nd line interface,
respondss to sspecific
res ecific ccommands
ma s ttyped
e on a keyboard
key ar and
a
displayed
is la ed on the monitor .
3) M
Mobile
ile systems ssuch
c as phones aand ta
tablets
lets provide a touch-
interface enabling users to slide their fingers
screen interface, ingers acr
across
ss tthee
screen orr press buttons
scree tt s on the
t e screen
scree to
t select choices.
choices
4) choices.

N e off the
None t e elements
eleme ts off an
a operating
erating
erati ssystem
stem can
ca
perf rm its individual
perform i i i al tasks
tas s in
i isolation—
is lati —each must
also
lso work
ls w r harmoniously
arm i sl withwit every
e er other
t er ma
manager.
a er

9
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
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rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Evolution of Operating
Operatin Systems

Thee evolution
T e l ti off operating
operati
erati system
s stem software
s ftware parallels
arallels the
t e eevolution
l ti off
tthee ccomputer
m ter hardware
ardware it was designed
esi e tot control.
c tr l
A. B
Bare
re Machine
M chine Appr ch: in the earlier stages
Approach: sta es of ccomputer
m ter
development,
e el me t tthere
ere was nothing
t i like
li e an
a Operating
O erating
erati S
System.
stem A
ccomputer
m ter used
sed to
se t bee programmed
r ramme directly
irectl in
i machine
mac i e la
language,
a e
withoutt aany system
wit
ssoftware
ftware ssupport.
pport.
This
T is is known
wn as a
“Bare
B re M
Machine”
chine”
approach.

B. Seri
Seriall Pr cessing : IIn serial processing,
Processing r cessi the
t e OS was limite
limited only
l to
t a
Loader
L a er aand some
s me I/O device.
e ice The
T e system
s stem utility
tilit programs
r grams
rams ccomprised
m rise
only
l assem
assemblers,
lers, compilers,
com ilers linkers
li ers and
a debuggers.
e ers
IIn serial processing,
r cessi
cessing, tthee programs
r rams were executed
e ec te in
i a serial ma
manner
er
(one after another),
er), wherein
er) w erei program
r ram source
s rce code,
c e written
writte iin assem
assembly
l
language or high-level
level
le el language
la a e on a pack
ac off punched
c ed
e cards
cards.
car s

10
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

C. B
Batch Pr cessing : A batch
tch Processing atc is a sequence
se e ce off user
ser jobs
j bs forme
formed for
f r the
t e
purpose
r se off processin
r cessi
cessing by a batch
atc processing
r cessi operating
erati
erating ssystem.
system
stem Ea
Each
jjob in
i the
t e batch
atch is independent
atc i e e e t off other
t er jjobss iin the
t e batch;
atc ; jobs
j s
ttypically
icall belong
el g to differe
differentt users.
sers
Thee primary
T rimar function
f cti off tthee batch
atc processing
r cessi ssystem
stem is to
t service
ser ice the
t e
jjobss iin a batch
atch one after another
a t er without re
requiring
iring th
the operator’s
intervention.
IIn batch
atc OS batches
atches
atc es are stored
st re in
i memory
mem r for
f r processin
r cessing.
cessi T
Thee OS
picks
ic s onee job
j and
a exec
executes
e ec tes it
it. E
Eventually
e t all jjobss have
a e tto wait fforr ssome
me
I/O operation.
erati That
T at tthee CPU sits idle
i le for
f r that
t at time he
hence
e ce ssystem
stem
performance
erf rma ce degrades
egrades.

Batch system: a typee off computing

comp ti system
s stem that
t at
eexecutes
ec tes programs,
r rams each of w which
ic is ssubmitted
mitte
iin its entirety,
e tiret can
ca bee grouped
rouped iinto
t batches,
atc es
aand eexecuted
ec te wit
withoutt external iintervention.
ter e ti

11
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
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rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

D. Multipr
Multiprogramming S stems: C
r mming Systems: Computers
m ters in
i tthee mid-1960s
mid were
designed
esi e wit
with faster CPUs,
CPUs butt they
t e still had
a problems
r blems
lems iinteracting
teracti
directly
irectl wit
with tthee relati
relatively
el slow
sl w printers
ri ters and
a other
t er I/O de
devices.
e ices TThee
ssolution
l ti was called multiprogramming, w
which
ic iintroduced
tr uced the
t e concept
c ce t
off lloading
i many
m y pro
programs
r ms att onee time and allowing
ll wi tthem
em to
t share
s re the
t e
attention
tte ti off tthee single CPU.
CPU
Thee OS can
T ca put
utt ma
many
man user
ser programs
r rams iin tthee mem
memory,
r , and
a let the
t e CPU
eexecute
ec te iinstructions
str cti
ctionss off onee program
r ram while
w ile the
t e I/O subsystem
s s stem is busy
s
with aan I/O operatio
wit peration for
f r another
a t er program.
r ram This
T is technique is calle
called
multiprogramming
multipr r mming.

