System
ASystem is a way of tooTkinq 1qanising o) doing one o)
manu
tasks, thich are
performed in a
system according to a fixed patth er)
plan proqnam 01) set ot rules
Definit ion of Embedded ystem
An Embedded system is a system that has embedded
Soft toate in a computer ha1dware The system is dedicated for
either an
application C) (o) specitic pat of an
application 6) product
(On) a
component o a
laqe system
AccoTding b Wayne Wolf an embedded system fs any device
that includes a
proqrcummable computer but is not itse
intended to be a
qeneral-purpose compubeT
Acovding to Todd D Morton, Embedded systems are
electhonic
Systems that Con tain a
micropro cesSOT (OT) mictoconttoler but we
don't think of them as
Computers
Embedded Sustem Characteristtcg:
ú) Phoqram is preloaded ) embedded in the ROM () (or)
flash memory
System unctions în Teal ime. he tasks
execute accorcling
Ev
to priovibies7he system e acts to the events, ínterrupts in
pTedetermined bime interv al and Schedules TesponSes
accoTding
accordino
o prioviies System con rols the Latencies of tasks, events and
then intenupts ound Tesponds. Latency means time InteTval
between the fnstante o need to respono and sta1t of the
actual executtom
iid Dedicated Set of functions
(iv) Complex oledicoated-purpose algori thms .
(V) Complex dedicated putpose PTepTogrammed hardware, ounda
q1aphic
1aphic and other user interfaces CGUI.)
u) Multinate opeabions with difterent predetermined time const raints
to finish the diHerent operctions Examples ae the audio, video
data and metwork Strecams, and events
Block diagram of Cmbedded system harduoae:
Input Devices
Interfacing/ DriveY
Circuibs
ProqTam
Proce Ssor Memory and
Data memory
Serial
Timers Communi cation
porbs
Interrupt Parallel
eontroller PoTts
Outputs nterfacing
Driver cicuits
Microprocessor
A Microprocessor is used as
qeneral puipose twhen Softuware is
located in the enterna memory chips or) Secondary memony
Micro contvoller
AMicrocontroller is used twhen a &mall (or) part of the embedded
Software has to be located in fnteynal memo and when the
on-chip functional unibs like Interrupt -handler, port, timer, ADC,
PWM, CAN Controlley, ZigBee (ov) USB [Link] aTe needed.
Embedded Hardware uníts and Devices in a systerm:
The Software embeds Into hardwae lardware
Consists of
number of building blocks in a civcuit board (o) In
ASTC (o) on the
SoC along with the
processoTS
Building Blocks
Power Source
Vorious wnits in an tmbedd ed suystem Operate in one of the
follotoimqg four [Link] YOnqes 50Vt 025 V, 33V t0-3V
a-0Vt O2V -5Vt 0 2V
Clock Oscillator Clocking Units
The clock controls the timne for
executing an [Link]
requency depends on the procesSor circuit execution ate
System Timey: iu
A TImex circuit is suitably conflquved and functions aS
System- clock Tbe system clock ticks and enerates system
8ystem
interupts enables execubion ot the System upervisony functions
in the OS at the periodic intervals System clock ticks Can be
60 times Im 1 Second
A System clock 1s Tequired in a sy [Link] system clock also
dvives the system Supervisory functionsS in the OS at periodic
mtervals in a system. Micro contro ller provides a tímer circuit for
the clock
Real-Tme Clock (RTC)
AReal- Time clock s Tequied in a system The clock drives
the timers for Vartous timing and counting meeds in a system
The clock also updates ttme and date in the system A
microConbholler pro Vides the timer ciYCuits tor the counting and
timing deuices
55 Reset Circuit, fower-_up Keset and Natchdog -Timer Reset:
A circuit for reset enables Testart of the suystem fvom the
beqinning using the Stoitch @) Siqnal he Teset Can also be pevformed
by using an instructhion tb the processor A potwer- up reset civcút
enables Yestart of the System from
beginning twhenever power
powcr sis
Suoit ched on in the
system A
Watchdog- bimer eset enables the
Testout of system when it is stuck up in certain Set
of nstructions
FDY a period more than a
preset time interval
-
6) Memo:
Vaious forms Df memories are used in a system
aIntenal RAM
b) Internal ROM PROM EPROM
External RAM foY the temporary data and stack.
d) Internal caches
) Tnternal EEPROM (01) flash
Memory Stick Ccard) : Video, images, Son gs o) Speeches and tarqe
storage in diqital camera and mobile systems.
