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INTERFACE ELECTRONICS = ELECTRICAL > OUTPUT Electrical Signal 41202024 Commonly used sensors in Internet of Things ‘The large varieties and type of sensors available in the market at present da for the improvement of quality of human life style. The importance of 1oT rise sensor in its partis designed the measurement of physical external stimulus an y by or responds to it that can be read by a user or another device. The most commonly used sensors in Internet of things are described in the following, ‘Temperature sensors Proximity sensors Pressure sensors Optical Sensors Fiber optic sensors Humidity sensor Accelerometer and gyroscope Micro sensorsCommonly used sensors in Internet of ‘Things (Lol) + Temperature sensors These are one of the commonly using sensors that measure the temperature heat of a given medium. These sensors uses a number of methodsfor determine and quantify the temperature of any object. Some of theTemperature sensors required a physical contact with the object while other types do not require contact as they can detect liquid or gases that emit radiant energy like spike in heat or temperature.Highly sensitive semiconductors available in market which are capable enough to monitor and display slight variation in temperature. + Proximity sensors Proximity sensors are the best to detect any type of motion. They are widely using in applications such as security, safety, or efficiency. These sensors are used to avoid obstacles in navigating to a crowded place or any complex route as best possible sensor forthe mapbuilding. Proximity sensors uses electromagnetic radiation like radar signals to detect motion or habitation.Proximity sensors have best use in many typesindustry The retailers use proximity sensors to find out vicinity of the customers once they are near to their premises by sending them some offers on their IoT devices. It also can be used in parking systems, museums, airports, ete. sreore0z1 8 ‘Commonly used sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) ~ Pressure sensors Pressure sensors are used for measuring pressure of any type of gas or liq Pressure sensors converting the physical power into an electrical signal. They are also can be effectively used for measuring other variables like speed and altitude or similar situation in some way. Barometers and pressure gauges are the common using pressure sensors used for loT system. Barometers are helpful in weather forecasting as it can give accurate measurement of ambient air. Pressure gauges are mostly used in industrial sites as it is good for the monitoringof pressure in closed environments. Pressure sensors are ultimate solution for ToT devices as it can be used for various areas such as touch screen devices, bio medical devices, automotive systemsand manufacturing industry. Micro pressure sensors are type of small size sensors forthe measurement of pressure. The first micro sensor was developed and used by industry piezoresistive pressure sensor to reduce fuel consumption by maintaining a tight control ratio between air and fuel and other is disposable blood-pressure sensor to monitor the corresponding status of the patient during operation, srzarz02t 4 Commonly used sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) + Optical Sensors . Optic sensing technology is used to detect electromagnetic energies like light, Kc utilize concept of the photoelectric effect, says that there will be an ejection of electrons, when a negatively charged plate of some appropriate light: sensitive material, is strike by a beam of, photons. ‘The electrons can then be made to flow as a current from the plate feed as a Signal. The magnitude of the electric current produced is directly proportional to the light intensity or number of photons. They can emit, receive, and convert light energy into electrical signal. The fiber optic sensor IoT interface is connected to internet and can collectsvarious information for monitoring different parameters . These optical sensors widely use in different types digital cameras which act as one of the major physical devices of an IoT system.. As they are passive to all forms of electrical interfaces, they are considered asCommonly used sensors in Internet of Things (IoT). + Humidity sensor a Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air cat affect human livings as well as many manufacturing processes. The presence of water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological activities and its measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the quality and cost of the product, the health and safety of the personnel. So humidity sensing is important in the control systems for industrial processes and human livings . Controlling or monitoring of humidity is of important in many industrial agriculture and domestic applications. In semiconductor manufacturing process, the humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled and monitored while wafer processing. In medicalscience humidity control is required for respiratory supporting system, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing and many other biological products. Humidity sensor is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, paper, textile production and food processing industry. In agriculture measurement of humidity is important for plant protection, suchas dew control, soil moisture testing and monitoring. 4/20/2021 7 Commonly used sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) + Domestic applicationsrequires humidity control for living environment 1 buildings and for microwave ovens, etc. So humidity sensors are employed.to provide critical services Accelerometer and gyroscope Accelerometer is used to detect vibration,tilt and linear acceleration. It is used for implementation of pedometer,levelling,vibration alert,anti-theft and more. Gyroscope is used to measure angular velocity. Gyroscope is mainly used in 3D mouse,games and athlete training .It has been widely using for detecting any tilt in the position in the field such as Robotics and Industrial automation. + Micro sensors Micro sensor is an extremely small device capable of picking up and relaying environmental information. Such devices can measure biological, thermal, chemical, and other forms of data and send them to a processor, which then converts the information into a meaningful form to allow access to it for a variety of uses. The various Microsensor devices types of accelerometers, gyroscope sensor, combo sensor, pressure sensor, proximity sensor, humidity sensor and magnetic sensor etc available in market for IoT. 4120/2021 18> Features of Sensors a & WwW N . Range: Itis the minimum and maximum value of physical variable that the sensor can sense or measure. . Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the sensor is to the expected value. . Sensitivity: It is the ratio of change in output to change in input. - Resolution: It is the minimum change in input that can be sensed by the sensor. . Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of sensor to produce the same output every time when the same input is applied and all the physical and measurement conditions kept the same. . 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A smart city does things like improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services, promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice. The main goals of a smart city are to improve: Public Transportation +!T-connectivity Water Management »Power Supply Sanitation Waste management Urban mobility *E-governance «Citizen participation How a smart city works Smart cities use a combination of the Internet of things (loT) devices, software solutions, user interfaces (UI) and communication networks. However, they rely first and foremost on the loT. ‘Smart cities utilize their web of connected loT devices ‘and other technologies to achieve their goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. Successful smart cities follow four steps: 4. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real time. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors 2: is assessed in order to draw meaningful insights. 3, Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are communicated with decision makers through strong communication networks. 4, Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create solutions, optimize operations and asset management and Improve the quality of life for residents. Cities uses tool to collect data in real time about all kinds of things, including traffic, air and water quality, and solar radiation. With this information, the government can act Immediately to solve nearly any problem. ‘Smart City technologies: * Application programming interfaces (APIs) * Astificial intelligence (Al) * Cloud computing * Dashboards '* Machine learning (ML) * Machine to machine (M2M) ‘+ Mesh network Top Examples of Smart Citles New York City, New York ‘Singapore Barcelona, Spain Tokyo, Japan London, England Dubai, United Arab Emirates Hong Kong, China The industrial internet of things (Ilo) refers to the extension and use of the internet of things (loT) in industrial sectors and applications. With a strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M) communicali big data, and machine learning, the lloT enables industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in their operations. The lloT ‘encompasses industrial applications, including robotics, medical devices, and software-defined production processes. So ee ees > industrial 1oT is a system includes smart sensors, machines, tools, software platforms, cloud servers ications. Smart sensors are deployed at every stages of manufacturing floor for specific applications. These sensor networks continuous! send data to the loT gateway (act as a hub betwe |oT devices and cloud) which recelve and trans data to the cloud application server for processing and analysis. and appl>rocess Flow: ) perso. 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