Multiprogramming:
lti r rammi : a technique
techni e that
t at allows
all ws a
single processor
r cess r to t process
rocess se
several
eral programs
r
residing
resi i sim
simultaneously
lta e sly in main
mai memory
mem r anda
iinterleaving
terlea i ttheir
eir eexecutio
ecution by overlapping
erla i
I/O requests
re ests wit
with CPU requests.
requests

12
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

E. Time Sharing
Sh rin (Multitasking) S stems: A time-sharing
(Multit skin ) Systems: s aring ssystem
stem is aan
example of a multiuser system,
system wwhich
ic mea
meanss tthat
at multiple users
sers are
accessing tthee ssystem
accessi stem at the
t e same time.
time The
T e most
m st significant
si ificant
ifica t advantage
a a ta e
off tthese
ese ssystems
stems was the
t e capability
ca a ilit to
t provide
r i e iinteractive
teractive ccomputing
m ti
tto tthee users
sers cconnecte
nnected
ecte tto tthee ssystem.
stem The
T e basic
asic technique
tec ique
i e employed
em l e on
tthese
ese ssystems
stems was that
t at the
t e processor's
r cess r's time was uniformly
iformly
if rml shared
s are by
tthee user
ser programs.
r rams
rams. The
T e operating
erati system
s stem provided
r i e CPU ser
service
ice during
ri
a small aand fixed
fi ed inter
interval
al tto a program
r ram and
a then
t e switched tto tthee next
e t
program.

I time sharing
In s ari OS the
t e many users ca can operate
erate
ccomputer
m ter system
s stem simultaneousl
sim ltaneously. CPU time is
divided
i i e between
etwee users
sers tthat
at use it one-by-one.
e

13
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rm tics En
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ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

F. Re
Reall Time S stems : Real-time
Systems time systems
s stems are used
sed in time
time-critical
eenvironments
ir me ts wwhere
ere reliability
relia ilit is critical and
a data
ata must
m st bee processed
r cesse
within
wit i a strict time limit
limit. Examples
E am les off real-time
real time systems are tthose
se
used
se fforr sspacecraft,
acecraft, airport
acecraft air rt traffic control
c tr l and
a medical
me ical systems
systems.
s stems There
T ere
are
re tw
two ttypes
es of real-time
real time systems
s stems depending
e e i on the
t e conse
consequences
e ces off
missing tthee deadline:
missi eadline:
time systems ris
1. Hard real-time risk total
t tal system
s stem failure
fail re if the pre
predicted
icte time
deadline is missed.
time systems ssuffer
2. Soft real-time ffer performance
erf rma ce degradation,
e ra ation, bbutt nott total
t tal
system fail
failure,
re, as a consequence
c se e ce off a missed
misse deadline.
ea li e

Real-time system :aa computi

computing system
s stem used
se ini
time-critical
critical eenvironments
ir nments that
t at require
re ire
guaranteed
ara tee res
response
se times, such
s c as navigation
a i ati
ssystems,
stems rapid
ra i transit
tra sit systems
systems, aand industrial
i strial
control systems.

Computin Environments
Computing

1) Tr
Traditional Computin : "T
diti n l Computing "Typical
ical office
ffice eenvironme
vironment"
t" uses
ses
traditional
tra iti al ccomputing.
computi
m ti N Normal
rmal PC is used
se in
i traditional
tra itional
iti al computing.
c m ti
Portability
rta ilit was achieved
ac ie e by use
se off laptop
la t computers.
c m ters
mputing:: refers to
2) Mobile Computin t computing
c m ti on handheld
a held smartphones
aand ta
tablet
let computers.
computers

Whatt is the functi

Wh functional
n l difference
ifference between
etween mobile
m ile device
evice and
n a
“traditional” ptop? T
tr iti n l llaptop? Thee features
feat res off a mobile
m ile device
e ice allow it tto

14
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
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ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

provide
r i e functionality
f cti
ctionality
alit tthat
at is eit
either
er unavailable
a aila le orr im
impractical
ractical on a
laptop
la t computer,
c m ter, suc
such as :

Global
Gl b lPPositionin
sitioning System (GPS Chips:: An
S stem (GPS) A embedde
embedded GPS cchip
i
allows
all ws a mobile
m ile device
e ice to
t use
se satellites to
t determine
etermi
eterminee its precise
recise
location
cati onn Earth.
Eart T That
at functionality
f cti alit is es
especially
ecially useful
sef l iin
designing
esi i applications
applicati s that
t at provide
r i e navigation—for
a i ati for eexample,
am le
telling users
telli sers whic
which way
wa to
t walk
wal orr drive.
ri e
3) Client–Server C mputin : Ma
Server Computing Many systems
s stems now servers,
responding
res i to req
requests
ests generated
e erate by clients.