) Extemal ROM e) PROM for embedded $otware
h) RAM Memovy buffers at the poits.
Various torms of System Memory
Internal Tnternal
RAM at Calches at Flash ROM/ Memory
MicTo MicroproceS soT EEPROM PROM Addsesses
Controller at
External and or the System
RAM at Ports
Externa Internal
System RAM
on- chip
Cov)
chips
Extemal
RAM
Input, Output oand o povts 1lo Buses and 1/0 ínterfaces
system qets inputs from physical devices through the inpub
The
ports. lov example, a System qets inputs trom touch
screen, keyboaid
Sensors o) transducer circuits
A processor identhhes tach inpub bulfex
povt by Its memony buffe
addiessCes), called pot address (es) Just as a memo todalion
holding a byte e) tord is tdentifiecd by an addess each nput
pont is also identified by the address The system qels the npate
by the Tead operation at the port addresses. The sqstem has oulput
pots through which it sends to the Yeal toovld
output bytes
for example, a sustem may send output to a pyinteY 0) an output
may be to a tommunication system ov) netwovK
Each output pevt is identified by its memo buffer address(es)
called pont addess. The system Sends the output by a wvite
operation to the port address There also
are
qeneval- puipose
qeneval purpose
pots
povts fovY both he input and output (1/0) opevattons
Embedded Sottoare ROM lmaqe:
General puspose computing system toads the soltoare in RAM
before the program Tuns An embedded system piocessov of the
system meed
System Sotware, that is
specific to a
qiven opplication ol that
system The processOY of the System ocesses the fnslvuction codes
and data The codes and data are
placed in the
memory (ROM (or)
lash) in the tinal staqe he soffioare enable
dedicated applicatlons
in system
All the tasks execute using instructions
placed fvom RoM 0)
flash The hinal staqe software is also called RoM imaqe
because
ust as an imaqe is a
unique Sequence and
aYYangement of pixels,
embedded Software is also a unique placement and aYYangement of
bytes fOY instructions and data
Each code (01) datum is available onlu in oits and byte (s)
HoTmat The system Yequires bytes at each ROM address, according to
the tasks beinq executed A machine
inmplementatble software file is
therefore Like a table, having in each ToOS the address and byte. hne
bytes
bytes are Saved at each address of the system [Link] table
has to be Teadied as a ROM mage foY the targeted hardtoare
Bytes for PC- ADDR Bytes for Address
Ackdress of from uohere system
SP- ADDR
Stack om stants Execubton
Rese on Powe up (nNot
ADDR-I
needed in 8ox86,
Jnterrupt Seruice
ADDR-2 8051,80196
Routine Ve ctor
Addresses of ADDR-3
2Bytes each Bytes fov
ADDR-4 Data as
Boot up
Inputs for each
P1oqram
Cocles ADDR-5 Interrupt
Service Routine.