Client – Server Computing

4) Peer-to-Peer Computin : IIn this

Peer Computing t is model,
m el clients
clie ts and ser
servers
ers are
nott distinguished
isti uished from one aanother.
t er IInstead,
stea all nodes within
wit i the
t e
ssystem
stem are considere
considered peers,
eers and
a each
eac ma
may act as either a clie
clientt orr
a server,
ser er dependi
eepending
e i on w
whether
et er it is requesting
re esti g orr providing a
service.
Peer-to-peer
eer systems offer
ffer an
n advantage
v nt e over
ver tr
tradition
ditional
iti n l client
client–
server systems In a client–server system, the server is a
er systems:
bottleneck; but in a peer-to-peer
eer system,
s stem services
ser ices can be provided
r i e
by several
se eral nodes
odes distri
distributed
te throughout the network.
15
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Peer-to-Peer Computing

5) Cl
Cloud
ud C mputing:: is a type
Computin t e off ccomputing
m ting that delivers
ccomputing,
m ti storage,
stora e aand even
e e applications
a licati s as a service across
acr ss a
network. IIn some ways,
wa s it’s a llogical
ic l eextension
tensi n of virtualization,
virtu liz ti n
because it uses
ses virtualization
virt liz ti ass a base
se for
f r its functionality
f ctionality.
cti lity
There
T ere are actuall
actually ma
many ttypes
es off cl
cloud computing,
c m ti incl i the
including t e
following:
a) Public cloud —aa cloud
cl available
a aila le via
ia the
t e Internet tto aanyonee
willing to pay
pa for
f r the
t e services
ser ices
b) Pri
Private cl ud a cloud
ate cloud—a cl rrunss by a compan
company fforr tthat
at
ccompany’s
m any’s own
w use
se
c) H
Hybrid cloud a cloud
brid cloud—a cl that
t at includes
i cl es both
t public aand private
ri ate
cloud components
cl comp e

16
 Computer
C mputer & Inf
Informatics
rm tics En
Engineering
ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

Cloud
Cl ud C
Computing
mputing Service Models:
M dels

a) S
Software
ftw re ass a ser
service
ice (S
(SaaS)—one
S) or more applications
(such
(s c as w
word
r processors
process rs orr sspreadsheets)
rea s eets) aavailable
aila le via
ia tthee
Internet.
b) Pl
Platform
tf rm ass a service (P
(PaaS)—a
S) software stack ready for
aapplication
licati use
se via tthee IInternet
ter et (for example, a database
server).

c) Infr
Infrastructure
structure as a ser
service
ice (I
(IaaS)—servers
S or storage
aavailable
aila le over
er the Internet
Inter et (for
(f r example,
e am le storage
st ra e aavailable
aila le for
f r
making
ma i backup
ac p copies off production
r cti data).
ata

6) Real-Time
Time Embedded Systems:
S stems: Em
Embedded mputers are the
e e ccomputers
most
m st prevalent
re ale
alentt form
f rm off computers
c m ters in
i existence.
e iste ce These
T ese devices
e ices are
ffound eeverywhere
erywhere,
er w ere from
fr m car engines
e i es and
a microwave
micr wave
wa e oovens.
e s They
T e
tend to have very specific t s s T
s ecific tasks. Thee ssystems
stems they run
r on are
usually
s all primitive
rimitive, and
a sos the
t e operating
er tin systems provi
providee lim
limited
features.
Embedded
Em e e systems almost
lm st always
lw ys run
r real-time
time operatin
erating systems
systems.

Embedded
Systems

17
 Computer
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rm tics En
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ineerin Dep
Department
rtment

Operating Systems (2021\2022)

Lecturer: Balqees Talal

An operating
A erati system provides
r i es aan environment
e ir me t fforr the execution
e ec ti off
programs
rams by providin
roviding services
ser ices to
t users
sers and
a programs.
r rams
The procedure of starting
s the computer so that it could load
lo its OS is
known as booting the
t system because the small program that helped it
do this was called as
a bootstrap loader.
Device drivers can extend
e te tthe native functions of an operati
rating system
s stem
to provide access and
a control over different
iffere t types
t es off devices
devices, ssuch
c as
printer s and DVD drives.
Power-On
O Self Test (POST) Tests
Tests, such
s c as memory
mem ry an
and hardware
ar ware
ccomponent
m e t tests, that are run by the BIOS
IOS when
w e a computer
c mputer starts aand
tthat
at m
must
st ccomplete
mplete before
bef re the
t e operating
erati system is loaded.
Early operating
Earl erati g systems
s stems tended
te e tto bee single
si le tasking,
tas ing,
i bbutt m
modern
er
ssystems
stems are largely multitasking.
Computing
C m ti takes
ta es place
lace iin a variety
ariet off environments
e ir mements,
ts iincluding
cl i
traditional ccomputing
mputing, mobile
m ile computing,
c m ti client–server
clie t erver systems,
systems peer-
eer
to-peer systems,
tems, cloud
clou computing,
c m ti anda real-time
real time embedded
em edded ssystems.
stems

18