ADDR- 6
Machine Specific
ADDR-1 Codes for
each proqram,
ADDR-8
ISR and Task
ADDR-4
Machine Codes
oT Real Time
Opevaling ADDR-10o
System CRTOS)
System RoM
Memov
Final- tage
Final- stage software it also called ROM
imagehe final machine
implementable soBtuoare tov a
product embeds in the RoM (on PROM) as an
image ot a frame Bytes at each address must be defined
for creatina
the RoM image By changing thic the Same
image hardiware platfovm
Loill toonk
doferenty and can be usedtor entirely difetent applicaticng
() fur new
upqrodes of the tame
suystem
Scltuwase in Phocessor-Specidic Assembly
Lanquaq
proquam ) a mall specitic pat can be coded tn the assem bly
Lonquage Assembler is he softuare used toT developinq codes In assembly
An undevstonding is
necessary for oding the instrucbion at the
instruction seb procesSor
Machine Machine Machine
Specific Assembler Codes fo
Codes Teady
Assembly the proqam
fDY Locating
Lanquaqe at Various
rOq1am hddse sses at Varteu
Addresses
3
fom
Bytes for Device
Libraxy LinkeT
Theeded Linked CROM)
machine P1oqrams Loader ProqyammeT
codes CBurnex)
Data Bytes
Embedded System
ROM Memony
AsSembly
ASSembly Codes enable the utilisation of the
pocetsor- specifie
features A file is created fn thvee steps uAsing the Assembler 'Linke'
and Locator A kle called hex-file is for the ROM image 1t has
a standard fovmat A device programmer fimally burns the Imaqe in
PROM ) EPROM () flash. A mask Crealed hom the image erables
fabricatedion of ROM Io the Ic
Compilation and Embeddinq in a
Hiqh-Level Lanquag PYoq
PYoqyam
am
C Machine
Proqram Codes in
funcbions Compller objectFile
Prom 2 Bytes fov
Linked
Library LinkeT
Needed Proqyams
Machine
Codes
Embedded System
ROM Memory
The Compile assembles the Codes accovdi ng to the pro ces sor
insucion set and other Specihications As a fnal step of compllalion, the
C Compiler fur embedded systems must use code- optimisey 1
optimises the codes before in King AHer compilation, the tinker tinke
the objects des with other nceded codleS Cocdes foy deuice management
aund dTiver also Link at this stage After linkinq the other seps r
Creatinga Hle to7 ROM image aTe the Same.
Classification of Embedded Systems:
Considering degree ot desiqn Complezity and system performance embedded
System Can be classi ied into three ty pes
) Smal Scale Embedded Systems
a Desiqmed oith a single 8 or) 16-bit microcontroller (o) DSP
b May have Little hardoate and software complexiies and involve
board- Level desiqn
MayMauy be battery operated
May use an integrated development environment IDE) Specific to
the microcomboler (o) processor family used in the main proqrammin q
tool.
e) Uses generally C ov MATLAB
) May (o) maynot be mullitas kinq and may o1) may not uSe cun RToS
a)Medium Scale Embedded Systems:
Designed with a single ev feo 16 or) 32- bit micTO COntroller or) DSP
or) Reduced Instrucbon Seb Computer (RISC), for example , ARM family
micioprO cessers and micro controllers.
b May also be desiqned toith available Single purpoSe processOrS
Uses Software tools for providing the soluticns o the haidcoare
Compleziies
dUses Real Time Operating Suystem (RTOS) for mulliasking
Uses complex Softuoare
desigm using proqramming tools:
ClC++/ Visual
Ctt Java RTOS and Souice code
and
tngineeringtbolSimulabor, Debugger
Inteqnated Deuelopment EnviTonment CiDE).
The VLST desiqn fonm of these Systems use the Teadily available
TPs for the various functions for example, bus controllerUSB
intertace
hese Systems have both hardevare and software comple xilieS
3 Sophisticated Embedded Systems:
Sophisticated embedded syctems have encrmous handeoare and sofluare
Complexibes. A Sophisticated system is
a)Designed on 32-bit o) 6 -6it RISCs
b) Needs hardware and sotteoare co-desigm
c) Needs component integroaticn in the final system
May meed implemented in the hadware in the form o ?P CoTes foT
Complex Software funcions 8uch asS encryphom and deciphering
algorithms TCP| TP proto col stacking and netuoTk driver, discrete
Cosine transformahion and mverse bansformation algorithms. Hardtoare
implementation qives additional
processin9 speed
May need neu developmenb tools
May be an SoC Suystem- on- chip)
These systems used for eutting- edge applications thot neced
hardare and software co-design and Components integratien n the final
Buystem Example of Sophishicated system is a mobile
tompuling sustem
An embedded- system desiqner has to develop a
product usmg the available
tools toith In the qiven speciftcations, cost and
time frame.
Embedded System-on-Chip (soc) and
A Complex embedded sqstem is designed on a Single silicon chip
consistinq of multiple processors, harduware units and the softoare
System- on- Chip (Soc) is a design innovation for the embedded Systems.
that
SoC is a system on a VLSI chip: has multiple pYDCeSsors, Softoare and
all the needed well
diqital as as analbg circulbs on the chip, for example
SoC fov mobile phones SoC embeds Softtoane, Specitic to dedicated
applications and may have the analoq circuits.
An SoC may embedded the follo ding interconnected cores
(components) on
the chip
Embedded qeneral purpose processor
CCPU)
Embedded Applications Specific Instruction- set P1ocessor (ASIP) o t
instruchion set for micro controller o)
digital iqnal protessor 6r) qraphic
pTo Cesso
3) ASIPs with nstruction Set designed fov
specitic applicahbn units ín
the System
Single Pur pose proce sS oTs
9 Multiple proce sso1S
Cache, RAM and flash memoTy
) Multiple standard Source solutions called 1P
CoTeS
CIntellectual Property)
Civcaits for
special functions on
single pur pose using application
Specific inteqrated civcuit
application
CASICE).
Other loqtc civcuits
19) Analog units.
A SYSTEM ON CHIP
BUSES
Single puvpose Digital
PYocessors Civcuits,
ASIPs TimeT,
Muxs
IPs
Port
Interfaces
Data Address
Gen eyator PROGRAM DMAG
DATA
Proqvam Address AND PORT
MEMORY
Interrupt
Generator
Contyo
ller
Multi-
procesSoY DSP
Amaloq
Circuits, A]D
GPP FLASH or)
EPROM
I6-207 Area 20-257. Avea
601. Avea
L - - - .
eHorts. The Cost of deve lo pm ent
The Soc neds veny lorge desiqn
called Non- Recurrinq ngineeting (NRE) cost 1s very hiqh Advanbage ot an
Sois that, the system has veny htgh pertormance, funcbionalihes and vevy
low powey dissipation Therefove, SoCs are used in embedded systems, tohich
are extensfvely and commonly used, need the small size , high system
pertormoance much functionality, Very Lo power dissipation and have lotw
enerqy
energy consumption Examples ot extenstvely used systems are mobil e phones
tablets personal compubers, set-top boxes diqital TUs and camevas
Applicahion Specific IC (ASIC) used in SoC (o) VLS1
Desian
ASIC is used for of lower
desiqn layers in
a VLS1 ciscuik The bop
layer is then completed fov the VLSI, for eomple, a micnpo(A
ASICs are used in
desiqning an SoC o) VLSI,for the speskte daditaled
funchions,Single-pus pose processing o) special-function proesson
An ASIC Uses
standand cells and has cell
amauys An AS1 moy
A51C Tnay
include o
processing unit. Processing units ma be embedded n
the
the
desions for the
Components ASIC Can be a
unit
unit ASIC doesnot non-p10q1omming proce3ina
fetch progyam fnstuctions for
the memo
Asic based desiqn is used for a numbs components on VLS1
These are used for the
tpecafic functions o or specikic set ot dunctiont
ASIC are
Confiqured for single- puspose protessos and special-
umctiorn processorS
An
Am ASIC desiqned usinq a VLE1 tool
desln Deciqning of
circust s
done using an Electhonic
Desian Aubomation CEDA) tool. A Htgh eut
Desiqm Lanqunge CHDL) uch as VHDL ) Veailoq Is used or the
desion o diqitol clrauits fr AsIc
IP Cove
Standasd Source solution fo1 sqmbesizina a
highes- euel companent
by configuning a core in the VLSI Circuit roy be avallable at an
Sntellectuol Propesby called 1P. Desiqner (0 a desianinq cormpony holds he
copywightfor
copyiaht tor the
sumthesi zed desian hiqber evel component Sytresized
dcsiqn is used for thok gpte-Level tmplemertation of on 1P. hn
Embeddcd system incorposoe everol 1P
Layer than
n P implemernts a hiqh- level Com ponent at a loweT
that ot ASIC layey in a VLST Civcuit. The higher level componenb may
indude an ASIC That hiqh-level component s intbeqrabed and becomes
a pat
part of VLS O) SoC High Level components on a LS 1 6) SoC
equre System integration toith the ASICS ASTPS memoy buses and
perípherals
An P Component posse sses Sophishicabion in the clreuit. Sophisbicati
fs above the qate - Level, Counter, reqister, multlplier {loating point
opiation unit o) ALU
